Proceedings of the Conference on Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant
Volume 8.4
- 1st Edition - October 2, 2013
- Editor: S. H. Jenkins
- Language: English
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 2 6 8 7 - 3
Introduction
Chapter 1. Microbial Transformations of Inorganic Nitrogen
Summary
The Main Processes
Fixation of Elementary Nitrogen
in Pure Cultures
Fixation in the Aqueous Environment
Nitrification
in Pure Cultures
Nitrification in the Aqueous Environment
Nitrate Metabolism
in Pure Cultures
Nitrate Reduction in the Aqueous Environment
Discussion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 2. The Analysis of Nitrogen Forms in Waters and Wastewaters
Summary
Introduction
Ammonia Nitrogen
Total and Organic Nitrogen
Nitrite
Nitrate
References
Chapter 3. Sources of Nitrogen as a Water Pollutant: Industrial Waste Water
Relative Importance-of-Various-Sources
Industrial Nitrogen Sources
Nitrogen Discharges from the Forest Industry
Fertilizer Industry
The Most Important Nitrogen Discharges
Food Processing Industry
Summing-up
References
Chapter 4. Nitrogen in Organic Matter and Fertilizer as a Source of Pollution
Summary
Methods of Research
Fate of Nitrogen in Soil
Nitrogen Available to Crops
N-Losses by Leaching
N - Losses in Subsoil
Indirect Effect of Fertilizer Nitrogen on N-Leaching Losses
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. Nutrient Discharge from a 90 Km2 Watershed
Introduction
Description of Watershed
Measurements
Data Treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. The Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizers on Stream Nitrate Concentrations near Alliston, Ontario, Canada
Introduction
Study Area
Study Methods
Results
Discussion
Comparisons of Stream Nitrate Levels in 1972 and 1974
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7. Long Term Studies on Nitrogen in Two Reservoirs Related to Field Fertilization
Summary
Introduction
Localities
Method
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 8. The Contribution of Nutrient from Diffuse Sources
Summary
Methods
Yearly Variation and Average of Nutrient Flux
Analysis of the Two Point Measurements in Nørreåen
Discussion
Notation
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 9. Nitrate Reduction in the Subsoil
Summary
Introduction
Nitrate Reduction in Soils
Description of the Soil Profiles
Chemical Analyses of the Profiles
Physical Analyses of the Profiles
Nitrate Reduction Experiments
Conclusion
Literature
Chapter 10. Simple Methods of Predicting The Leaching of Nitrate from the Root Zone
Summary
Theory
Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 11. Denitrification in Soils Intermittently Flooded with Sewage Water
Summary
Procedure
Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 12. The Immobilization of Nitrogen in a Water-Sediment System by Denitrifying Bacteria as A Result of Nitrate Respiration
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
References
Chapter 13. A Procedure for the Prediction of Nitrate Levels in Water Supplies in the United Kingdom
Summary
Current Situation in the United Kingdom
Method of Approach to the Problem
Processes Which Control Nitrogen Additions and Losses
Processes Which Control The Rate of Nitrate Movement
Nitrogen and the Water Resource System
Availability and Reliability of Data
Estimation of Nitrate Levels in a Typical Chalk Catchment
Data Requirement
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14. Joint FAO/IAEA/Federal Republic of Germany International Coordinated Program of Research on Agricultural Nitrogen Residues with Particular Reference to their Conservation as Fertilizers and Behavior as Potential Pollutant
Introduction
Background
Current Status and Objectives
Chapter 15. Infant Methemoglobinemia and Other Health Effects of Nitrates in Drinking Water
Summary
Nitrate Standards in Drinking Water
General aspects of Methemoglobinemia
Pathogenesis of Methemoglobinemia
Research Program in Israel
Nitrosamines
Conclusions
References
Chapter 16. N-Nitroso Compounds, Nitrite, and Nitrate: Possible Implications for the Causation of Human Cancer
Summary
Introduction
Carcinogenicity of NNO-Compounds
Analysis of Food for NNO-Compounds
Chemical Formation of NNO-Compounds
Formation of NNO-Compounds in Vivo and by Bacteria
Epidemiology
Conclusions
References
Chapter 17. Nitrification and Other Factors Affecting Nitrogen in the Holston River
Factors Affecting Nitrification in the Holston River
Impact of Nitrogen Discharges into Cherokee Reservoir
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18. Origin and Variation of Nitrate Nitrogen in the Chalk Springs, Streams and Rivers in Dorset and Its Utilisation by Higher Plants
Introduction
The Study Area
Hydrogeology
Higher Plants
Methods
Results
References
Chapter 19. Time Series Analysis of Ammonia in the Passaic River
Introduction
Time Series Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Appendix I - References
Appendix II - Notation
Chapter 20. Statistical assessment of Inorganic Nitrogen in a Small River System
I. Introduction
References
Chapter 21. Nitrogen as a Growth Factor in Fresh Water
Summary
Forms and Amounts of N in Water
N Sources Utilized in Aquatic Production
Organic N Sources
Inorganic N Sources
N Uptake by Macrophytes
Amounts of N in Water Plants
N as The Most Growth Limiting Nutrient
Research Needs
References
Chapter 22. Nitrogena Growth Limiting Nutrient in Eutrophic Lakes
Summary
Methods
Background Data
Results
Discussion
References
Chapter 23. Nitrogen as Limiting Factor for the Growth of the Blue-Green Alga Oscillatoria Agardhii
Summary
Model
Materials and Methods
Discussion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 24. Nitrogen Regime of Shallow Eutrophic Lakes on the Canadian Prairies
Abstract
Introduction
Study Area and Methods
Variations in the Nitrogen, Dissolved Oxygen and Biomass Content of Three Selected Prairie Lakes
Correlations between Various Parameters
Discussion
References
Chapter 25. A Real Time Model of Nitrogen-Cycle Dynamics in an Estuarine System
Formulation of Nitrogen-Cycle Model
References
Chapter 26. Kinetics of Nitrogen-Limited Algal Growth
Summary
Mathematical Model for Growth
Uptake Kinetics
Combined Model for Growth and Uptake
Discussion and Conclusion
Nomenclature
Greek Letters
References
Chapter 27. Nitrogen Fixation-A Review of This Phenomenon as a Polluting Process
N2-Fixation in Watersheds
N9-Fixation and Lake Eutrophication
Effects of N2-Fixation on Other Aquatic Environments: Streams, Estuaries, and Marshes
Why and If N2-Fixation is A Polluting Or Eutrophying Factor in Various Ecosystems
The Suppression of N2-Fixation in Aquatic Ecosystems
References
Chapter 28. Denitrification in Natural Waters
Summary
Microbiology and Biochemistry
Environmental Requirements for Denitrification
Other Mechanisms for the Production of Nitrogen Gases
Measurement of Denitrification
Nitrate Reduction (Immobilization)
Occurrence and Importance of Denitrification in Natural Waters
Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 29. A Review of the Literature on Sediment: Water Exchange of Nitrogen Compounds
Incorporation of Nitrogen in the Sediment
The Nitrogen in the Sediment
Ammonification
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrification
Denitrification
Transport Mechanisms
Final Remarks
References
Chapter 30. Nitrogen Transformation in Lakes
Introduction
Methods
Results
Discussion
References
Chapter 31. Aquatic Nitrogen Determinations in Real-Time
Summary
I. Need for Quick Analysis of Nitrogen in Water
Ii. Nitrogenous Chemical Forms in Wastewaters
Iii. Description of Real-Time Measurement Techniques
V. Discussion
Vi. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 32. Optical Method for Determination of Nitrogen-15 Abundance
Sample Preparation
Optical Measurement
Limits of Analysis
References
Chapter 33. Nitrogen Oxidation and Removal Efficiency Using Activated Algae
Summary
Fundamental Basis
Methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgment
Conclusions
References
Chapter 34. Nitrogen Control: A Basis for Design with Activated Sludge Systems
Summary
Pilot Plant Design and Operation
Discussion of Results
Design Considerations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35. Intensification of the Ammonia Oxidation in a Sandbed Filter
Introduction
Experimental Procedures
Results
Summary
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 36. Nitrogen Control by Means of the Mono, Intermediate Or Dual (Mid) Step Biological Nitrification Process
Abstract
Introduction
Description
Operation
Examples of Mid Step Nitrification Plants
References
Chapter 37. Biological Denitrification of Sewage: A Literature Review
1.Introduction
2. Biochemistry and Microbiology
3. Important Environmental Factors
4. Technological Alternatives for Biological Denitrification
5. Sludge Characteristics and Treatment
6. Economical Comparison of Approaches to Biological Denitrification
7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 38. Pilot-Scale Experiments on down-Flow Filter Denitrifitcation
Summary
Theory for Filter Purification
Eksperimental Arrangement
Filter Performance
Kinetic Results
Conclusion
Nomenclature
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 39. Sources of Hydrogen Donors and their Effects on Denitrification Rates
The Use of Internal Carbon for Denitrification
Denitrification Rates
Effect of the Denitrification Rates on Process Selection
Minimal Organic Carbon Requirements for Denitrification
Denitrification of Lime Pre-Treated Sewage
Biological Considerations
Phosphate Removal
Treatment Cost
Summary
References
Chapter 40. Combined Sludge Denitrification of Sewage Utilizing Internal Carbon Sources
Summary
Experiments
Theory
Discussion of Results
Sludge Characteristics
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 41. Simultaneous Removal of Nitrogen and Organics in a New Activated Sludge Process
Summary
Theoretical Background
The System
Experimental
Results and Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 42. Combined Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in a Low Loaded Activated Sludge System Operating on Oxidation Ditch Principles
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Principles of the Present Process
3. Description of the 500 P.E. Plant of Tno Delft
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Literature
Chapter 43. Removal of Nitrogen by Simultaneous Nitrification - Denitrification in An Activated Sludge Plant with Mammoth Rotor Aeration
The Vienna Blumental Treatment Plant
Nitrogen Removal Investigations
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 44. Modification of Extended Aeration Plants in Johannesburg, South Africa, to Achieve Denitrification
Summary
1. Description of the Alexandra Plant
2. Plant Operation for Complete Nitrification
3. Plant Operation during Denitrification
4. Mechanism of Denitrification
5. Control of Denitrification
6. Application of the Findings at Alexandra Works to the Olifantsvlei Works
8. Addititional Advantages of a Denitrified Effluent
9. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 45. Nitrification and Denitrification in Carrousel Systems
Summary
1. Introduction
2. Nitrogen Removal in Carrousel Type Oxidation Ditches
3. Treatment Results of the Carrousel Type Oxidation Ditch in Winterswijk
4. aspects of N-Removal in a Carrousel Aeration Unit
5. Bench Scale Laboratory Tests
6. Recent Design of Carrousel Installations
7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 46. An Example of Design of Activated Sludge Plants with Denitrification
Summary.
Bio-Denitro Method
The Design of the Test Plant
Oxygen Demand
Parallel versus - Serial Operation
Tests at Bramdrupdam
Discussion of the Results
Temperature
Detention Time
Simultaneous Precipitation
Length of Phases.
Laboratory Experiments.
Planning of Plants.
Costs.
Conclusion.
References.
Chapter 47. Development and Implementation of Biological Denitripication for Two Large Plants
Summary
Introduction
Attached Growth Denitrification Process
Suspended Growth Denitrification
References
Chapter 48. Anaerobic Columnar Denitrification of High Nitrate Wastewater
Abstract
Theory and Method of Expressing Denitrification Rates
Materials and Methods
Results and Discussion
Denitrification Kinetics
Methanol Utilization
Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Literature Cited
Chapter 49.A Review of Physical-Chemical Methods for Nitrogen Removal from Wastewaters
Summary
General Process Descriptions
Research Needs - Knowledge Gaps
References
Chapter 50. New Method for Removal of Nitrogen from Waste Water
Introduction
Material and Methods
Results
Discussion
Output
Conclusion
References
Chapter 51. Ammonia Removal by Physical-Chemical Treatment
Summary
Objectives
Methodology
Results
Discussion of Results
Costs
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 52. Performance Analysis of the Primary Treatment of Wastewater from A Large Nitrogen Fertilizer Plant
Summary
Description of Treatment Plant
Wastewater Characterization
Treatment Plant Performance
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Author Index
Subject Index
Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene International Association on Water Pollution Research and the Institution of Civil Engineers Announce a Symposium on Engineering, Science and Medicine in the Prevention of Tropical Water-Related Disease
- Edition: 1
- Published: October 2, 2013
- Language: English
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