Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest

10th Edition - September 27, 2023
Authors: Frank W. Sellke, Pedro J. del Nido, Scott J. Swanson
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 0 2 4 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 0 2 7 - 7

The only text to cover the full range of adult cardiac, thoracic, and pediatric chest surgery, Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest provides unparalleled guidance in a single,… Read more

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The only text to cover the full range of adult cardiac, thoracic, and pediatric chest surgery, Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest provides unparalleled guidance in a single, two-volume resource. This gold standard reference, edited by Drs. Frank Sellke, Pedro del Nido, and Scott Swanson, covers today’s most important knowledge and techniques in cardiac and thoracic surgery—the information you need for specialty board review and for day-to-day surgical practice. Meticulously organized so that you can quickly find expert information on open and endoscopic surgical techniques, this 10th Edition is an essential resource not only for all cardiothoracic surgeons, but also for physicians, residents, and students concerned with diseases of the chest.

Instructions for Online Access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Video Contents
Section 1: Thoracic Surgery
Part A: Evaluation and care
1. Anatomy of the Thorax
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Thoracic Cage
Muscles of the Thorax
Surface Anatomy
Mediastinum
Tracheobronchial Tree
Lungs and Pulmonary Vasculature
Esophagus
Vessels of the Thorax
Nerves of the Thorax
References
Suggested Reading
2. Radiologic Imaging of Thoracic Abnormalities
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Benign Lesions of the Lung
Computed Tomography of Emphysema for Lung Volume Reduction Treatment Planning
Interstitial Lung Diseases
Thoracic Infections
Radiology of the Mediastinum
Imaging for Esophageal Surgical Intervention
Traumatic Cardiothoracic Injuries
References
3. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Physiologic Effects of Thoracic Surgery
Patient Population Undergoing Thoracic Surgery
Common Complications after Thoracic Surgery
Goals of the Preoperative Evaluation
History and Physical Examination
Imaging Studies
Pulmonary Function Testing
Prediction of Postoperative Lung Function
Cardiac Assessment of Patients Under Consideration for Thoracic Surgical Procedures
Assessment of Functional Capacity
References
4. Perioperative Care of the Thoracic Surgical Patient
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Preoperative Education and Counseling
Prophylaxis
Intraoperative Care
Postoperative Care
Complications after Lung Surgery
Discharge Planning
References
Part B: Endoscopy
5. Endoscopic Diagnosis of Thoracic Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Principles of Endoscopic Diagnosis
Preprocedural Considerations for Diagnostic Endoscopy
Upper Endoscopy
Bronchoscopy
Conclusion
References
6. Endoscopic Therapies for Thoracic Diseases
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Photodynamic Therapy
Ablative Technologies
Brachytherapy
Stents
Comparison of Palliative Endoscopic Therapies
Evolving Endoscopic Treatment Modalities for Benign Esophageal Diseases
References
Part C: Trauma
7. Thoracic Trauma
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Primary Survey
Secondary Survey
Diagnostic Tests
Emergency Department Thoracotomy
Blunt Trauma
Penetrating Trauma
Complications of Thoracic Trauma
References
Part D: Trachea
8. Tracheal Lesions
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Perspective
Anatomy
Tracheal Pathology
Clinical Presentation
Radiographic Imaging
Bronchoscopy
Anesthesia
Tracheal Resection
Laryngotracheal Resection
Release Procedures
Repair of Tracheoinnominate and Tracheoesophageal Fistulas
Airway Replacement
Perioperative Management
Results
Complications
Summary
References
Part E: Benign Lung Disease
9. Congenital Pulmonary Diseases
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Embryology
Tracheal Abnormalities
Bronchial Branching Abnormalities
Lung Bud Anomalies
Vascular Abnormalities
Conclusion
References
10. Benign Lesions of the Lung
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Inflammatory Lung Lesions
Epithelial Tumors
Mesenchymal Tumors
Tumors of Miscellaneous Origin
Other Benign Lesions
Conclusion
References
11. Interstitial Lung Diseases
Chapter Outline
Granulomatous Patterns of Interstitial Lung Disease
Alveolitic Patterns of Interstitial Lung Disease
Patient Evaluation
Treatment
References
12. Infectious Lung Diseases
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pneumonia
Bronchiectasis
Lung Abscess
Pulmonary Mycobacterial Disease
Major Pulmonary Mycotic Infections
References
13. Surgery for Emphysema
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pathophysiology
Selection of Patients for Surgical Treatment of Emphysema
Bullectomy
Lung Transplantation
Volume Reduction
Combinations of Lung Transplantation and Lung Volume Reduction
Bronchoscopic Treatment of Emphysema
Summary
References
14. Lung Transplantation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Key Points
History of Lung Transplantation
Selection
Donor Operation
Recipient Operation
Postoperative Management
Immunosuppression
Infection Prophylaxis
Recipient Complications
Outcomes after Lung Transplantation
Summary
References
Part F: Lung Cancer
15. Lung Cancer Screening: Challenges for the Thoracic Surgeon
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Lung Cancer Screening
Modeling Approaches to Estimate Mortality Benefit
Other Approaches to Screening
Current Recommendations
Current Barriers to Lung Cancer Screening
Reporting and Management of the Screen-detected Nodule: the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-Rads)
Measuring Lung Nodules
Management of Suspicious and Very Suspicious Nodules
Summary
References
16. Lung Cancer Workup and Staging
Abstract
Chapter Outline
The Staging System
Diagnosis and Staging
Noninvasive Modalities
Invasive Modalities
Metastatic Workup
Summary
References
17. Lung Cancer: Surgical Treatment
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Note
Pulmonary Surgical Operations: Indications and Techniques
Surgical Treatment of Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Special Considerations
Surgical Treatment of Small Cell Lung Cancer
Summary
References
18. Minimally Invasive Approaches to Lung Cancer
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Definition
History
Indications
Contraindications
Strategy for Thoracoscopic Lobectomy
Robot-Assisted Thoracoscopic Lobectomy
Extended Lung Resections
Sublobar Resection
Postoperative Care
Results
Summary
References
19. Lung Cancer: Multimodal Therapy
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Neoadjuvant Therapy Followed by Surgery
Adjuvant Therapy
Surgical Salvage
Local Consolidative Therapy for Oligometastatic Disease
Conclusion
References
20. Lung Cancer: Surgical Strategies for Tumors Invading the Chest Wall
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction and History
Demographics and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Staging
Treatment
Preoperative Assessment
Operative Techniques
Reconstruction
Postoperative Care
Complications
Pathology
Results
Summary
References
21. Anterior Approach to Superior Sulcus Lesions
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Note
Clinical Presentation
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Treatment
The Addition of Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Summary
References
Part G: Other Lung Malignancy
22. Other Primary Tumors of the Lung
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Bronchopulmonary Carcinoid Tumors
Diffuse Idiopathic Pulmonary Neuroendocrine Cell Hyperplasia
Primary Pulmonary Salivary Gland–Type Tumors
Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinomas
Primary Pulmonary Sarcomas
Primary Pulmonary Synovial Sarcoma
Primary Pulmonary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma
Pulmonary Artery Intimal Sarcoma
Primary Pulmonary Lymphomas
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Primary Pulmonary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Primary Pulmonary (Extramedullary) Plasmacytoma
Primary Pulmonary Melanoma
Thoracic Nuclear Protein in Testis Carcinoma
Summary
References
23. Secondary Lung Tumors
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Metastasectomy
Pathophysiology of Pulmonary Metastases
Evaluation of the Patient with Secondary Pulmonary Tumors
Indications for Surgery
Surgical Approach
Lymph Node Dissection
Results of Pulmonary Metastasectomy
Specific Secondary Lung Tumors
Alternative Treatment Options
Palliative Therapy
Conclusions
References
Part H: Chest Wall
24. Congenital Chest Wall Deformities
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pectus Excavatum
Pectus Carinatum
Poland Syndrome
Sternal Defects
Thoracic Deformities in Diffuse Skeletal Disorders
References
25. Chest Wall Tumors
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Presentation and Evaluation
Surgical Management
Specific Lesions
Summary
References
26. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome and Dorsal Sympathectomy
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Surgical Anatomy of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Functional Anatomy of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Compression Factors of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Symptoms and Signs of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Effort Thrombosis: Paget-Schroetter Syndrome
Sympathectomy with Video-assisted Thoracic Surgery for Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Reoperation for Recurrent Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Operative Technique for Redoing Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Surgery
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Part I: Pleura
27. Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Epidemiology
Causes
Clinical Presentation
Imaging
Management
Special Considerations
References
28. Empyema
Chapter Outline
Epidemiology
Historical Review
Bacteriology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis: Clinical Signs and Symptoms, Fluid Analysis, and Radiologic Appearance
Treatment
Special Considerations: Postpneumonectomy Empyema and Bronchopleural Fistula
Use of Vacuum-assisted Closure in Management of Complex Pleural Spaces
Conclusions
References
29. Chylothorax
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Key Points
Definition
Classification and Etiology
Anatomic Considerations
Pathophysiology
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Principles of Treatment
Conclusion
References
30. Malignant Pleural and Pericardial Effusions
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Malignant Pleural Effusions
Malignant Pericardial Effusions
References
31. Pleural Tumors
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Fundamentals of Pleural Tumor Biology
Clinical Features of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Beyond Mesothelioma: Other Pleural Tumorss
Conclusion
References
Part J: Malignant Diaphragm
32. Surgery of the Diaphragm: A Deductive Approach
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Embryology
Structure and Function
Pleural and Peritoneal Attachments
Arterial and Venous Anatomy
Lymphatics
Diaphragmatic Innervation
Diagnosis of Diaphragm Pathology
Diaphragmatic Incisions
Traumatic Diaphragmatic Injury
Diaphragmatic Elevation
Diaphragmatic Hernias
Diaphragmatic Pacing
Oncology of the Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Resection and Repair with Prosthetic Patch
Summary
References
33. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Definition
History
Epidemiology
Embryology of the Diaphragm
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Associated Anomalies
Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Results
Long-Term Follow-Up
Future Directions
Other Diaphragmatic Anomalies
References
Part K: Esophagus—Benign Disease
34. Esophageal Anatomy and Function
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anatomy
Embryology
Physiology
Evaluation of Esophageal Function
Acknowledgments
References
35. Surgery for Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Esophageal Atresia
Esophageal Duplications
Congenital Esophageal Stenosis
Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft
References
36. Surgical Treatment of Benign Esophageal Diseases
Abstract
Chapter Outline
The Esophagus and its Surroundings
Esophageal Function
Evaluation of the Esophagus
Benign Esophageal Diseases and their Treatment
Conclusion
References
Part L: Esophagus—Cancer
37. Staging Techniques for Carcinoma of the Esophagus
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Esophageal Cancer Tumor-Node-Metastasis Staging
Endoscopic Ultrasonography
Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
Computed Tomography
Positron Emission Tomography–Computed Tomography
Surgical Staging
Brain Imaging
Molecular Staging: Prognostic Biomarkers
Summary
References
38. Esophageal Resection and Replacement
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Esophageal Resection
Considerations in Esophageal Resection
Summary
References
39. Multimodality Therapy for Esophageal Cancer
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Overview: Principles of Multimodality Therapy
Clinical Staging
Neoadjuvant Therapies
Definitive Chemoradiation
Conclusion
References
Part M: Mediastinum
40. Mediastinal Anatomy and Mediastinoscopy
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Mediastinal Anatomy
Potential Spaces in the Mediastinum
Mediastinal Lymph Node Anatomy
Indications for Mediastinal Lymph Node Assessment
Efficacy and Utility of Mediastinoscopy
Preoperative Evaluation
Potential Complications of Mediastinoscopy
Surgical Technique
High Paratracheal Dissection
Lower Paratracheal Dissection
Carinal Dissection
Node Biopsy Technique and Closure of the Incision
Management of Major Bleeding
Extended Mediastinoscopy
Endoscopic Techniques for Mediastinal Lymph Node Assessment
References
41. Anterior Mediastinal Masses
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Thymic Tumors
Germ Cell Tumors
Lymphomas
Substernal Thyroid
Mediastinal Parathyroid Adenoma
Surgical Approaches To Biopsy
Therapeutic Surgical Procedures: Techniques Of Thymectomy
Summary
References
42. The Middle Mediastinum
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anatomy
Diagnostic Modalities
Diseases of the Middle Mediastinum
References
43. The Posterior Mediastinum
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anatomy and Imaging
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Surgical Approaches to the Posterior Mediastinum
Lesions of the Mediastinum
Infections of the Mediastinum
Summary
References
44. Surgical Treatment of Hyperhidrosis
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pathogenesis
Surgical Treatment
Type of Interruption
Complications
Other Surgical Treatments for Hyperhidrosis
Conclusions
References
Part N: The Future
45. The Molecular Biology of Thoracic Malignancies
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Mechanisms of Oncogenesis and Metastasis
Genomics and Transcriptomics
Epigenetics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Clinical Application of Nucleic Acid and Protein Biomarkers
Personalized Oncology
Summary
References
46. Innovations in Thoracic Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Robotic Thoracic Surgery
Endobronchial Techniques
Advanced Imaging In Thoracic Surgery
Ablative Techniques In Thoracic Surgery
Summary
References
Section 2: Adult Cardiac Surgery
Part A: Basic Science
47. Surgical Anatomy of the Heart
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Location of the Heart
Morphologically Right Atrium
Morphologically Left Atrium
Morphologically Right Ventricle
Morphologically Left Ventricle
Aorta
Pulmonary Trunk and its Branches
Coronary Arteries and Veins
Acknowledgments
References
48. Vascular Physiology
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Vascular Resistance
Regulation of Vascular Tone
Endothelial Factors in Vascular Growth and Response to Injury
Effect of Disease States on Coronary Circulation
Influence of Sex
Pulmonary Vascular Physiology
Effects of Cardiovascular Surgery on Vasomotor Regulation
Improving Myocardial Perfusion
Summary
References
49. Cellular Physiology of the Myocardium
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction: Integration of the Cellular Biology and Physiology of the Myocardium
Myocyte Mechanisms in the Diastolic/Systolic Transition
Cellular Mechanisms of Preload, Afterload, and Contractility
Tuning of Cardiac Function to Hemodynamic Demands
References
50. Ventricular Mechanics
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Structure of Ventricular Tissue
The Cardiac Cycle
Determinants of Left Ventricular Filling
Systolic Function and End-systolic Elastance
Pump Function
Non-starling Regulation of Blood Pressure and Cardiac Output
Myocardial Energy Expenditure and Efficiency
Afterload and Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling
Regional Strain
Regional Stress and the Finite Element Method
Ventricular Interaction and Pericardium
Acknowledgment
References
51. Blood Conservation, Transfusion, and Conservation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Normal Hemostatic Mechanisms
Inhibiting Hemostasis: Anticoagulation
Non–Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants
Acquired Platelet Dysfunction
Hemostatic Testing
Transfusion Therapy and Transfusion Guidelines
Adverse Effects of Transfusions
Patient Blood Management in Cardiac Surgery
Prohemostatic Agents Used in Surgery
Surgical Approach
Blood Conservation Programs
Bleeding Management Algorithms
Summary
References
Part B: Diagnostic Procedures
52. Coronary Angiography: Valve and Hemodynamic Assessment
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Diagnostic Catheterization Techniques
Coronary Angiography
Lesion Structural and Functional Assessment
Hemodynamic Evaluation
Shunts
Vascular Resistance
Valvular Heart Disease
Pericardial Disease
Conclusion
References
53. Applications of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Computed Tomography in Cardiovascular Diagnosis
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Imaging Principles and Approaches
Challenges of Cardiac Imaging
Imaging Comparisons
Imaging Precautions
Clinical Applications
The Future Role of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance and Cardiovascular Computed Tomography
References
54. Nuclear Cardiology and Positron Emission Tomography in the Assessment of Patients With Cardiovascular Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Nuclear Cardiology
Stable Coronary Artery Disease (Diagnosis and Risk Stratification)
Acute Coronary Syndromes
Assessment of Myocardial Viability
Evaluation of Patients Post-revascularization
Inflammation
Future Directions
References
55. Diagnostic Echocardiography (Ultrasound Imaging in Cardiovascular Diagnosis)
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Basic Principles
Ultrasound Imaging Modalities
Doppler Echocardiography
Ventricular Function
Ischemic Heart Disease
Cardiac Masses
Cardiomyopathies
Pericardial and Constrictive Heart Disease
Valvular Heart Disease
Aortic Disease
Cardiac Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Perioperative and Interventional Echocardiography
References
Part C: Medical- and Catheterbased Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
56. Interventional Cardiology
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Perspective
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Procedures
Complications of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Advanced Technology in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Pharmacology
Noncoronary Interventional Cardiac Procedures
References
57. Management of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Acute Coronary Syndrome
Management of Non-ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
St-Element Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Additional Considerations in Acute Coronary Syndrome Management
Conclusion
References
58. The Pharmacologic Management of Heart Failure
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Pharmacologic Agents used in the Treatment of Heart Failure
Approach to the Management of Heart Failure
Suggested Reading
59. Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation and Planning
Operative Techniques
Results
Population Subgroups and Areas of Uncertainty
Conclusion
References
60. Transcatheter Treatment of Mitral and Tricuspid Valve Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Therapies
Tricuspid Valve Leaflet Coaptation Devices
Annuloplasty Devices
Orthotopic Valve Replacement
Heterotopic Valve Replacement
Future of Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Interventions
References
Part D: Perioperative and Intraoperative Care of the Cardiac Surgical Patient
61. Anesthesia and Intraoperative Care of the Adult Cardiac Surgical Patient
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Preoperative Evaluation
Intraoperative Management
Special Considerations
References
62. Critical Care for the Adult Cardiac Patient
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Immediate Postoperative Care
Cardiac Dysfunction After Cardiac Surgery
Postoperative Bleeding
Neurologic Complications
Infection
Specific Considerations after Cardiac Surgery
References
63. Critical Care for War-Related Thoracic Injuries
Abstract
Chapter Outline
A Brief History of War-Related Chest Wounds
Modern Principles of Combat Casualty Care
Management of Combat Thoracic Trauma
Specific Thoracic Injuries
Long-Term Outcomes
Summary
References
64. Neurocognitive Deficits and Stroke
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Evaluation
Populations at Risk
Mechanisms of Injury
Strategies for Intraoperative Reduction of Injury
Neuroprotective Strategies
Prognosis
References
65. Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Technique and Pathophysiology
Abstract
Chapter Outlines
Introduction and History of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Technical Aspects of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Blood Conservation during Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Heparin–Protamine Axis
Pharmacologic and HEMATOLOGIC Adjuncts to Minimize the Consequences of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Biomaterial-Dependent Strategies to Minimize Blood Activation from Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Organ Derangements Related to Cardiopulmonary Bypass
The Future of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
References
66. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
History and Evolution
Principles of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Circuit and Components
Indications
Contraindications
Cannulation Strategies
Management of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Common Pitfalls
Complications
Weaning from Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Conclusions
References
67. Deep Sternal Wound Infection
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Incidence and Etiology
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Prevention
Surgical Management
Conclusion
References
68. Myocardial Protection
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Biology of Surgically Induced Myocardial Ischemia
Cardioplegia: Basic Principles
Alternative Arresting Agents and Additives
Crystalloid (Acellular) and Blood Cardioplegia
Potential New Technologies
References
69. Clinical Quality and Safety in Adult Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
National Landscape for Quality and Safety
Evolving Landscape of Quality and Safety in Cardiac Surgery
Cardiac Surgery Teamwork and Communication
Perioperative Care
Postoperative Morbidity
Measurement of Care
Conclusion
References
70. Surgery of the Aortic Root and Ascending Aorta
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Functional Anatomy of the Aortic Root
Pathology of the Aortic Root and Ascending Aorta
Surgical Treatment of Ascending Aortic Aneurysm
Surgical Treatment of Aortic Root Aneurysms
Ross Procedure
References
Part E: Surgical Management of Aortic Disease
71. Surgery of the Aortic Arch
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Definitions and Classifications
Causative and Predisposing Factors
History and Physical Examination
Cardiopulmonary Perfusion Aspects
Brain Protection
Operative Techniques
Outcomes
Summary
References
72. Descending Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Aortic Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathology and Etiology
Natural History
Clinical Manifestations
Aneurysm Classification
Nonoperative Management
Surgical Treatment
Operative Technique
Postoperative Management
Outcomes
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Funding
References
73. Type A Aortic Dissection
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Notes
Classification
Epidemiology
Natural History
Predisposing Factors
Pathophysiology and Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Methods
Diagnostic Strategy and Special Diagnostic Considerations
Surgical Management
Results
Chronic Type A Aortic Dissection
Follow-Up
References
74. Type B Aortic Dissection
Chapter Outline
Historical Note
Classification Systems
Epidemiology and Natural History
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Modalities
Management
Operative Approach
Results
Close Follow-Up is Crucial
References
75. Treatment of Acute and Late Complications of Aortic Dissection
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Classification of Aortic Dissection
Acute Complications of Aortic Dissection
Rupture
Malperfusion
Static Versus Dynamic Obstruction
Mesenteric
Renal
Limb Ischemia
Spinal Cord Ischemia
Cerebral
Technical Considerations for Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair in Aortic Dissection
Retrograde Type a Dissection After Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair
Surveillance for Chronic Complications of Aortic Dissection
References
76. Endovascular Therapy for Thoracic Aortic Pathologies
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Background
Descending Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms
Aortic Dissections
Miscellaneous Acute Aortic Syndromes
Complications
Emerging Technologies
Summary
References
77. Occlusive Disease of the Brachiocephalic Vessels and Management of Simultaneous Surgical Carotid/Coronary Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Occlusive Disease Involving the Brachiocephalic Arteries
Coronary-Subclavian Steal Syndrome
Concurrent Carotid and Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
78. Percutaneous Intervention on Abdominal and Peripheral Artery Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Peripheral Angiography Overview
Indications for Conventional Diagnostic Angiography
Percutaneous Intervention Strategies and Supporting Evidence
References
79. Injury to the Heart and Great Vessels
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Blunt Cardiac Injury
Penetrating Cardiac Injury
Thoracic Aorta and Arch Vessel Injuries
References
Part F: Surgical Management of Valvular Heart Disease
80. Valve Replacement Therapy: History, Valve Types, and Options
Abstract
chapter Outline
The Ideal Valve
History
Morbidity and Mortality Guidelines for Valve Operations
Prosthetic Heart Valves
Choice of Valve Replacement
References
81. Surgical Treatment of Aortic Valve Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Functional Anatomy Of The Aortic Valve
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Valve Replacement
Special Considerations Of Postoperative Care
Outcomes
References
82. Aortic Valve Repair
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Valve Anatomy and Function
Classification of Aortic Insufficiency
Surgical Techniques
Intraoperative Echocardiography
Outcomes
Conclusions
References
83. Surgical Treatment of Mitral Valve Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anatomy
Mitral Stenosis
Mitral Regurgitation
Surgery
Results
References
84. Surgical Treatment of Tricuspid Valve Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Surgical Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Indications for Surgery
Tricuspid Valve Surgery
Results
Knowledge and Evidence
The Present
Transcatheter Tricuspid Valve Intervention
References
85. Native and Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Native Valve Endocarditis
Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis
Summary
References
86. Anticoagulation, Thrombosis, and Thromboembolism of Prosthetic Cardiac Valves
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Artificial Surfaces, Coagulation Cascades, Thrombosis, and Lysis
Anticoagulation Therapy
Complications of Anticoagulation
Prosthetic Heart Valves
References
87. Robotic and Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Evolution of Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery
Robotic Assistance
Patient Selection
Procedure Performance
Alternatives to Robotic Assistance
Pitfalls and Challenges
Summary
References
Part G: Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias
88. Implantable Cardiac Devices for the Treatment of Bradyarrhythmias and Tachyarrhythmias
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Perspective and Overview
Basic Concepts of Pacing and Antitachycardia Therapy
Indications for Implantation of Cardiac Devices
Standard Transvenous Techniques for Implantation of Cardiac Devices
Complications of Implantable Cardiac Devices
Extraction of Chronic Leads Used in Transvenous Cardiac Devices
Perioperative Management of Cardiac Devices
Acknowledgments
References
89. Catheter Ablation of Arrhythmias
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Catheter Ablation
Procedural Technique and the Electrophysiology Study
Cardiac Mapping Techniques
Catheter Ablation Energy Sources
Radiofrequency
Cryoablation
Pulsed-field Ablation
Ablation Guidance Technologies
Intracardiac Echocardiogaphy
Ablation of Tachyarrhythmias
Future Directions—hybrid Surgical and Catheter Ablation
Acknowledgment
References
90. Surgical Treatment of Arrhythmias
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Atrial Fibrillation
Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia
Ventricular Tachycardia
References
Part H: Surgical Management of Coronary Artery Disease and its Complications
91. Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Glossary
History
Pathomechanistic Considerations Relevant For Invasive Treatment Of CAD
Imaging of Coronary Artery Disease
Assessing the Severity of CAD
Preoperative Risk Assessment
Indications for Invasive Treatment of CAD and Expected Treatment Effects
Main Evidence
Guideline Recommendations
Classic and Concomitant Indications
Rare Indications
Value and Interpretation of Available Evidence
Preoperative Work-Up
Surgical Procedure
Postoperative Care
Future Directions
References
92. Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Abstract
Chapter Outline
The Evolution of Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Technical Aspects of Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass
Future Directions
Conclusions
References
93. Conduit Choice for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
History
Evidence for Multiple Arterial Grafting
Summary
References
94. Less-Invasive and Robotic Approaches to Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Direct Exposure Techniques
Robotic-assisted Technique
Hybrid Coronary Revascularization
Conclusion
References
95. Redo Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Indications for Coronary Reoperations and Preoperative Evaluation
Conduct of a Coronary Reoperation
Special Situations: Valve-graft Reoperations, Minimally Invasive Reoperations, Off-pump Reoperations, and Laser Revascularization
Short- and Long-term Results of Reoperation
References
96. Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Definitions
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Evaluating Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Therapeutic Targets in Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Patient Management
Prognostic Impact of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
Surgical Principles
Type II Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation
References
97. Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Defect and Ventricular Rupture
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Perspective
Etiology and Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation, Preoperative Management, and Risk Stratification
Outcomes
Summary
References
98. Nonatherosclerotic Coronary Artery Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Coronary Artery Anomalies
Mechanical Injury to the Coronary Artery
Progressive Nonatherosclerotic Coronary Occlusive Disease
Substance Abuse
References
Part I: Surgical Management of Heart Failure
99. Pericardium and Constrictive Pericarditis
Abstract
Chapter Outline
The Pericardium
Nonconstrictive Pericarditis
Cardiac Tamponade
Constrictive Pericarditis
Pericardial Cysts and Diverticula
Pericardial Tumors
Pericardial Defects
Pericardial Surgical Procedures
References
100. Surgical Management of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Definition
Genetics
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Criteria
Natural History
Surgical Treatment
Outcomes
Survival
Comparison to Septal Artery Ablation
Timing of Intervention
Special Subgroups
References
101. Ventricular Assist Device and Total Artificial Heart
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Implant Strategies for Mechanical Circulatory Support
Indications for Mechanical Circulatory Support
Patient Selection
Device Selection
Types of Devices
Surgical Technique Used for Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Postoperative Management After Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation
Complications
Summary
References
102. Heart Transplantation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Historical Background
Recipient Considerations
Donor Considerations
Operations
Postoperative Management
Outcomes
Future Perspectives
References
103. Heart-Lung Transplantation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Indications for Heart-lung Transplantation
Treatment of Patients Awaiting Transplantation
Selection and Management of Donors
Heart-lung Preservation
Operative Technique for Donor Heart-lung Removal
Operative Procedure
Postoperative Management
Complications
Physiology of the Transplanted Lung
Late Results
Future Developments
References
104. Left Ventricular Restoration: Surgical Treatment of the Failing Heart
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
Diagnosis and Patient Selection for Surgery
Outcomes
New Insights
Summary
References
105. Regenerative Cell-Based Therapy for the Treatment of Cardiac Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Delivery Methods for Cell Transplantation
Adult Stem or Progenitor Cells for Cardiac Cell Therapy
Potential Mechanisms of Action for Cell-based Regenerative Therapies
Current Challenges and Future Directions for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine
Summary
References
106. Surgery for Pulmonary Embolism and Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Acute Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Chronic Pulmonary Thromboembolic Disease
Summary
References
107. Neoplasms of the Heart and Great Vessels
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
General Classification of Neoplasms
Pathology and Molecular Biology of Cardiac Neoplasms
Clinical Presentation of Cardiac Neoplasms
Imaging for Cardiac Neoplasms
Benign Primary Cardiac Neoplasms
Malignant Primary Cardiac Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the Great Vessels
Surgical Resection of Malignant Neoplasms and Autotransplantation
Heart Transplantation
Mechanical Cardiac Replacement
References
Section 3: Congenital Heart Surgery
108. Cardiac Embryology and Genetics
Chapter Outline
Cardiac Specification
Body-plan Laterality and Cardiac Looping
Chamber Specification and the Cardiogenic Transcriptional Program
Cardiac Septation of the Atria, Ventricles, Atrioventricular Junction, and Outflow Tract
Outflow Tract Development: Anterior Heart Field and Cardiac Neural Crest
The Causes of Congenital Heart Disease: Additional Factors
Genetic Abnormalities Associated with Congenital Heart Disease
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
109. Segmental Anatomy
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Visceral Situs
Location of the Heart
Segmental Analysis
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
110. Diagnostic Imaging: Echocardiography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Computed Tomography
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Echocardiography and Doppler Ultrasound
Special Echocardiographic Procedures
Quantitative Analysis
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Computed Tomography
Summary
References
111. 3D Image Reconstruction and Surgical Planning
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction and Overview
Workflow and Applications of 3D Models
Lesion-specific Application of 3D Models
Future Perspective
References
112. Cardiac Catheterization and Fetal Intervention
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Roles of Diagnostic Catheterization
Invasive Imaging
Hemodynamic Assessment
Vascular Access
Interventions
Surgical-interventional Collaboration
References
113. Surgical Approaches and Cardiopulmonary Bypass for Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Approaches to Cardiac Structures and Great Vessels for Transthoracic Cannulation for Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Approaches to Extracardiac Structures in Infants and Children
Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Children
The Cardiopulmonary Bypass Plan
References
114. Mechanical Circulatory Support in Children
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Technical Aspects of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Cannulation
Ventricular Assist Devices
Expanding Vad Support to Challenging Pediatric Populations
References
115. Pediatric Anesthesia and Critical Care
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pathophysiology
Physiologic Approach to Congenital Heart Disease
Preoperative Evaluation
Monitoring
Anesthesia
Discontinuation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Postoperative Management
References
116. Enhanced Recovery After Congenital Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Guideline Development
Team Composition
Major Program Components
Inclusion and Exclusion
Implementation
Process Improvement Opportunities
Program Review and Value
Local Results and Multi-institutional Collaborations
Acknowledgments
References
117. Congenital Tracheal Disease
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History of Pediatric Tracheal Surgery
Surgical Anatomy
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Surgical Techniques
Surgical Management of Tracheal Stenosis
Surgical Management of Tracheobronchomalacia and Excessive Dynamic Airway Collapse
Tracheal Transplantation
Associated Vascular Anomalies
Summary
References
118. Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Coarctation of the Aorta, and Vascular Rings
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
General Surgical Approach
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Coarctation of the Aorta
Vascular Rings, Vascular Slings, and Vascular Compression Syndromes
Advanced Assessment of Associated Airway Disease
References
119. Atrial Septal Defect and Cor Triatriatum
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction and Historical Context
Embryology, Anatomy, and Genetics
Epidemiology
Associated Features
Pathophysiology and Natural History
Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Evaluation
Management of Atrial Septal Defect and Patent Foramen Ovale
Outcomes
Cor Triatriatum
References
120. Surgical Considerations in Pulmonary Vein Anomalies
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Etiology
Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
Scimitar Syndrome
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage
Special Considerations
Conclusions
References
121. Atrioventricular Canal Defects
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Timing of Surgery
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Technique
Associated Cardiac Lesions
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
Summary
References
122. Ventricular Septal Defect and Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
Chapter Outline
Ventricular Septal Defect
Double-outlet Right Ventricle with Normally Related Great Arteries
References
123. Pulmonary Atresia With Intact Ventricular Septum
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Anatomy
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Imaging
Initial Management and Stabilization
Surgical Management
Summary of Our Institutional Approach to Surgical Management
Surgical Outcomes
Summary and Conclusions
References
124. Tetralogy of Fallot With Pulmonary Stenosis
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History
Prevalence and Etiology
Anatomy and Physiology
Physical Examination
Medical Management
Diagnostic Studies
Surgical Treatment
Special Topics in Surgical Management
Controversies in Surgical Management
Postoperative Management
Long-term Follow-up
Atrioventricular Septal Defect and Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot with Absent Pulmonary Valve
Acknowledgment
References
125. Pulmonary Atresia With Ventricular Septal Defect and Right Ventricle-to-Pulmonary Artery Conduits
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Pulmonary Atresia with Ventricular Septal Defect
Right Ventricle-to-pulmonary Artery Conduits
References
126. Truncus Arteriosus and Aortopulmonary Window
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Truncus Arteriosus
Aortopulmonary Window
References
127. Interrupted Aortic Arch
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Notes
Embryology and Anatomy
Pathophysiology and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Imaging
Preoperative Considerations
Summary
References
128. Surgery for Congenital Anomalies of the Aortic Valve and Aortic Root
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Surgical Anatomy of the Aortic Valve and Root
Diagnostic Approach to Congenital Anomalies of the Aortic Valve and Aortic Root
Aortic Stenosis
Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic Valve Reconstructive Techniques
Aortic Valve Replacement
Mechanical Prostheses, Anticoagulation, and Pregnancy
Summary
References
129. Surgery for Congenital Anomalies of the Coronary Arteries
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Anomalous Origin of a Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery
Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery
Coronary Artery Fistula
Congenital Ostial Atresia of the Left Main Coronary Artery
Surgical Results
References
130. Transposition of the Great Arteries: Simple and Complex Forms
Abstract
Chapter Outline
History
Epidemiology
Classification and Embryology
Anatomy
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Preoperative Medical Management
Surgical Management
Complex Transposition
Summary
References
131. Surgery for Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
General Description and Morphology
Clinical Presentation of Congenitally Corrected Transposition of the Great Arteries
Problem of the Tricuspid Valve and the Morphologic Right Ventricle in the Systemic Circulation
Investigations and Evaluation
Surgical Options
Results
Summary
References
132. Congenital Anomalies of the Mitral Valve
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Embryology of the Mitral Valve
Pathologic Features
Functional Classification of Mitral Valve Anomalies
Diagnosis
Medical Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Results
References
133. Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Fetal Evaluation and Prenatal Management
Neonatal Evaluation and Management
Surgical Palliation
Hybrid Palliation
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
134. Management of Single Ventricle and Cavopulmonary Connections
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Introduction
Anatomy
Natural History
Epidemiology
The Single Ventricle Journey
Single Ventricle Physiology and Optimization from Birth
Bidirectional Cavopulmonary Shunt (Bidirectional Glenn)
Surgical Evolution of the Fontan Procedure
Fontan Patient Selection and Optimization
Outcomes of Single Ventricle Palliation
Surgical Management of Late Fontan Failure
Future Perspectives
References
135. Ebstein Malformation
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Historical Aspects
Pathologic Anatomy
Classifications of Ebstein Malformation
Genetic Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentations
Diagnostic Work-up
Natural History
Management
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
References
136. Adult Congenital Cardiac Surgery
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Background
Surgical Decision Making
Preoperative Evaluation
Non-cardiac Sequelae of Congenital Heart Disease
Perioperative Management
Postoperative Management
Specific Lesions
Infective Endocarditis
Summary
References
137. Quality Improvement: Surgical Performance
Abstract
Chapter Outline
Background
Development of the Technical Performance Score
Piloting the Technical Performance Score
Standardization of Methodology
Validation of Technical Performance Score
Prospective Validation of Technical Performance Score
References
Index

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Frank W. Sellke

Pedro J. del Nido

Scott J. Swanson