Redfern's Nursing Older People

5th Edition - April 20, 2023
Editors: Fiona M. Ross, Ruth Harris, Joanne M. Fitzpatrick, Clare Abley
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 2 4 6 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 2 4 8 - 1
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 7 0 2 0 - 8 2 4 7 - 4

Redfern’s Nursing Older People provides accessible, evidence-based information for nurses, care assistants and other health professionals wanting to improve the quality of health… Read more

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Redfern’s Nursing Older People provides accessible, evidence-based information for nurses, care assistants and other health professionals wanting to improve the quality of health and social care for older people.

Republished for the first time since 2006, this fifth edition has been comprehensively revised and rewritten by a large team of expert contributors, while preserving the person-centred spirit of earlier editions. It applies best evidence in straightforward and practical ways to the demographic, physical, psychological, social and emotional challenges of ageing, with a focus on supporting independence and health maintenance.

With new contributions covering emerging challenges such as understanding frailty and the use of digital technology, and the themes of diversity, service-user perspectives and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic woven throughout, Redfern’s Nursing Older People is essential reading to help nurses shape practice, improve outcomes and promote opportunities for ageing well.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Biography
Contributors
Preface
Section 1 Ageing and Old Age
Chapter 1 Introduction
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chapter 2 What Is Old Age?
CHAPTER OUTLINE
WHAT IS OLD AGE?
BIOLOGICAL AGEING
CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
OLD AGE AS A STAGE IN THE LIFE CYCLE
STRUCTURAL–FUNCTIONALIST THEORIES
THEORIES FOCUSED ON INDIVIDUAL ADAPTATION
CONFLICT THEORY
INTERPRETATIVE THEORIES
IDENTIFYING AGE DIFFERENCES
COHORT EFFECTS
PERIOD EFFECTS
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Demographic and Epidemiological Trends in Ageing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
POPULATION AGEING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF AGEING
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 The Psychology of Human Ageing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGEING
PSYCHODYNAMIC AND HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVES
COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL PERSPECTIVES
MENTAL HEALTH AND AGEING
DEVELOPMENTAL APPROACHES TO AGEING
REMINISCENCE AND LIFE REVIEW AMONG OLDER PEOPLE
SUCCESSFUL ADAPTATION, ADJUSTMENT AND SATISFACTION IN LATER LIFE
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
SUMMARY OF KEY POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 5 The Biology of Human Ageing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
STUDY OF HUMAN AGEING
THEORIES AND MECHANISMS OF AGEING
HOMEOSTASIS IN OLDER PEOPLE
FUNCTIONAL CHANGES WITH AGEING
NUTRITION AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
IMMUNE SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
VISION AND HEARING
SKIN
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 6 Nursing the Older Person Living With Frailty
CHAPTER OUTLINE
FRAILTY: A WORLDWIDE NURSING CHALLENGE
FRAILTY: MORE THAN VULNERABILITY
FRAILTY: A PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE
FRAILTY: A CLINICAL MEDICAL SYNDROME
WHY DOES FRAILTY OCCUR?
LIVING AND DYING WELL WITH FRAILTY
SUMMARY OF KEY NURSING CONCEPTS ACROSS FRAILTY
DEVELOPING FRAILTY CAPABILITY: EVERYBODY’S ROLE
CONCLUSION AND KEY LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Section 2 People, Policy and the Place of Care
Chapter 7 Policy Context of Nursing in Health and Social Care
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
A BRIEF HISTORY
PLACE-BASED CARE
SOCIAL CARE
THE IMPORTANCE OF HOME
DIFFERENCE AND DIVERSITY
WORK IN LATER LIFE
OLDER PEOPLE IN THE POLICY-MAKING PROCESS
NURSING WORKFORCE
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 8 Public Health: Healthy Ageing and Well-Being
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
PUBLIC HEALTH
HEALTHY AGEING
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
BRINGING TOGETHER THE DIFFERENT CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING IN OLDER PEOPLE
COVID-19
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 9 Health and Social Care for Older People in the Community
CHAPTER OUTLINE
SEPARATE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SYSTEMS
THE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE NEEDS OF OLDER PEOPLE LIVING AT HOME
THE HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE NEEDS OF CARERS FOR OLDER PEOPLE LIVING AT HOME
HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SERVICES
INVOLVEMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE IN PLANNING AND DESIGNING SERVICES
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 10 Nursing Older People in Hospital
CHAPTER OUTLINE
ADMISSION AVOIDANCE
OLDER PEOPLE’S EXPERIENCES OF HOSPITAL CARE
ASSESSING NURSING NEEDS
THE TEAM-BASED NATURE OF HOSPITAL CARE FOR OLDER PEOPLE
IMPROVING OUTCOMES
EFFECTIVE DISCHARGE FROM THE HOSPITAL
NURSING ROLES
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 11 Care Home Nursing Is ‘Maxi-Nursing’: The Value and Contribution of Nursing Older People in Long-Term Care Settings
CHAPTER OUTLINE
A LITTLE SOCIAL HISTORY
THE SOCIOPOLITICAL CONTEXT
CARE HOMES: ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL
WHAT DO CARE HOMES DO?
A DIFFERENT WAY OF NURSING
TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION FOR CARE
WHO CARES? UNDERSTANDING THE CARE-HOME WORKFORCE
THE CHALLENGE OF NURSING SUPPLY FOR THE SECTOR
NURSING ROLES WITHIN CARE HOMES AND MEETING THE NEEDS OF OLDER PEOPLE
THE IMPORTANCE OF NURSING LEADERSHIP
PROMOTING EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICES AND CULTURES OF LEARNING AND TEACHING
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 12 Meeting the Health Needs of Older People Experiencing Homelessness and Other Inclusion Health Groups
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
CULTURAL CONSIDERATIONS
FRAILTY IN INCLUSION HEALTH GROUPS
THE ROLE OF SPECIALIST INCLUSION HEALTH SERVICES
SAFER HOSPITAL DISCHARGE
GAINING INPUT FROM SOCIAL SERVICES, CARE REFUSAL AND CONCERNS OVER SELF-NEGLECT
END-OF-LIFE CARE
SUMMARY AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
RESOURCES ON INCLUSION HEALTH
RERERENCES
Chapter 13 Informal, Unpaid Carers
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
CARERS, THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AND WHAT THEY DO
CARER HETEROGENEITY AND CARING EXPERIENCES
IMPACT OF CARING–NEGATIVES AND POSITIVES
SUPPORTING CARERS
OVERVIEW OF THE EVIDENCE FOR THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SUPPORT FOR CARERS
CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
BACKGROUND READING ON CARERS
REFERENCES
Chapter 14 Abuse and Safeguarding
CHAPTER OUTLINE
DEFINITIONS
NURSES’ EXPERIENCES OF WORKING WITH ABUSE
PREVALENCE
PROFESSIONAL AND LEGAL ISSUES
POLICY DEVELOPMENT
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING
USEFUL RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Section 3 Independence and Maintaining Function
Chapter 15 Communication Challenges and Skills
CHAPTER OUTLINE
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION?
REASONS FOR COMMUNICATING
SHAPING THE MEANING OF COMMUNICATION
CULTURALLY SENSITIVE COMMUNICATION
CHALLENGES TO COMMUNICATION IN OLDER AGE
THE THERAPEUTIC VALUE OF COMMUNICATION BETWEEN OLDER PEOPLE AND NURSES
SUCCESSFUL COMMUNICATION
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 16 Older People and Hearing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
THE FUNCTION OF THE EAR
HEARING AND LISTENING
PREVALENCE OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
AETIOLOGY OF HEARING IMPAIRMENT
EAR WAX
HEARING FUNCTION, ACTIVITY AND PARTICIPATION
ASSESSMENT OF HEARING
THE EXPERIENCE OF AGE-RELATED HEARING IMPAIRMENT
THE IMPACT OF HEARING LOSS ON FAMILIES AND FRIENDS
MANAGEMENT OF HEARING LOSS
TINNITUS
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 17 Older People’s Eye Health
CHAPTER OUTLINE
VISION: AN OVERVIEW
IMPACTS OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT ON OLDER PEOPLE
ANATOMY OF THE EYE
TEARS
NORMAL VISION
ASSESSING VISION IN AN OLDER ADULT
NEAR-VISION TESTING
CONTRAST SENSITIVITY
VISUAL FIELD
CERTIFICATE OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
FALLS
CHARLES BONNET SYNDROME
EYE CONDITIONS
REFRACTIVE ERROR
EYELID DISORDERS
PTOSIS
DRY EYE DISEASE
BLEPHARITIS
EYELID MALPOSITION: ENTROPION AND ECTROPION
ENTROPION
ECTROPION
CATARACTS
CATARACT SURGERY
GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY ANGLE CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 18 Promoting Safe Mobility for Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
IMPORTANCE OF MOBILITY
WHAT IS NEEDED FOR EFFECTIVE MOBILITY?
EFFECTS OF AGEING ON THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH IMMOBILITY
LONG-TERM CONDITIONS AND MOBILITY
ASSESSMENT OF MOBILITY
FALL PREVENTION
PROMOTING SAFE MOBILITY
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 19 Care of the Foot
CHAPTER OUTLINE
COMMON FOOT CHANGES WITH AGE
PREVALENCE OF FOOT PROBLEMS
COMMON FOOT PROBLEMS
MANAGEMENT OF FOOT PROBLEMS
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 20 Breathing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OVERVIEW OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ACUTE AND CHRONIC BREATHING PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH OLDER ADULTS
FACTORS THAT AFFECT BREATHING IN OLDER ADULTS
RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT
INTERVENTIONS FOR OLDER ADULTS WITH BREATHING DIFFICULTIES
RESPIRATORY THERAPIES
ASSOCIATED CARE ISSUES
SUMMARY AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 21 Eating and Drinking
CHAPTER OUTLINE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE FOOD AND FLUID INTAKE IN OLDER ADULTS
NUTRITIONAL CARE
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 22 Bladder and Bowel Health
CHAPTER OUTLINE
ATTITUDES AND EFFECTS
DELIVERY OF CONTINENCE SERVICES
ELIMINATION NEEDS
DEFECATION
CONSTIPATION
FAECAL INCONTINENCE
MICTURITION
INCONTINENCE IN INSTITUTIONAL CARE
MANAGEMENT OF INTRACTABLE INCONTINENCE
INDWELLING CATHETERS AND OLDER PEOPLE
SEXUAL FUNCTION
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 23 Infection Prevention and Control and Thermoregulation in Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
AGEING, IMMUNITY AND THE TRANSMISSION OF INFECTION
INFECTION PREVENTION AND CONTROL
THERMOREGULATION
SUMMARY AND KEY POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 24 Maintaining Healthy Skin
CHAPTER OUTLINE
PRESSURE ULCERS: CAUSES, RISK FACTORS AND RISK ASSESSMENT
PRESSURE ULCER PREVENTION STRATEGIES
PRESSURE ULCER MANAGEMENT
CONCLUSION AND KEY POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 25 Sleep and Rest
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
NORMAL ADULT SLEEP
SLEEP ARCHITECTURE IN OLDER PEOPLE
CAUSES OF SLEEP PROBLEMS IN OLDER PEOPLE
ASSESSMENT OF SLEEP
SLEEP THERAPIES
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 26 Sexuality and Relationships in Later Life
CHAPTER OUTLINE
SEXUALITY AND OLDER PEOPLE IN ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED SOCIETIES
LGBTQ+ PEOPLE IN LATER LIFE
RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATIONSHIP-CENTRED CARE IN LATER LIFE
PROMOTING RELATIONSHIPS, INTIMACY AND SEXUALITY FOR OLDER PEOPLE LIVING IN CARE HOMES
SEXUAL HEALTH IN LATER LIFE
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS AND HIV
EFFECTS OF ILL HEALTH AND DISABILITY ON SEXUALITY FOR THE OLDER PERSON
ROLES FOR HEALTH CARE WORKERS
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 27 Pain and Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
OVERVIEW OF CHAPTER
NATURE OF PAIN
TYPES OF PAIN
IS PAIN DIFFERENT FOR OLDER ADULTS?
PAIN SYNDROMES
EXPERIENCE OF PAIN
ASSESSMENT OF PAIN
MEASUREMENT OF PAIN
PAIN INTENSITY MEASURES
BARRIERS TO ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
MANAGEMENT AND INTERVENTION
THE POST-PANDEMIC WORLD
NURSING REFLECTIONS
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 28 Delirium: Diagnosis, Management and Care for Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
DELIRIUM DEFINED
DELIRIUM SUBTYPES
DISTINGUISHING DELIRIUM FROM DEMENTIA
DELIRIUM AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
BRAIN ENERGY METABOLISM
INFLAMMATION
NEUROTRANSMITTERS, NEURAL NETWORKS AND BRAIN CONNECTIVITY
INTERACTION BETWEEN BRAIN AND SYSTEMIC TRIGGERS
RISK FACTORS
PRECIPITATING FACTORS
PREVALENCE OF DELIRIUM IN OLDER PEOPLE
FRAILTY AND DELIRIUM
COVID-19 AND DELIRIUM
OUTCOMES
DIAGNOSIS OF DELIRIUM
EXAMINATION
SCREENING TOOLS FOR DELIRIUM
DIAGNOSIS AND INVESTIGATIONS
NURSING CARE OF AN OLDER PERSON WITH DELIRIUM
PHYSIOLOGICAL CARE
HYDRATION
NUTRITION
BLADDER AND BOWEL MANAGEMENT
PAIN MANAGEMENT
SENSORY IMPAIRMENT
SLEEP HYGIENE
MOBILITY
PSYCHOLOGICAL CARE
IMPORTANCE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND FAMILY IN THERAPEUTIC CARE
MEDICAL TREATMENT OF UNDERLYING CAUSES
INFECTION
CARDIAC
MULTIPLE CAUSES
NON-PHARMACOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT DELIRIUM AND TREAT DISTRESS IN DELIRIUM
MEDICAL THERAPIES TO TREAT DISTRESS IN DELIRIUM
MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM IN DIFFERENT CARE SETTINGS
MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM IN AN INTENSIVE CARE SETTING
MANAGEMENT OF DELIRIUM IN END-OF-LIFE CARE
DISCHARGE PLANNING AND FOLLOW-UP
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 29 Care of the Person Living With Dementia
CHAPTER OUTLINE
UNDERSTANDING DEMENTIA
COMMON TYPES OF DEMENTIA
RECOGNISING, ASSESSING AND DIAGNOSING DEMENTIA
DECISION MAKING, CAPACITY AND CONSENT
PERSPECTIVES OF DEMENTIA
SUPPORTING PEOPLE LIVING WITH DEMENTIA
SUPPORTING THE CARE PARTNERS OF PEOPLE LIVING WITH DEMENTIA
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
RECOMMENDED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 30 Depression in Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
CLASSIFICATION OF DEPRESSION
PREVALENCE
BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT AND CARE
HEALTH PROMOTION
ASSESSMENT
MORE EFFECTIVE IDENTIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF DEPRESSION
GENERAL APPROACHES TO SUPPORT AND TREATMENT BY NURSES
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 31 Medicine Management
CHAPTER OUTLINE
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH MEDICATION USE BY OLDER PEOPLE
PHARMACOKINETIC CHANGES
PHARMACODYNAMIC CHANGES
FALLS IN OLDER PEOPLE
COGNITION
POLYPHARMACY
MEDICATION REVIEWS
ADHERENCE TO MEDICATION
MEDICINE MANAGEMENT AND SAFEGUARDING
ERRORS AND NEAR MISSES
OVER-THE-COUNTER MEDICATION
DRUGS AND SOCIAL USES
NURSE PRESCRIBING
TAKING DRUG HISTORIES
CHECKLIST TO RECORD A DRUG HISTORY ON ADMISSION TO HOSPITAL OR FOR A COMMUNITY CASELOAD
MONITORING MEDICINE-TAKING
CHECKLIST TO RECORD A DRUG HISTORY ON DISCHARGE FROM HOSPITAL OR FOR A COMMUNITY CASELOAD
VALUE FOR MONEY AND SAFETY
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 32 Alcohol Misuse and Ageing
CHAPTER OUTLINE
HISTORY AND POLICY CONTEXT
PREVALENCE
DEFINITIONS
DRINKING HISTORY
EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL USE ON THE OLDER PERSON
TOWARD MORE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF ALCOHOL MISUSE IN OLDER PEOPLE
STAGE 1: ASK (IDENTIFICATION AND SCREENING)
STAGE 2: ADVISE (PREVENTION, EDUCATION AND HARM REDUCTION)
ASK
ADVISE
ACT
A WORD OF CAUTION
STAGE 3: ACT (NEXT STEPS AND ONWARD REFERRAL)
SUPPLEMENTARY ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS
DEPENDENCE
IMPORTANCE OF THIAMINE
BARRIERS TO SEEKING AND PROVIDING SUPPORT
SUPPORT AND SAFEGUARDING
CONCLUSION AND LEARNING POINTS
RECOMMENDED READING
REFERENCES
Chapter 33 Nursing Older People With Intellectual Disabilities
CHAPTER OUTLINE
DEFINITIONS
COMMUNITY CARE CONTEXT
DEMOGRAPHICS
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
RESPIRATORY DISEASES
MULTIMORBIDITY
COVID-19
CONCLUSION
KEY LEARNING POINTS
SUPPORTING RESOURCES
REFERENCES
Chapter 34 End-of-Life Care: Dying, Bereavement and Loss
CHAPTER OUTLINE
WHAT IS PALLIATIVE CARE?
PLACE AND CAUSE OF DEATH
PALLIATIVE CARE AND END-OF-LIFE CARE
SOCIAL CIRCUMSTANCES
BELIEFS
TALKING ABOUT DYING
TYPES OF ADVANCE CARE PLANNING DOCUMENTATION
MANAGING SYMPTOMS
CONCLUSION AND KEY LEARNING POINTS
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Chapter 35 The Role of Technology and Digital Tools in the Care and Support of Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
PROMOTING AND PROTECTING INDEPENDENCE
IMPROVING COMMUNICATION
THE IMPORTANCE OF MANAGING EXPECTATIONS, PUBLIC CONFIDENCE AND TRUST IN DIGITAL HEALTH
KEY LEARNING POINTS
REFERENCES
Section 4 Postscript: New Directions and Reflections on Caring for Older People
Chapter 36 New Directions and Reflections on Caring for Older People
CHAPTER OUTLINE
IMAGES OF AGEING
INDIVIDUAL CARE AND THE PATIENT EXPERIENCE
REHABILITATION AND EMPOWERMENT OF OLDER PEOPLE
INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING
SPECIALIST ROLES
QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
FUTURES
REFERENCES
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Redfern's Nursing Older People

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Resources

Fiona M. Ross

Ruth Harris

Joanne M. Fitzpatrick

Clare Abley