Principles of Textile Finishing

1: Introduction to finishing

• Abstract
• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 Object of finishing
• 1.3 Classification of finishes
• 1.4 Physical finishing
• 1.5 Functional finishes
• 1.6 Chemical finishes
• 1.7 Plasma finishing
• 1.8 Coated fabric
• 1.9 Application of chemical finish
• 1.10 Padding mangle
• 1.11 Low-pickup padding
• 1.12 Vacuum slot or suction hydroextractor
• 1.13 Drying and curing
• 1.14 Stenter or tenter
• 1.15 Conclusion

2: Surface finishing

• Abstract
• 2.1 Introduction
• 2.2 Calenders
• 2.3 Sueding or emerising
• 2.4 Raising or napping
• 2.5 Stenter finish
• 2.6 Conclusions

3: Antishrink finishing

• Abstract
• 3.1 Introduction
• 3.2 Shrinkage
• 3.3 Shrinkage of woven fabric
• 3.4 Shrinkage of knitted fabric
• 3.5 Shrinkage of woollen fabric
• 3.6 Causes of shrinkage
• 3.7 Measurement of residual shrinkage
• 3.8 Shrink-proofing methods
• 3.9 Sanforising machine
• 3.10 Rigmel finish
• 3.11 Confining passage type
• 3.12 Compactors for knitted fabric
• 3.13 Conclusion

4: Starch finishing

• Abstract
• 4.1 Introduction
• 4.2 Handle modifier finishes
• 4.3 Starch
• 4.4 Starch as a finish
• 4.5 Composition of finish
• 4.6 Synthetic polymers
• 4.7 Mangles
• 4.8 Cylinder dryers
• 4.9 Conditioning and damping
• 4.10 Future trends

5: Acid–alkali finish

• Abstract
• 5.1 Introduction
• 5.2 Theory of mercerisation
• 5.3 Effects of mercerisation
• 5.4 Classification of mercerisation processes
• 5.5 Yarn mercerisation
• 5.6 Fabric mercerisation
• 5.7 Slack mercerisation
• 5.8 Mercerisation of knitwear
• 5.9 Addition mercerisation
• 5.10 Control of caustic concentration
• 5.11 Liquid ammonia mercerisation
• 5.12 Barium activity number
• 5.13 Parchmentising or organdie finish
• 5.14 Conclusions

6: Softening

• Abstract
• 6.1 Introduction
• 6.2 Properties of softeners
• 6.3 Chemistry of softeners
• 6.4 Silicone softeners
• 6.5 Mechanism of action
• 6.6 Additives
• 6.7 Estimation of active matter content
• 6.8 Measurement of softness
• 6.9 Effect on sewability
• 6.10 Effect on pilling
• 6.11 Future trends

7: Repellent finishes

• Abstract
• 7.1 Introduction
• 7.2 Water-repellent versus waterproof
• 7.3 Easy-care finish
• 7.4 Theory of wetting
• 7.5 Theory of repellency
• 7.6 Water proofing and water repellency
• 7.7 Repellent finishes
• 7.8 Soil release finish
• 7.9 Stain and soil retardancy
• 7.10 Stain blockers
• 7.11 Petal effect and lotus effect
• 7.12 Health hazards
• 7.13 Test methods
• 7.14 Future trends

8: Flame- and fire-retardant finishes

• Abstract
• 8.1 Introduction
• 8.2 Definitions of terms
• 8.3 Flammability of textile fibres
• 8.4 Flame retardants
• 8.5 Mechanism of flame retardancy
• 8.6 FR finishing of cotton
• 8.7 FR finishing of rayon
• 8.8 FR finishing of wool
• 8.9 FR finishing of polyester
• 8.10 FR finishing of nylon
• 8.11 FR finishing of acrylic
• 8.12 FR finishing of polypropylene
• 8.13 FR finishing of fibre blends
• 8.14 Afterglow
• 8.15 Smoke and its reduction
• 8.16 Test methods
• 8.17 FR and environment
• 8.18 Halogen-free FRs

9: Easy-care finishing

• Abstract
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.2 Definitions
• 9.3 Reasons for crease formation
• 9.4 Factors affecting wrinkling
• 9.5 Prevention of shrinkage and crease
• 9.6 Resin finishing
• 9.7 Effects on fabric properties
• 9.8 Cellulose cross-linkers
• 9.9 Formaldehyde-based finish
• 9.10 Formaldehyde-free finishes
• 9.11 Ionic cross-linking
• 9.12 Application methods
• 9.13 Formaldehyde release
• 9.14 Formaldehyde testing
• 9.15 Future trends

10: Antistatic and soil-release finishes

• Abstract
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Generation of static electricity
• 10.3 Static charges and textile materials
• 10.4 Human body and static energy
• 10.5 Measurement of static energy
• 10.6 Control of static electricity
• 10.7 Chemistry of antistatic finish
• 10.8 Static propensity of fibres
• 10.9 Methods of application
• 10.10 Performance evaluation
• 10.11 Soils
• 10.12 Means of soiling
• 10.13 Factors affecting soil release
• 10.14 Detergency and soil release
• 10.15 Soil-release finishes
• 10.16 Evaluation of soil release
• 10.17 Future trends

11: Finishes for protection against microbial, insect and UV radiation

• Abstract
• 11.1 Introduction
• 11.2 Definitions
• 11.3 Growth of microorganism
• 11.4 Antimicrobial effect
• 11.5 Mechanisms
• 11.6 Means for antimicrobial
• 11.7 Antimicrobial fibres
• 11.8 Antimicrobial finishes
• 11.9 Sanitised finishes
• 11.10 Fungicidal finishes
• 11.11 Antibacterial finish
• 11.12 Various microbial finishes
• 11.13 Biopolymers
• 11.14 Application methods
• 11.15 Antimicrobial dyes
• 11.16 Test methods
• 11.17 Insect-resistant finishes
• 11.18 UV-protective finish
• 11.19 Future trends

12: Finishing of denim fabrics

• Abstract
• 12.1 Introduction
• 12.2 Denim dyeing
• 12.3 Selection of denim fabric
• 12.4 Denim washing
• 12.5 Processing steps
• 12.6 Garment washing
• 12.7 Types of garment washing
• 12.8 Denim finishing
• 12.9 Impact on environment
• 12.10 Future trends

13: Wool and silk finishing processes

• Abstract
• 13.1 Introduction
• 13.2 Felting of wool
• 13.3 Prevention and control of shrinkage
• 13.4 Fulling or milling
• 13.5 Setting
• 13.6 Fundamentals of silk finishing
• 13.7 Mechanical finishing of silk
• 13.8 Chemical finishing of silk
• 13.9 Conclusions

14: Various ecofriendly finishes

• Abstract
• 14.1 Introduction
• 14.2 Process control
• 14.3 Biofinishing
• 14.4 Use of biopolymers
• 14.5 Energy-saving finishing
• 14.6 Plasma treatment
• 14.7 Equipment for LPP
• 14.8 Future trends