Problems in Metallurgical Thermodynamics and Kinetics

Preface

List of Symbols and Abbreviations


1. The First Law of Thermodynamics


1.1 Heat Content or Enthalpy


1.2 Heat Capacity


1.3 Thermochemistry and Its Application in Metallurgy


1.4 Hess's Law


1.5 Variation of Enthalpy Change with Temperature


1.6 Maximum Reaction Temperature: Flame Temperature

Exercises


2. The Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy and Free Energy


2.1 Entropy


2.2 Entropy Change for a Reversible Process


2.3 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process


2.4 Entropy Change for a Chemical Reaction


2.5 Variation of Entropy Change with Temperature


2.6 Criterion of Spontaneity Based on Entropy


2.7 Free Energy


2.8 Criterion of Spontaneity Based on Free Energy


2.9 Calculation of Free Energy Change


2.10 Calculation of ΔGO at High Temperatures


2.11 Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Functions


2.12 Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation

Exercises


3. The Third Law of Thermodynamics


3.1 Statement of the Law


3.2 Application

Exercises


4. The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Application of Clausius-Clapeyron Equation to Phase Changes


4.2.1 Liquid-Vapor (Vaporization) Equilibria


4.2.2 Solid-Vapor (Sublimation) Equilibria


4.2.3 Solid-Liquid (Fusion) Equilibria


4.2.4 Solid-Solid Equilibria


4.3 Trouton's Rule

Exercises


5. Fugacity, Activity and Equilibrium Constant


5.2 Fugacity


5.2 Activity


5.3 Equilibrium Constant


5.4 Van't Hoff Equation


5.4.1 Integration of Van't Hoff Equation

Exercises


6. Solutions: I


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Partial Molar Quantities


6.3 Gibbs-Duhem Equation


6.4 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities from Molar Quantities


6.5 Raoult's Law : Ideal Solutions


6.6 Non-Ideal Solutions : Concept of Activity Coefficient


6.7 Henry rs Law : Dilute Solutions


6.8 Alternative Standard States


6.8.1 Infinitely Dilute, Atom Fraction Standard State


6.8.2 Infinitely Dilute, Weight Percent Standard State

Exercises


7. Solutions: II


7.1 Sievert's Law


7.2 Mixing Functions


7.3 Excess Functions


7.4 Regular Solutions


7.5 Application of the Gibbs-Duhem Equation


7.5.1 Determination of Partial Molar Quantities


7.5.2 Determination of Activity


7.6 Multicomponent Solutions

Exercises


8. The Thermodynamics of Electrochemical Cells


8.1 Introduction


8.1.1 Convention


8.2 Determination of Thermodynamic Quantities


8.3 Electrochemical Cells based on Solid Electrolytes

Exercises


9. Kinetics


9.1 Introduction


9.2 Effect of Concentration on the Reaction Rate


9.2.1 First-Order Reaction


9.2.2 Second-Order Reaction


9.3 Effect of Temperature on the Reaction Rate


9. 4 Determination of the Order of Reaction


9.4.1 Integration Method


9.4.2 Half-Life Method


9.4.3 Van't Hoff s Differential Method


9.5 Theories of Reaction Kinetics


9.5.1 Collision Theory


9.5.2 Absolute Reaction Rate Theory


9.6 Rate of Heterogeneous Reactions

Exercises

Appendix 1. SI Units

Appendix 2. Constants and Conversion Factors

Appendix 3. Mathematical Operations

Bibliography

Answers to the Exercises

Index

Other Titles in the Series