Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

6th Edition - March 10, 2022
Editors: Sarah S. Long, Charles G. Prober, Marc Fischer, David Kimberlin
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 6 0 8 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 6 0 9 - 9

Comprehensive in scope, yet concise and easy to manage, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 6th Edition, by Drs. Sarah S. Long, Charles G. Prober, Marc Fisc… Read more

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Comprehensive in scope, yet concise and easy to manage, Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 6th Edition, by Drs. Sarah S. Long, Charles G. Prober, Marc Fischer, and new editor David Kimberlin, is your go-to resource for authoritative information on infectious diseases in children and adolescents. A veritable "who's who" of global authorities provides the practical knowledge you need to understand, diagnose, and manage almost any pediatric infectious disease you may encounter.

Cover image
Title page
Disclaimer
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Contributors
Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases
Section A. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases
1. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health
Descriptive Epidemiology
Analytic Epidemiology
Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness Studies
Disease Control and Public Health Policy
Evaluating the Medical Literature
2. Pediatric Healthcare: Infection Epidemiology, Prevention and Control, and Antimicrobial Stewardship
Risk Factors for Healthcare-Associated Infections In Children
Transmission
Epidemiologically Important Pathogens
Prevention Programs
Antimicrobial Stewardship
Isolation Precautions
Environmental Measures
Visitation Policies
Occupational Health
Infection Prevention and Control in the Nonacute Care Setting
3. Infections Associated With Group Childcare
Types of Childcare Settings
Epidemiology, Etiology, and Control of Infections
Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Infections Associated With Animals
Infectious Diseases in Adults
Economic Impact of Group Childcare Illness
Prevention
4. Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children
Guidelines for Evaluation
Preventive Measures
Section B. Prevention of Infectious Diseases
5. Passive Immunization
Standard Immune Globulin (Human)
Specific Immune Globulins for Intramuscular Administration
Immune Globulin Intravenous (Human)
Specific Immune Globulins for Intravenous Administration
Monoclonal Antibodies
Immunoglobulin Products Prepared from Animal Plasma
Adverse Reactions to Immune Globulins Prepared from Human Plasma
Product Shortages
The Future
6. Active Immunization
Immunization and Vaccines: Overview
Vaccine Development, Licensure, and Approval
Principles of Immunization Programs
Routine Childhood and Adolescent Vaccines
Selected Other Vaccines that can be Used in Children and Adolescents
Sources of Information on Vaccines
7. Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis
Chemoprophylaxis in Healthy Children
Chemoprophylaxis for Surgical Procedures and Trauma
Chemoprophylaxis in Special Situations and in Children With Conditions Predisposing to Infection
8. Protection of Travelers
Preparation For Travel
Malaria
Travelers Diarrhea
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Immunocompromised Travelers
Return From Travel
Section C. Host Defenses Against Infectious Diseases
9. Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection
Innate Immune Response
Adaptive Immune Response
Interrelationships And The Future
10. Fever and the Inflammatory Response
Fever
Inflammatory Response
Acknowledgment
Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management
Section A. Septicemia, Toxin-, and Inflammation-Mediated Syndromes
11. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis, and Septic Shock
Epidemiology
Definitions
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations, Assessment and Early Initiation of Therapy
Management
Future Considerations
12. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome
Primary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Pathogenesis
Clinical, Radiologic, and Laboratory Features
Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Prognosis
Section B. Cardinal Symptom Complexes
13. Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes
Specific Distinguishing Characteristics
Diagnosis and Empiric Therapy
14. Fever Without Localizing Signs
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Management
15. Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes
Fever of Unknown Origin
Deconditioning After Prolonged Perceived Illness
Recurrent Fever and Periodic Fever Syndromes
Other Autoinflammatory Diseases with Recurrent Fever
16. Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Anatomy and Function of Lymphoid Tissue
Developmental Changes
Characteristics of Lymphadenopathy
Pathogenesis of Lymphadenopathy and Lymphadenitis
Histopathology of Lymphadenitis
Lymphocutaneous and Oculoglandular SyndromeS
Infectious Causes of Generalized Lymphadenopathy
Other Causes of Generalized Lymphadenopathy
17. Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections
Epidemiology
Lymphatic Flow and Fascial Spaces of the Head and Neck
Oculoglandular Syndrome of Parinaud
Infectious Causes of Lymphadenitis
Noninfectious Causes of Lymphadenopathy
Neck Masses Not Involving Lymph Nodes
Diagnostic Approach to Cervical Lymphadenopathy
Management
Complications
18. Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy
Anatomy of the Mediastinum
Lymphatic Drainage of the Lungs and Pleura
Epidemiology
Characteristics of Lymphadenopathy
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Infectious Causes
Noninfectious Causes
Diagnostic Approach
19. Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy
Epidemiology and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Tests
Management
20. Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis
Lymphadenopathy and Lymphadenitis
Lymphangitis
21. Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes
Mucopurulent Rhinorrhea
Stridor
Cough
Tachypnea and Other Signs of Lower Respiratory Tract Disorders
Differentiating Features of Pneumonia
Hemoptysis
22. Abdominal Symptom Complexes
Approach
Acute Abdominal Pain
Chronic or Recurrent Abdominal Pain
23. Neurologic Syndromes
Headache
Altered Mental Status
Ataxia
Hypotonia and Weakness
24. Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes
History
Physical Examination
Laboratory Evaluation and Imaging
Limb Pain
Back Pain
Chest Pain
Section C. Oral Infections and Upper and Middle Respiratory Tract Infections
25. Infections of the Oral Cavity
Odontogenic Infections
Mucosal Infections (Gingivitis, Mucositis, and Stomatitis)
Complications of Odontogenic and Mucosal Infections
Infections of the Salivary Gland
Osteomyelitis
26. The Common Cold
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Approach
Management
Complications
Recent Advances
27. Pharyngitis
Viral Pharyngitis
Bacterial Pharyngitis
28. Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways
Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
Retropharyngeal AbScess
Parapharyngeal Abscess
Lemierre Syndrome
Acute Epiglottitis (Supraglottitis)
Croup (Laryngotracheitis)
Acute Laryngitis
Bacterial Tracheitis
Acute Bronchitis
29. Otitis Media
Acute Otitis Media
Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Duration of Antimicrobial Therapy
Other Forms of Otitis Media, Complications, and Sequelae
30. Otitis Externa and Necrotizing Otitis Externa
Otitis Externa
Necrotizing Otitis Externa
31. Mastoiditis
Acute Mastoiditis
Chronic Mastoiditis
32. Sinusitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Methods
Microbiology
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Section D. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
33. Bronchiolitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis And Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis, Complications, And Sequelae
Prevention
34. Acute Pneumonia and Its Complications
Acute Pneumonia
Acute Complicated Pneumonia
35. Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia
Persistent or Progressive Pneumonia At A Single Site
Persistent or Recurrent Pneumonia Not Confined To A Single Site
36. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host
Etiologic Agents And Epidemiology
Secondary Immunodeficiency
Pathogenesis And Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations And Etiologic Agents
Management, Empiric And Definitive Therapy
Prevention
Section E. Cardiac and Vascular Infections
37. Endocarditis and Other Intravascular Infections
Infective Endocarditis
Other Endocarditis-Like Intravascular Infections
38. Myocarditis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Prevention
39. Pericarditis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management
Complications
Prognosis
Section F. Central Nervous System Infections
40. Acute Bacterial Meningitis Beyond the Neonatal Period
Etiologic Agents and Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Management
Adjunctive Therapy
Considerations for Unusual Organisms135–138
Prognosis and Sequelae
Care of Contacts and Vaccine Prevention
41. Chronic Meningitis
Etiology and Epidemiology
Main Features of Agents Causing Chronic Meningitis
Approach to Diagnosis
Empiric Therapy
42. Recurrent Meningitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Prophylaxis
43. Aseptic and Viral Meningitis
Etiologic Agents And Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management and Empiric and Definitive Therapy
Complications, Prognosis, and Sequelae
Prevention
44. Encephalitis
Etiologic Agents and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
Special Hosts
Laboratory Findings
Clinical Approach
Management
Complications and Prognosis
Prevention
45. Parainfectious and Postinfectious Neurologic Syndromes
Cranial Nerve Palsies
Cerebellitis
Transverse Myelitis
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Autoimmune Encephalitis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
46. Focal Suppurative Infections of the Nervous System
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management
Complications And Prognosis
47. Eosinophilic Meningitis
Infectious Etiologies
Diagnosis
Treatment And Prevention
Section G. Genitourinary Tract Infections
48. Urinary Tract Infections, Renal Abscess, and Other Complex Renal Infections
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors for Bacteriuria, Recurrent UTI, and Renal Damage
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings
Management
Complications and Sequelae
Complex Urinary Tract Infections: Imaging Evaluation
Special Considerations
49. Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes
Prevention and Screening of Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes
Discharge and Dysuria
Anal Discharge and Gastrointestinal Syndromes
Genital Ulcer and Lymphadenopathy Syndrome
Pelvic or Scrotal Pain
Pharyngeal Syndromes
50. Genitourinary Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy
Inguinal Lymphadenopathy with Genital Ulcers
Inguinal Lymphadenopathy Without Genital Ulcers
Genital Dermatosis
51. Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis
Urethritis
Vulvovaginitis
Cervicitis
52. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Epidemiology
Etiologic Agents
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Management
Complications and Sequelae
Prevention
53. Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis
Epididymitis
Orchitis
Mumps Orchitis
Bacterial Epididymo-orchitis
Prostatitis
54. Infectious Diseases Associated With Child Abuse
Medical Evaluation
Infectious Agents
Section H. Gastrointestinal and Tract Infections and Intoxications
55. Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Considerations of the Host and Exposures
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
56. Viral Gastroenteritis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
57. Inflammatory Enterocolitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Enterocolitis in Immunocompromised Children
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
58. Enteric Diseases Transmitted Through Food, Water, and Zoonotic Exposures
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations, Differential Diagnosis, and Clinical Approach
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management
Complications, Prognosis, and Sequalae
Prevention
Section I. Intra-abdominal Infections
59. Acute Hepatitis
Approach To Evaluation And Diagnosis
Infectious Causes
Anatomic Causes
Autoimmune Causes
Metabolic Causes
Toxins And Medications
Tumors
Idiopathic Causes
60. Chronic Hepatitis
Approach to Evaluation
Etiologic Factors
Acknowledgement
61. Granulomatous Hepatitis
Pathogenesis And Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations And Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management And Outcome
62. Acute Pancreatitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Clinical Course
63. Cholecystitis and Cholangitis
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical And Laboratory Features
Diagnosis
Management
Complications
64. Peritonitis
Epidemiology
Pathophysiology
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Complications And Prognosis
Prevention
65. Appendicitis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Etiology
Clinical Manifestations and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Management
66. Intra-abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Intra-Abdominal Abscesses
Visceral Organ Abscesses
Retroperitoneal Abscesses
Section J. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections
67. Superficial Bacterial Skin Infections and Cellulitis
Superficial Infections
Adnexal and Follicular Infections
Hand and Nail Infections
Ulcerative Infections
Soft Tissue Infections
68. Erythematous Macules and Papules
Approach
Etiologic Agents, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis
69. Vesicles and Bullae
Etiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
70. Purpura
Types of Lesions and Pathogenesis
Causes by Type of Lesion
71. Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme
Urticaria
Erythema Multiforme
72. Papules, Nodules, and Ulcers
Molluscum Contagiosum
Erythema Nodosum
Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome
Other Exanthematous Infections
Autosensitization Reaction
73. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses
Etiology
Abscesses
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
74. Myositis, Pyomyositis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis
Myositis
Pyomyositis
Necrotizing Fasciitis
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Section K. Bone and Joint Infections
75. Osteomyelitis
Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Treatment
Special Clinical Situations
Osteomyelitis Due To Unusual Organisms
Nonhematogenous Osteomyelitis
Puncture Wound Osteochondritis of The Foot
Chronic NonBacterial Osteomyelitis/Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis
Chronic Osteomyelitis
76. Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis
Infectious Arthritis
Special Situations And Pathogens
Reactive Arthritis
77. Diskitis
Epidemiology and Etiology
Pathogenesis and Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Management
Outcome
78. Transient Synovitis
Etiology And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment And Prognosis
Section L. Eye Infections
79. Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia neonatorum)
Pathogenesis
Etiologic Agents
Prophylaxis/Prevention
80. Conjunctivitis Beyond the Neonatal Period
Acute Conjunctivitis
Chronic Conjunctivitis
81. Infective Keratitis
Etiology
Interstitial And Marginal Keratitis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations And Diagnostic Procedures
Management
82. Infective Uveitis, Retinitis, and Chorioretinitis
Etiologic Agents of Anterior Uveitis
Etiologic Agents of Posterior Uveitis (Retinitis)
83. Endophthalmitis
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology and Host Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnostic Evaluation
Management
Outcome
Prevention
84. Preseptal and Orbital Infections
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Preseptal Infections
Orbital Infection
Section M. Infections Related to Trauma, Animals, and Ticks
85. Infection Related To Trauma
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
General Principles of Management
Infections Related To Site of Trauma
86. Infections Related to Burns
Burn Wound Infection
Other Infections
Treatment
Management of Outpatients
Prevention
87. Infection Related To Bites
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations, Differential Diagnosis, And Clinical Approach
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Management And Presumptive Therapy
Empiric Management When Infection Occurs
Complications
Prognosis And Sequelae
Prevention
88. Infections Related to Pets and Exotic Animals
Categories of Pets
Infections (Zoonoses) Associated With Nontraditional Pets
Infections Associated With Animals In Public Settings
Rabies
Injuries And Allergies
Reportable Diseases Acquired From Nontraditional Pets And Animals In Public Settings
Prevention Measures
Recommendations And Guidelines
89. Tickborne Infections
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Section N. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn
90. Clinical Approach to the Neonate With Suspected Infection
Early-Onset Sepsis in Late Preterm and Term Infants
Early-Onset Sepsis in Preterm Infants
Hospital-Acquired Late-Onset Sepsis
Community-Acquired Late-Onset Sepsis
Diagnostic Evaluation
91. Chorioamnionitis and Neonatal Consequences
92. Bacterial Infections in the Neonate
Description of Pathogens
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
93. Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Approach to the Neonate With Suspected Viral Infection
94. Healthcare-Associated Infections in the Neonate
Definitions, Epidemiology, and Anatomic Sites Of Infection
Pathogens Associated with Late-Onset Infections
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Management of Persistent Bloodstream Infections
Prevention of Healthcare-Associated Infections
Section O. Infections and Transplantation
95. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Predisposition To Infection
Timing of Infections
Pathogen- And Organ-Specific Infections
Management And Preventive Measures
96. Infections in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients
Etiologic Agents
Epidemiology
Clinical Syndromes, Differential Diagnosis, And Clinical Approach
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Management And Presumptive Therapy
Prevention
Section P. Infections and Cancer
97. Risk Factors and Infectious Agents in Children With Cancer: Fever and Granulocytopenia
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Etiologic Factors
Etiologic Agents
Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Approach to Diagnosis
Management and Empiric Therapy
Prognosis and Sequelae
Recombinant Human Colony-Stimulating Factors
Prevention
98. Clinical Syndromes of Infection in Children With Cancer
Catheter-Associated Bacteremia and Soft-Tissue Infections
Skin and Skin Structure Tissue Infections
Pulmonary Infections
Infections of the External and Middle Ear and Sinuses
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Central Nervous System Infections
Cystitis
Osteoarticular Infections
Section Q. Infections Associated With Hospitalization and Medical Devices
99. Healthcare-Associated Infections
Bloodstream Infections
Respiratory Tract Infections
Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Surgical Site Infections
100. Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections
Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections
Infections of Prosthetic Valves, Patches, and Vascular Grafts
Infections Associated With Pacemakers and Left Ventricular Assist Devices
Infections of Central Nervous System Devices
Infections Associated With Peritoneal Catheters
Infections of Orthopedic Devices
Infection of Urinary Catheters
Section R. Infections in Patients With Deficient Defenses
101. Evaluation of the Child With Suspected Immunodeficiency
Anatomic and Physiologic Abnormalities
Underlying Conditions
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Clinical Approach to the Child With Recurrent Infections
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Management
102. Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency
Approach to the Patient With A Suspected Antibody Deficiency
Agammaglobulinemias: Severely Reduced IgG, IgA, and IgM With Absent B Lymphocytes
Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders: Severely Reduced IgG, IgA, and/or IgM With Normal or Low Numbers of B Lymphocytes
Hyper-IgM Syndromes (Hims, Class Switch Recombination Defects): Reduced IgG and IgA With Normal or Elevated IgM and Normal Numbers of B Lymphocytes
Isotype or Light Chain Deficiencies With Normal Numbers of B Lymphocytes
Specific Antibody Deficiency With Normal IgG Concentrations and Normal Numbers of B Lymphocytes
Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Acquired Antibody Deficiency
103. Infectious Complications of Complement Deficiency and Diseases of Its Dysregulation
Biochemistry and Biology of Complement
Genetically Determined Deficiencies of Complement
Secondary Deficiencies of Complement
Diagnosis of Complement Deficiencies
Management
104. Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes
Etiologic Agents and Pathologic Findings
Clinical Manifestations and Clinical Approach
Management
Complications
Prognosis, Sequelae and Advances in Restoration of Function
Prevention of Infection
Specific Conditions
105. Infectious Complications of Cell-Mediated Immunity Other Than AIDS: Primary Immunodeficiencies
Overview of Cell-Mediated Immunity and its Role in Control of Infections
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Selected Non−Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease Disorders of T Cells and Natural Killer Cells
106. Infectious Complications in Special Hosts
Sickle Hemoglobinopathy
Asplenia And Polysplenia
Renal Disease
Ascites
Iron Overload States
Metabolic Syndrome
Ciliary Dysfunction
Cystic Fibrosis
107. Infections Related to Biologic Response Modifying Drug Therapy
Infections Associated With use of BRMs
Considerations For Patients Prior to Starting and During Use of BRMs
Considerations of Infant Exposures to Maternal Brms
108. Infectious Complications of Corticosteroid Therapy
Infectious Adverse Effects of Glucocorticoids
Other Considerations
Section S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
109. Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV Infection in Infants, Children, and Adolescents
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Progression
Prevention
110. Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection
Hiv Replication
Immune Consequences of Untreated HIV-1 Infection
Effects of Antiviral Therapy on Immune Function and Viral Reservoirs
111. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection
Diagnosis
Clinical Signs, Symptoms, and Laboratory Abnormalities Associated With HIV Infection
Organ System−Specific Manifestations of HIV Infection
Prognosis
112. Infectious Complications of HIV Infection
Pathogenesis
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
Epidemiology and Etiologic Agents
Approach to Suspected Infection in a Child Living With HIV
Prevention of Infections
Prognosis
113. Management of HIV Infection
Antiretroviral Therapy
Clinical and Laboratory Monitoring
Infection Prevention: Immunizations and Chemoprophylaxis
Growth and Nutrition
Consequences of Infection and Antiretroviral Therapy by Organ Systems
Transition of Care
Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases
A. Bacteria
114. Classification of Bacteria
Identification By Phenotypic Characteristics
Identification By Molecular Analysis
Gram-Positive Cocci
115. Staphylococcus aureus
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Prevention
116. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci and Micrococcaceae
Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Description of The Pathogen
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
Coagulase-Negative Micrococcaceae
117. Classification of Streptococci
118. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)
The Pathogen, Pathogenesis And Spectrum of Disease
Pathogenesis And Virulence
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Acute Glomerulonephritis
Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections
Poststreptococcal Reactive Arthritis
119. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)
The Pathogen and Pathogenicity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
120. Enterococcus Species
Description of Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
121. Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species, and Streptococcus bovis Group
Description of Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
122. Groups C and G Streptococci
Characteristics of the Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
123. Streptococcus pneumoniae
Characteristics of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
124. Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostoc and Pediococcus Species and Other Genera
Characteristics Of Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Therapy
Gram-Negative Cocci
125. Neisseria meningitidis
Microbiology
Virulence And Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Metabolic And Hematologic Abnormalities
Management
Emergency Management
Outcome
126. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Microbiology, Virulence, Immunity, And Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Antibiotic Resistance
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention And Control
127. Other Neisseria Species
Microbiology and Laboratory Diagnosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations of Infection
Special Considerations and Prevention
Gram-Positive Bacilli
128. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Epidemiology
Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Virulence
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
129. Bacillus Species (Including Anthrax)
Microbiology
Bacillus Anthracis
Bacillus Cereus
Bacillus Subtilis and other Bacillus Species
130. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management of Symptomatic Patients
Management of Others
Prevention
131. Other Corynebacteria
Corynebacterium Jeikeium
Other Corynebacterium Species
132. Listeria monocytogenes
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Clinical Syndromes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
133. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae
Rothia Dentocariosa
Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) Equi
Gardnerella Vaginalis
Lactobacillus Species
Tsukamurella Species
Cellulosimicrobium (Formerly Oerskovia) Species
Kurthia Species
134. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Immunology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Therapy
Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Vaccines
135. Mycobacterium Nontuberculosis Species
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
136. Nocardia Species
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Enterobacteriaceae: Gram-Negative Bacilli
137. Escherichia coli
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Post-Diarrheal Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
138. Klebsiella and Raoultella Species
Microbiology And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
139. Klebsiella granulomatis: Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Prevention And Control
140. Enterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea Species
Microbiology And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
141. Citrobacter Species
Microbiology And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
142. Less Commonly Encountered Enterobacterales
Microbiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment
143. Plesiomonas shigelloides
Description of Pathogen
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis
Treatment
144. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species
Microbiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
145. Serratia Species
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Acknowledgments
146. Salmonella Species
Description of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
147. Shigella Species
The Pathogen, Virulence Factors, and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
148. Yersinia Species
Pathogens and Pathogenesis
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Yersinia pestis
Nonenterobacteriaceae: Gram-Negative Bacilli
149. Acinetobacter Species
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
150. Aeromonas Species
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
151. Less Commonly Encountered NonentericGram-Negative Bacilli
Microbiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, and Treatment
152. Eikenella, Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species
Microbiology
Pathophysiology And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment And Prevention
153. Moraxella Species
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
154. Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms
155. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Microbiology
Virulence Factors and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
Prevention
156. Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species
Burkholderia Cepacia Complex
Burkholderia Gladioli
Burkholderia Pseudomallei Group
157. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Virulence Factors
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
158. Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)
The Pathogen And Microbiology
Virulence And Pathogenesis
Immune Response And Susceptibility
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
159. Other Vibrio Species
Description of the Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Prevention
Gram-Negative Coccobacilli
160. Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease)
The Pathogen And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications, Sequelae, And Prognosis
Prevention
161. Brucella Species (Brucellosis)
Pathogen and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Outcome
Prevention
162. Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Bordetella Species
Etiology And Bordetella Species
Epidemiology
Pathogen, Pathophysiology, Transmission, And Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Diagnosis
Complications And Outcome
Management
Control Measures
Prevention
163. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
164. Other Campylobacter Species
Campylobacter Fetus
Campylobacter Upsaliensis
Campylobacter Lari
Other Campylobacter Species
165. Capnocytophaga Species
Human Capnocytophaga
Zoonotic Capnocytophaga
166. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
167. Chlamydia trachomatis
The Pathogen and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications and Sequelae
Prevention
168. Chlamydia (Chlamydophila) psittaci (Psittacosis)
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
169. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
170. Family Anaplasmataceae (Anaplasmosis, Ehrlichiosis, Neorickettsiosis, and Neoehrlichiosis)
Description of the Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Prevention
171. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)
Description of Pathogen and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
172. Haemophilus influenzae
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Clinical Manifestations of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Infection
Clinical Manifestations of Nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae Infection
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
173. Other Haemophilus Species and Aggregatibacter Species
Haemophilus Influenzae Biogroup Aegyptius
Haemophilus Ducreyi
Oral and Pharyngeal Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter Species
174. Helicobacter pylori
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
175. Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species
The Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
176. Kingella Species
Microbiology
Virulence And Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
177. Legionella Species
Pathogenesis And Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
178. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever)
Description of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention And Control
179. Other Rickettsia Species
Rickettsia Prowazekii (Classic Louse-Borne Epidemic Typhus: Brill-Zinsser Disease Or Recrudescent Typhus; Sylvatic Or Flying Squirrel-Associated Typhus)
Rickettsia Typhi (Murine Typhus; Endemic Or Flea-Borne Typhus)
Rickettsia Felis (Cat Flea Rickettsiosis) And Related Agents
Rickettsia Akari (Rickettsialpox)
Rickettsia Parkeri Rickettsiosis
Rickettsia Philipii (Pacific Coast Tick Fever)
Other Rickettsia Agents And Orientia (African Tick Bite Fever And Other Travel-Associated Rickettsioses, Including Scrub Typhus)
180. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever)
Epidemiology
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
181. Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli
Aggregati Bacter Species
Bartonella Species
Cardiobacterium Hominis
Treponemataceae (Spiral Organisms)
182. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Follow-up
Prevention
183. Other Treponema Species
Yaws
Endemic Syphilis (Bejel)
Pinta
Treatment
184. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)
Pathogens and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Maternal and Congenital Leptospirosis
Prevention
185. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Outcomes
Special Consideration: Congenital Lyme Disease
Prevention
186. Other Borrelia Species and Spirillum minus
Borrelia Species (Relapsing Fever)
Borrelia Mayonii
Spirillum Minus (Rat-Bite Fever)
Anaerobic Bacteria
187. Anaerobic Bacteria: Clinical Concepts and the Microbiome in Health and Disease
Classification
Indigenous Flora
Microbiome In Health And Disease
Pathogenesis of Anaerobic Infections
Clinical Clues And Approach To Diagnosis
188. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)
Microbiology And Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis And Differential Diagnosis
Treatment And Outcome
Prevention
189. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)
Etiology And Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Hospital Course
Management
Outcome And Prevention
Foodborne Botulism
Wound Botulism
Vaccine
190. Clostridioides difficile
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
191. Other Clostridium Species
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
192. Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestation And Prediction Of Pathogens
Treatment
Prevention
193. Fusobacterium Species
Description Of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
194. Anaerobic Cocci
Pathophysiology And Predisposing Conditions
Clinical Manifestations
Treatment
195. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli (Including Actinomycosis)
Cutibacterium Species
Actinomyces Species
Other Gram-Positive Bacilli
Mycoplasma
196. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Description of the Pathogen
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
197. Other Mycoplasma Species
Mycoplasma Hominis
Mycoplasma Genitalium
Other Mycoplasma Species
198. Ureaplasma urealyticum
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Diseases of Possible Infectious or Unknown Etiology
199. Kawasaki Disease
Etiology and Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
200. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS)
Case Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations and Evaluation
Management
Outcomes
Section B. Viruses
201. Classification of Human Viruses
DNA Viruses: Poxviridae
202. Poxviridae
Variola And Vaccinia
Zoonotic Poxviruses
Molluscum Contagiosum
DNA Viruses: Herpesviridae
203. Introduction to Herpesviridae
204. Herpes Simplex Virus
Pathophysiology
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Syndromes
Laboratory Findings And Diagnostic Techniques
Treatment
Prevention
205. Varicella-Zoster Virus
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Varicella
Herpes Zoster
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
206. Cytomegalovirus
The Virus
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management And Antiviral Therapy
Prevention
207. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum)
Human Herpesvirus 6
Human Herpesvirus 7
208. Epstein-Barr Virus (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders)
Description Of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis Of Infectious Mononucleosis In Previously Healthy Children
Clinical Aspects Of Infectious Mononucleosis
Pathogenesis And Disease In Immunosuppressed Persons
209. Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus)
DNA Viruses: Adenoviridae
210. Adenoviruses
Epidemiology
Clinical Disease
Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
DNA Viruses: Papovaviridae
211. Human Papillomavirus
The Virus And Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology And Clinical Features
Laboratory Screening And Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
212. BK, JC, and Other Human Polyomaviruses
Epidemiology
Bk Virus
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients
Jc Virus
Merkel Cell Virus
Trichodysplasia Spinulosa-Associate Polyomavirus
DNA Viruses: Hepadnaviridae
213. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses
Hepatitis B Virus
Hepatitis Delta Virus
DNA Viruses: Parvoviridae
214. Human Parvoviruses (Parvovirus B19 and Bocavirus)
Parvovirus B19
RNA Viruses: Reoviridae
215. Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever)
Tick Vector and Vertebrate Hosts
Other Related Tick-borne Coltiviruses
216. Rotaviruses
Description of the Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Bunyaviridae
217. Togaviridae: Alphaviruses
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
218. Flaviviruses
Specific Agents
Diagnosis
Prevention
219. Bunyaviruses
Description of Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
220. Hepatitis C Virus
Pathogen
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations and Natural History
Diagnostic Testing and Screening
Management
Counseling Parents and Children Regarding Transmission and Prevention
Treatment
Prevention
221. Rubella Virus
Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Immune Response
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications Of Acquired Rubella
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Coronaviridae
222. Human Coronaviruses
Overview of the Viruses
Endemic HCOV (HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1)
Sars-CoV-1
Mers-CoV
Sars-CoV-2
RNA Viruses: Paramyxoviridae
223. Parainfluenza Viruses
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
224. Mumps Virus
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immune Response
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
225. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and the Immune Response
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Future Directions
226. Human Metapneumovirus
Description of Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory and Imaging Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
227. Rubeola Virus: Measles and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis
The Pathogen and Pathogenesis
Immune Response
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications and Special Considerations
Measles in Immunocompromised Hosts
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Rhabdoviridae
228. Rabies Virus
The Virus
Pathogenesis
Virulence and Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Orthomyxoviridae
229. Influenza Viruses
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Complications
Laboratory and Radiographic Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Special Considerations
Zoonotic Influenza
RNA Viruses: Arenaviridae and Filoviridae
230. Filoviruses and Arenaviruses
Description of the Pathogens
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Testing
Treatment
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Retroviridae
231. Introduction to Retroviridae
232. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
233. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2
Acknowledgment
RNA Viruses: Picornaviridae
234. Introduction to Picornaviridae
Biology
235. Polioviruses
Pathogen and Pathophysiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
Author Note
236. Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Manifestations
Infection in Special Hosts
Parechovirus Infections
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
237. Hepatitis A Virus
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis
238. Rhinoviruses
Description of Pathogens and Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
RNA Viruses: Caliciviridae
239. Caliciviruses
Pathogens and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Management
Prevention
240. Astroviruses
Description of Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
241. Hepatitis E Virus
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Newly Identified Viruses
Section C. Fungi
242. Classification of Fungi
The Agents
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations
243. Candida Species
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
244. Aspergillus Species
Microbiology
Clinical Manifestations
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
245. Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis
Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis (Fusarium, Scedosporium, Paecilomyces, and Penicillium Species)
Agents of Phaeohyphomycosis (Bipolaris/Curvularia, Alternaria, Exophiala, Exserohilum, Cladophialophora Species, and Lomentospora Prolificans)
246. Agents of Mucormycosis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
247. Malassezia Species
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
248. Sporothrix schenckii Complex (Sporotrichosis)
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
249. Cryptococcus Species
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Management Considerations
Prevention
250. Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)
The Pathogen
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings, Imaging, and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
251. Pneumocystis jirovecii
Description of Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Special Considerations
Treatment
Prevention
252. Blastomyces Species (Blastomycosis)
Microbiology
Pathogenesis And Immunity
Epidemiology and Acquisition
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Outcomes and Prevention
253. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomycosis)
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
254. Superficial Fungal Infections
Tinea Capitis
Onychomycosis
Tinea Corporis, Tinea Cruris, and Tinea Faciei
Tinea Pedis
Candidiasis
Malassezia Infections
255. Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium apiospermum
Microbiology
Virulence and Immunity
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment and Special Considerations
Prevention
Pseudallescheria Boydii (Scedosporium Boydii)
Section D. Human Parasites and Vectors
256. Classification of Parasites
Parasitic Protozoa
Parasitic Animalia
257. Ectoparasites (Lice and Scabies)
Pediculosis
Scabies
Protozoa
258. Babesia Species (Babesiosis)
Description of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
259. Balantioides coli (Formerly Balantidium coli)
Life Cycle And Description
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment And Prevention
260. Blastocystis Species
Organism
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
261. Cryptosporidium Species
The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
262. Endolimax nana
Description of Endolimax Nana
Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
263. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)
Description of the Pathogen
Pathogenesis
Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
264. Other Entamoeba, Amebae, and Intestinal Flagellates
Entamoeba Histolytica/Entamoeba Dispar Group
Other Entamoeba Species
Other Intestinal Amebae and Flagellates
265. Giardia intestinalis (Giardiasis)
Pathogen and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
266. Cystoisospora (Isospora) and Cyclospora Species
Pathogens
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
267. Leishmania Species (Leishmaniasis)
Description of the Pathogen
Pathogenesis and Immunity
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention and Control
268. Microsporidia
Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
269. Naegleria fowleri
Description of the Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
270. Acanthamoeba Species
Description of Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
271. Plasmodium Species (Malaria)
Description of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
272. Sarcocystis Species
Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnostic Tests
Treatment and Prevention
273. Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)
Pathogen and Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis and Immune Response
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
274. Trichomonas vaginalis
Description of The Pathogen
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings And Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Special Considerations
Prevention
275. Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis)
Human African Trypanosomiasis
American Trypanosomiasis
Nematodes
276. Intestinal Nematodes
Ascaris Lumbricoides (Roundworm)
Hookworm (Ancylostoma Duodenale, Ancylostoma Caninum, Ancylostoma Ceylanicum, and Necator Americanus)
Trichuris Trichiura
Enterobius Vermicularis
Strongyloides Stercoralis and Strongyloides Fuelleborni
277. Tissue Nematodes
Toxocara Canis, Toxocara Cati, and Baylisascaris Procyonis
Angiostrongylus Species
Gnathostoma Spinigerum
Ancylostoma Braziliense
Ascarids of Marine Mammals
Trichinella Spiralis (Trichinellosis)
278. Blood and Tissue Nematodes: Filarial Worms
Lymphatic Filariasis
Onchocerciasis
Loiasis
Other Causes of Filariasis
Dirofilariasis
Cestodes
279. Diphyllobothriidae, Dipylidium and Hymenolepis Species
Diphyllobothriidae
Dipylidium Caninum
Hymenolepis Nana And Hymenolepis Diminuta
280. Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata: Taeniasis and Cysticercosis
Taeniasis
Cysticercosis
281. Echinococcus Species: Agents of Echinococcosis
Echinococcus Granulosus
Echinococcus Mulitlocularis
Echinococcus Vogeli
282. Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps and Taenia serialis: Coenurosis
Epidemiology and Life Cycle
Clinical Manifestations
Laboratory Findings and Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Trematodes
283. Intestinal Trematodes
Fasciolopsiasis
Heterophyiasis And Metagonimiasis
Echinostome Infections
Clinical Manifestations
284. Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Fasciola, and Paragonimus Species
Clonorchiasis and Opisthorchiasis
Fascioliasis
Paragonimiasis
285. Blood Trematodes: Schistosomiasis
Biology
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Special Considerations
Prevention
Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy for Infectious Diseases
Section A. The Clinician and the Laboratory
286. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Bacteria, Fungi, Parasites, and Rickettsiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Rickettsiae
Immunoserology
Newer Technologies
287. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Viruses,Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma
Viruses
Chlamydiaceae
Mycoplasma
288. Use of Common Clinical Laboratory Tests to Assess Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Acute Phase Response
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate
C-Reactive Protein
Procalcitonin
Iron Metabolism, Ferritin, and Hepcidin
Other Acute Phase Proteins and Cytokines
Hemoglobin
Leukocytes
Platelets
Metabolic Abnormalities
Nonspecific Antibodies
Section B. Anti-Infective Therapy
289. Principles of Anti-Infective Therapy
Selecting Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing and Interpretation
Site Of Infection
Antimicrobial Combinations
Dosing, Route, and Duration of Therapy
Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
290. Mechanisms and Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance
Genetics of Antimicrobial Resistance
Mechanisms of Resistance
Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance
Special Considerations
291. Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Basis of Optimal Antimicrobial Therapy
Basic Concepts in Clinical Pharmacokinetics
Drug Disposition in Specific Patient Populations
Basis for Drug-Drug Interactions
Pharmacodynamic Interactions
Integration of Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles for Optimal Antibiotic Dosing Regimens
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Relationships of Other Antimicrobial Agents
Future Considerations
292. Antibacterial Agents
Cell Envelope-Active Agents
Cell Wall-Active Agents
Cell Membrane-Active Agents
Salivaricins
Ribosome-Active Antibiotics
Nucleic Acid-Active Antibiotics
293. Antifungal Agents
Antifungal Agents for Treatment of Superficial Infections
Antifungal Agents for Treatment of Invasive Infections
294. Topical Antimicrobial Agents
Agents for Ophthalmic Infections
Agents for Otic Infections
Agents for Skin Infections
Agents USED IN Burn Management
295. Antiviral Agents
Anti-Herpesvirus Drugs
Anti-Influenza Drugs
Anti-Hepatitis Virus Drugs
Anti-Coronavirus Drugs
296. Antiparasitic Agents
Treatment of Luminal Protozoa
Treatment of Kinetoplastidea Infections
Antimalarial Therapy
Antibacterial Agents with Antiprotozoan Activity
Treatment of Helminthic Infections
Intestinal Nematodes
Systemic Nematodes
Trematodes and Cestodes
Index

Sarah S. Long

is Professor of pediatrics at Drexel University College of Medicine. Dr. Long is an associate editor of The Journal of Pediatrics, as well as the Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics. She has chaired the program committee for annual meetings of the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society. She sits on research advisory committees for the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate editor of The Journal of Pediatrics, as well as the Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics

Charles G. Prober

Affiliations and expertise

Senior Associate Vice Provost for Health Education and Professor of Pediatrics (infectious diseases) and of Microbiology and Immunology at Stanford University School of Medicine

Marc Fischer

Dr. Marc Fischer is a pediatric infectious disease specialist in Fort Collins, Colorado. He received his medical degree from Duke University School of Medicine and has been in practice for more than 20 years.

David Kimberlin

David Kimberlin, MD is Professor/Co-Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases/Sergio B. Stagno, MD Endowed Chair in Pedaitric Infectious Diseases/Vice Chair for Clinical and Translational Research at Children’s Alabama, Birmingham. Dr. Kimberlin is a world renowned pediatric infectious diseases specialist at the University of Alabama, is at the fulcrum of NIH- sponsored multicentered clinical trials especially related to antiviral therapy, is the chief editor of the Red Book Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics, and a national leader in academic and subspecilty societies. He has been a contributor of critical chapters in PPPID since its inception.

Affiliations and expertise

University of Alabama Heersink School of Medicine