Radiation Spectrum and Plant Metabolism

1. Radiation Spectrum
• The Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Continuous spectra of electromagnetic radiation
• Forms of electromagnetic radiation
• Absorption spectra versus Action spectra
• Discrete-frequency sources and absorbers of electromagnetic radiation
• Solar Radiation & Photosynthetically Active Radiation
• Typical Solar Radiation Levels
• Daily Fluctuations
• Monthly Fluctuations
• Measurement Methods
• PAR Sensors


2. Influence of Light on Plant–Phyllosphere Interaction
• Phyllosphere, Definition and Components
• Promotion of Plant Growth by the Phyllosphere
• Factors Affecting Phyllosphere–Plant Interactions
• The Role of Light• White Light/Full Spectrum
• UV Light
• Green light
• Blue Light
• Red Light
• Far –Red light
• Response of Plants to Red and Far-red light


3: Plant Response to Spectral Quality
• Photosynthetic efficiency in high and irradiance environments.
• Radiation capture efficiency
• Energy-Supplying Function of Light in Photosynthesis
• Spectrum-Dependent Light Regulation of Photosynthesis
• Significance of light spectrum in leaf area expansion, development of photosynthetic apparatus, and chloroplast ultra-structure
• Spectral Dependency of and Photoreceptors for Chloroplast Photo-relocation Movement
• Chloroplast Photo-relocation Movement in Acclimation to Environmental Stimuli
• The Spectral Effects on a Whole-Plant Scale
• The Promise for Improving the Spectral Response of Photosynthesis in Plants
• Greenhouse covering systems
• Alternative Glazing Considerations


4: Plant Biology and Ionizing Radiation – a Stress Response Context
• Ionizing Radiation and the Evolution of Plants
• Environmental Protection and the Dose-Effects Data
• The Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Plants
• Molecular Biological Effects
• Mutagenesis
• DNA Repair
• Gene Expression
• Effects on Plant Proteomes and Metabolomes
• Effects of IR at Whole Plant Level
• Shoots
• Roots
• Effects on Plant Populations and Communities
• Oxidative stress: a challenge for irradiated plants
• DNA damage produced by IR
• Repair and the cell cycle: the checkpoint controls
• Repair errors lead to chromosomal aberrations
• IR generate adaptive responses and evolution


5. The Optical Properties of Leaf Structural Elements
• Optical Spectrum of Seed Plants
• Superficial Structural Elements and Light Interception
• Leaf Biochemistry and Energy Absorption in the Solar Spectrum
• Leaf Reflectance Patterns
• Leaf Transmittance Patterns
• Leaf Absorptance Patterns
• Physical Processes Underlying Leaf Optical Properties
• The Epidermis
• Surface Characteristics of Epidermal Cells
• Epidermal Cell Shape and Function
• Epidermal Cell Index of Refraction
• The Epidermis Is a Selective Optical Filter
• The Epidermis Is a Reflector
• Phytoliths Protect the Underlying Tissues from Photo-Inhibition
• The Epidermal Cells of Understory Plants Focus Light
• Mesophyll Structural Elements Allow Efficient Light Propagation and Internal Light Homogenization
• Bundle Sheath Extensions Function as Transparent Windows
• Sclereids Function as Optical Fibres
• Fusoid Cells Improve the Light Microenvironment within Mesophyll
• The Functional Integration with the Other Modules
• Acclimatization of Optical Structural Elements to Different Light Regimes


6: Photoreceptors and Quality of light
• Photoreceptors and the Role of Light Quality
• Roles of Protective Pigments in Light Responses
• Photoreceptor signalling networks in plant responses to shade
• Measurement of Leaf optical properties
• Plant Reactions to Spectra
• Photoreceptor proteins
• Cryptochrome
• Phytochrome
• Phototropin
• UVR8
• UV Spectrum as Eustress and Distress
• Photoreceptor systems mediating mitochondrial positioning
• Co-localization of mitochondria with chloroplasts as a light-dependent reversible response


7: Control and Coordination between light spectrum and Plant Metabolism
• Spectral reflectance characteristics of vegetation and their use in estimating productive potential
• The Effect of Light Intensity and Spectrum on ROS and Antioxidants in Plant Tissues
• Light Quality-Dependent Alterations in ROS and Antioxidant Levels
• Subcellular Influence of Light Intensity and Spectrum on the Redox System
• Light Intensity- and Spectrum-Associated Adjustment of Metabolism
• Light spectrum modulates the defense mechanism in the plants
• Stress and defense responses in relations to the production of plant secondary metabolites
• Light Signalling overlaps with metabolites cues
• Converging and diverging effects of Changing light spectrum on plant defense response


8. Changing Light Spectrum with Climate Change Era
• Reviewing the Spectral Signature of Recent Climate Change
• The climate sensitivity and its components diagnosed from Earth radiation budget data
• Effect of climate change on secondary metabolites
• Evolutionary theory based on secondary metabolites
• The regulation of plant secondary metabolism by interactions of heat shock and elevated CO2• Ecological roles of secondary metabolites
• The ecosystem feedback of plant secondary metabolites for the climate change


9 Effect of leaf spectral reflectance on secondary metabolites
• Roles of Protective Pigments in Light Responses
• Spectral and chemical assembly of plant leaves
• Perception of solar UV radiation by plants
• Functional Significance of Red and Far red light ratio in Secondary metabolism
• Anthocyanins
• Carotenoids
• Flavonols
• Terpene
• Anthraquinones
• Phenolics


10 Light application technologies in horticulture and measurement techniques
• LED Lighting Applications for Plants
• Photoperiodic LED lighting
• Overhead LED supplemental lighting
• Intra- or inter-canopy LED supplemental lighting
• LED sole-source lighting
• Current research status of artificial light regulating plant growth and development
• LED Technology for Crop Production in Controlled Environments
• Innovation Using Within-Canopy LEDs
• Future for LED Lighting Environmental Potential of Vertical Farming Systems via photo-biological contrivances