Produced Water Treatment Field Manual

Part 1 Produced Water Treating Systems    Introduction    Disposal Standards         Offshore Operations         Onshore Operations    Characteristics of Produced Water         Dissolved Solids         Precipitated Solids (Scales)    Scale Removal    Controlling Scale Using Chemical Inhibitors    Sand and Other Suspended Solids         Dissolved Gases         Oil-in-Water Emulsions         Dissolved Oil Concentrations         Lab Tests         Dispersed Oil    System Description    Theory         Gravity Separation         Coalescence         Dispersion         Flotation         Number of Cells         Filtration    Equipment Description and Sizing         Skim Tanks and Skim Vessels         Coalescers         Example 1-1: Determining the Dispersed Oil Content in the Effluent Water from a CPI Plate Separator         Oil/Water/Sediment Coalescing Separators         Skimmer/Coalescers         Precipitators/Coalescing Filters         Free-Flow Turbulent Coalescers         Performance Considerations         Flotation Units         Hydrocyclones         General Considerations         Operating Principles         Separation Mechanism         Orientation and Operating Considerations         Static Hydrocyclones         Dynamic Hydrocyclones         Selection Criteria and Application Guidelines         Sizing and Design         Disposal Piles         Skim Piles         Skim Pile Sizing    Drain Systems         Pressure (Closed) Drain System         Atmospheric (Open) Drain System         Environmental Considerations    Information Required for Design         Design Basis         Effluent Quality         Produced Water Flow Rate         Water Specific Gravity         Water Viscosity         Oil Concentration         Soluble Oil Concentration         Oil Specific Gravity         Oil Droplet Size Distribution         Oil Drop Size Distribution: Open Drains         Equipment Selection Procedure    Equipment Specification         Skim Tank         SP Pack System         CPI Separator         Cross-Flow Devices         Flotation Unit         Disposal Pile         Example 1-2: Design the Produced Water Treating System    NomenclaturePart 2 Water Injection Systems    Introduction         General Considerations         Solids Content         Oil Content         Produced Water         Source Water from Deep Sand Formation    Solids Removal Theory         Removal of Suspended Solids from Water         Gravity Settling         Filtration    Diffusional Interception         Direct Interception    Filter Types         Nonfixed-Pore Structure Media         Fixed-Pore Structure Media         Surface Media         Summary of Filter Types    Removal Ratings         General Considerations         Nominal Rating         Absolute Rating         Beta (ß) Rating System    Choosing the Proper Filter         General Considerations         Nature of Fluid         Flow Rate         Temperature         Pressure Drop         Surface Area         Void Volume         Degree of Filtration         Prefiltration         Coagulants and Floccuation    Measuring Water Compatibility         Saturation Index (LSI)         Stability Index (RSI)    Solids Removal Equipment Description         Source Water Considerations    Gravity Settling Tanks         Chemical Scavenging Equipment    Design Example: Solid Removal Process         Complete Water Injection System    NomenclatureAppendix A: Definition of Key Water Treating TermsAppendix B: Water Sampling TechniquesAppendix C: Oil Concentration Analysis TechniquesIndex