Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases

PART I: Understanding, Controlling, and Preventing Infectious Diseases

A. Epidemiology and Control of Infectious Diseases

1. Principles of Epidemiology and Public Health

Lucy A. McNamara and Stacey W. Martin

2. Pediatric Healthcare Epidemiology

Jane D. Siegel and Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill

3. Infections Associated with Group Childcare

Jennifer P. Collins and Andi L. Shane

4. Infectious Diseases in Refugee and Internationally Adopted Children

Mary Allen Staat

B. Prevention of Infectious Diseases

5. Passive Immunization

Amanda F. Goddard and H. Cody Meissner

6. Active Immunization

Raymond A. Strikas, Alison C. Mawle, Larry K. Pickering, Walter A. Orenstein

7. Antimicrobial Chemoprophylaxis

John S. Bradley

8. Protection of Travelers

Kevin L. Schwartz and Jay S. Keystone

9. Immunologic Development and Susceptibility to Infection

Paul K. Sue, Michal Meir, and Maite de la Morena

10. Fever and the Inflammatory Response

Grant S. Schulert and Alexei A. Grom

PART II Clinical Syndromes and Cardinal Features of Infectious Diseases: Approach to Diagnosis and Initial Management

A. Septicemia, Toxin and Inflammation-Mediated Syndromes

11. The Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS), Sepsis, and Septic Shock

Judith A. Guzman-Cottrill and Louise Elaine Vaz

12. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis and Macrophage Activation Syndrome

Hayley A. Gans and David B. Lewis

B. Cardinal Symptom Complexes

13. Mucocutaneous Symptom Complexes

Sarah S. Long and Ishminder Kaur

14. Fever without Localizing Signs

Ravi Jhaveri and Eugene D. Shapiro

15. Prolonged, Recurrent, and Periodic Fever Syndromes

Kalpana Manthiram, Kathryn M. Edwards, and Sarah S. Long

16. Lymphatic System and Generalized Lymphadenopathy

Mary Anne Jackson and J. Christopher Day

17. Cervical Lymphadenitis and Neck Infections

Emily A. Thorell

18. Mediastinal and Hilar Lymphadenopathy

Mary Anne Jackson and J. Christopher Day

19. Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy

Angela L. Myers

20. Localized Lymphadenitis, Lymphadenopathy, and Lymphangitis

Angela L. Myers

21. Respiratory Tract Symptom Complexes

Kathleen McGann and Sarah S. Long

22. Abdominal Symptom Complexes

Ishminder Kaur

23. Neurologic Symptom Complexes

Geoffrey A. Weinberg and Robert Thompson-Stone

24. Musculoskeletal Symptom Complexes

C. Buddy Creech

C. Oral Infections and Upper and Middle Respiratory Tract Infections

25. Infections of the Oral Cavity

Jana Shaw

26. The Common Cold

Diane E. Pappas

27. Pharyngitis

John C. Arnold and Victor Nizet

28. Infections Related to the Upper and Middle Airways

Marc Tebruegge and Nigel Curtis

29. Otitis Media

Stephen I. Pelton

30. Otitis Externa and Necrotizing Otitis Externa

Thomas G. Boyce and Karthik Balakrishnan

31. Mastoiditis

Ellen R. Wald and James H. Conway

32. Sinusitis

Ellen R. Wald and Gregory P. DeMuri

D. Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

33. Bronchiolitis

H. Cody Meissner

34. Acute Pneumonia and its Complications

Chitra S. Mani

35. Persistent and Recurrent Pneumonia

Robert R. Wittler

36. Pneumonia in the Immunocompromised Host

Marvin B. Harper, Grace Lee, and Kenneth McIntosh

E. Cardiac and Vascular Infections

37. Endocarditis and Other Intravascular Infections

Stéphanie Levasseur and Lisa Saiman

38. Myocarditis

Christina A. Rostad and Joseph A. Hilinski

39. Pericarditis

Christina A. Rostad and Joseph A. Hilinski

F. Central Nervous System Infections

40 Acute Bacterial Meningitis beyond the Neonatal Period

Suresh Kumar Panuganti and Simon Nadel

41. Chronic Meningitis

Douglas Swanson and Christopher J. Harrison

42. Recurrent Meningitis

Robyn A. Livingston and Christopher J. Harrison

43. Aseptic and Viral Meningitis

Jin-Young Han and José R. Romero

44. Encephalitis

Carol Glaser and Karen C. Bloch

45. Para- and Postinfectious Neurologic Syndromes

Jonathan B. Strober and Carol Glaser

46. Focal Suppurative Infections of the Nervous System

Christopher J. Harrison

47. Eosinophilic Meningitis

Marian G. Michaels and Klara M. Posfay-Barbe

48. Urinary Tract Infections, Renal Abcess, and Other Complex Renal Infections

Michael Davenport and Linda M. Dairiki Shortliffe

G. Genitourinary Tract Infections

49. Sexually Transmitted Infection Syndromes

Margaret J. Blythe

50. Skin and Mucous Membrane Infections and Inguinal Lymphadenopathy

Monica E. Patton and Kimberly A. Workowski

51. Urethritis, Vulvovaginitis, and Cervicitis

Paula K. Braverman

52. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

Eloisa Llata and Harold C. Wiesenfeld

53. Epididymitis, Orchitis, and Prostatitis

Noni E. MacDonald and William R. Bowie

54. Infectious Diseases in Child Abuse

Beth Emerson and Kirsten Bechtel

H. Gastrointestinal Tract Infections and Intoxications

55. Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Gastrointestinal Tract Infections

Jumi Yi and Andi L. Shane

56. Viral Gastroenteritis

Eyal Leshem and Ben A. Lopman

57. Inflammatory Enteritis

David Blanco and Harpreet Pall

58. Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Kanecia Zimmerman and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr.

59. Enteric Diseases Transmitted Through Food, Water, and Zoonotic Exposures

Karen P. Neil, Jonathan S. Yoder, Aron J. Hall, and Anna Bowen

I. Intra-abdominal Infections

60. Acute Hepatitis

Vahe Badalyan, Laurie Conklin and John D. Snyder

61. Chronic Hepatitis

Parvathi Mohan, Muhammad Khan, and John D. Snyder

62. Granulomatious Hepatitis

Beverly L. Connelly

63. Acute Pancreatitis

Beverly L. Connelly

64. Cholecystitis and Cholangitis

Beverly L. Connelly

65. Peritonitis

Shawn J. Rangel, Samuel E. Rice-Townsend, Mahima Karki, and R. Lawrence Moss

66. Appendicitis

Marion C. W. Henry and R. Lawrence Moss

67. Intra-Abdominal, Visceral, and Retroperitoneal Abscesses

Karen A. Diefenbach and R. Lawrence Moss

J. Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections

68. Superficial Bacterial Skin Infections and Cellulitis

Hillary S. Lawrence and Amy Jo Nopper

69. Erythematous Macules and Papules

Brittany S. Barros and Andrea L. Zaenglein

70. Vesicles and Bullae

James Treat

71. Purpura

Melissa Reyes and Lawrence F. Eichenfield

72. Urticaria and Erythema Multiforme

Kara N. Shah

73. Papules, Nodules and Ulcers

Jennifer L. Sorrell and Christine T. Lauren

74. Subcutaneous Tissue Infections and Abscesses

Catalina Matiz and Sheila Fallon Friedlander

75. Myositis, Pyomyositis, and Necrotizing Fasciitis

C. Buddy Creech

K. Bone and Joint Infections

76. Osteomyelitis

David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez

77. Infectious and Inflammatory Arthritis

David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez

78. Diskitis

David K. Hong and Kathleen Gutierrez

79. Transient Synovitis

C. Buddy Creech

L. Eye Infections

80. Conjunctivitis in the Neonatal Period (Ophthalmia Neonatorum)

Douglas R. Fredrick

81. Conjunctivitis beyond the Neonatal Period

Douglas R. Fredrick

82. Infective Keratitis

Douglas R. Fredrick

83. Infective Uveitis, Retinitis, and Chorioretinitis

Douglas R. Fredrick

84. Endophthalmitis

Douglas R. Fredrick

85. Preseptal and Orbital Infections

Ellen R. Wald

M. Infections Related to Trauma

86. Infection following Trauma

Sarah L. Wingerter

87. Infection following Burns

Jane M. Gould

88. Infection following Bites

Marvin B. Harper and Sarah Wingerter

89. Infections Related to Pets and Exotic Animals

Joseph A. Bocchini

90. Tickborne Infections

Kristina Bryant

N. Infections of the Fetus and Newborn

91. Clinical Approach to the Infected Neonate

Jessica E. Ericson and Daniel K. Benjamin, Jr

92. Bacterial Infections in the Neonate

Morven S. Edwards and Carol J. Baker

93. Viral Infections in the Fetus and Neonate

Robert F. Pass and Swetha Pinninti

94. Hospital-Associated Infections in the Neonate

Laura Sass and M. Gary Karlowicz

O. Infections and Transplantation

95. Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Michael Green and Marian G. Michaels

96. Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients

Jorge Luján-Zilbermann and David M. Berman

P. Infections and Cancer

97. Fever and Granulocytopenia

Monica I. Ardura and Andrew Y. Koh

98. Infections in Children with Cancer

Monica I. Ardura and Andrew Y. Koh

Q. Infections Associated with Hospitalization and Medical Devices

99. Healthcare-Associated Infections

Jane M. Gould and Susan E. Coffin

100. Clinical Syndromes of Device-Associated Infections

Julia S. Sammons and Jeffrey S. Gerber

R. Infections in Patients with Deficient Defenses

101. Evaluation of the Child with Suspected Immunodeficiency

E. Stephen Buescher

102. Infectious Complications of Antibody Deficiency

Elisabeth E. Adderson

103. Complement in Control of Infectious Agents

Michael M. Frank

104. Infectious Complications of Dysfunction or Deficiency of Polymorphonuclear and Mononuclear Phagocytes

E. Stephen Buescher

105. Infectious Complications of Cell-Mediated Immunity Other than AIDS: Primary Immunodeficiencies

David B. Lewis

106. Infectious Complications in Special Hosts

Lara A. Danziger-Isakov, David A. Rosen, Jane L. Burns, and David A. Hunstad

107. Infections Related to Biologic Modifier Therapy

H. Dele Davies

108. Infectious Complications of Corticosteroid Therapy

Kari A. Simonsen and H. Dele Davies

S. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

109. Epidemiology and Prevention of HIV Infection in Children and Adolescents

Jennifer S. Read

110 Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection

Grace M. Aldrovandi, Chiara Cerini, and Nicole H. Tobin

111. Diagnosis and Clinical Manifestations of HIV Infection

Paul Krogstad

112. Infectious Complications of HIV Infection

Allison L. Agwu and Russell B. Van Dyke

113. Chapter 113. Management of HIV Infection

George Kelly Siberry

PART III. Etiologic Agents of Infectious Diseases

A. Bacteria

114. Classification of Bacteria

Joseph W. St. Geme III and Katherine A Rempe

Gram-Positive Cocci

115. Staphylococcus aureus

Robert S. Daum

116. Staphylococcus epidermidis and Other Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

Philip Toltzis

117. Classification of Streptococci

David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III

118. Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)

Victor Nizet and John C. Arnold

119. Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus)

Morven S. Edwards and Carol J. Baker

Proofs to Edwards

120. Enterococcus Species

David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III

121. Viridans Streptococci, Abiotrophia and Granulicatella Species, and Streptococcus bovis Group

David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III

122. Groups C and G Streptococci

David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III

123. Streptococcus pneumoniae

Krow Ampofo and Carrie L. Byington

124. Other Gram-Positive, Catalase-Negative Cocci: Leuconostoc and Pediococcus Species

David B. Haslam and Joseph W. St. Geme III

Gram-NEGATIVE Cocci

125. Neisseria meningitidis

Andrew J. Pollard and Adam Finn

126. Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Katherine K. Hsu and Zoon Wangu

127. Other Neisseria Species

Zoon Wangu and Katherine K. Hsu

Gram-Positive BACILLI

128 Arcanobacterium haemolyticum

Denise F. Bratcher

129. Bacillus Species (Anthrax)

Denise F. Bratcher

130. Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Irini Daskalaki

131. Other Corynebacteria

Denise F. Bratcher

132. Listeria monocytogenes

Monica M. Farley

133. Other Gram-Positive Bacilli

Denise F. Bratcher

134. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Silvia S. Chiang and Jeffrey R. Starke

135. Mycobacterium Species Non-tuberculosis

Marc Tebruegge and Nigel Curtis

136. Nocardia Species

Ellen Gould Chadwick and Richard B. Thomson, Jr.

ENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI

137. Escherichia coli

Edwin J. Asturias

138 Klebsiella and Raoultella Species

William J. Barson and Amy Leber

139. Klebsiella (Calymmatobacterium) granulomatis (Granuloma Inguinale)

Bradley P. Stoner

140. Enterobacter, Cronobacter, and Pantoea Species

Dennis J. Cunningham and Amy Leber

141. Citrobacter Species

Stella Antonara and Monica I. Ardura

142. Less Commonly Encountered Enterobacteriaceae

Joshua R. Watson, Rebecca Wallihan, and Stella Antonara

143 Plesiomonas shigelloides

Shai Ashkenazi

144. Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella Species

William J. Barson and Stella Antonara

145. Serratia Species

Eunkyung Song, Asuncion Mejias, and Stella Antonara

146. Salmonella Species

Megan E. Reller

147 Shigella Species

Shai Ashkenazi

148. Yersinia Species

Theresa J. Ochoa and Miguel O’Ryan

NONENTEROBACTERIACEAE: GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI

149 Acinetobacter Species

Guliz Erdem and Amy Leber

150 Aeromonas Species

Miguel O’Ryan and Yalda C. Lucero

151. Less Commonly Encountered Nonenteric Gram-Negative Bacilli

Michael T. Brady and Amy Leber

152. Eikenella, Pasteurella, and Chromobacterium Species

Guliz Erdem and Amy Leber

153. Moraxella Species

Eugene Leibovitz and David Greenberg

154. Pseudomonas Species and Related Organisms

Jane L. Burns

155. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Paul J. Planet

156. Burkholderia cepacia Complex and Other Burkholderia Species

Jane L. Burns

157. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Jane L. Burns

158. Vibrio cholerae (Cholera)

Janell A. Routh, Almea Matanock, and Eric D. Mintz

159. Other Vibrio Species

Karen K. Wong and Patricia M. Griffin

GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCOBACILLI

160. Bartonella Species (Cat-Scratch Disease)

Jin-Young Han and Richard F. Jacobs

161. Brucella Species (Brucellosis)

Edward J. Young

162. Bordetella pertussis (Pertussis) and Other Bordetella Species

Sarah S. Long, Kathryn M. Edwards and Jussi Mertsola

163. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

Jumi Yi and Evan J. Anderson

164. Other Campylobacter Species

Bethany K. Sederdahl and Evan J. Anderson

165. Capnocytophaga Species

Lorry G. Rubin

166. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae

Samir S. Shah

167. Chlamydia trachomatis

Toni Darville and G. Ingrid J. G. Rours

168. Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) psittaci (Psittacosis)

Preeta Krishnan Kutty

169. Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)

Gilbert J. Kersh

170. Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, and other members of the Family Anaplasmataceae

171. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia)

Lorry G. Rubin

172. Haemophilus influenzae

Joseph W. St. Geme III and Katherine A Rempe

173. Other Haemophilus Species and Aggregatibacter Species

Emily Souder and Jennifer Vodzak

174. Helicobacter pylori

Luis A. Castagnini, Benjamin D. Gold, and Mark A. Gilger

175. Other Gastric and Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species

Jonathan D. Crews and, Mark A. Gilger

176. Kingella Species

Pablo Yagupsky

177. Legionella Species

Lorry G. Rubin

178. Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever)

Christopher D. Paddock and Gerardo Alvarez-Hernández

179. Other Rickettsia Species

Marina E. Eremeeva and Gregory Alan Dasch

180. Streptobacillus moniliformis (Rat-Bite Fever)

Lorry G. Rubin

181. Other Gram-Negative Coccobacilli

Lorry G. Rubin

TREPONEMATACEAE (SPIRAL ORGANISMS)

182. Treponema pallidum (Syphilis)

Sarah A. Rawstron and Sarah J. Hawkes

183. Other Treponema Species

Sarah A. Rawstron

184. Leptospira Species (Leptospirosis)

Eugene D. Shapiro

185. Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)

Eugene D. Shapiro

186. Other Borrelia Species and Spirillum minus

Eugene D. Shapiro

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA

187. Anaerobic Bacteria: Classification, Normal Flora, and Clinical Concepts

Itzhak Brook and Sarah S. Long

188. Clostridium tetani (Tetanus)

Itzhak Brook

189. Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

Sarah S. Long

190. Clostridium difficile

Nalini Singh and Karl Klontz

191. Other Clostridium Species

Itzhak Brook

192. Bacteroides and Prevotella Species and Other Anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli

Itzhak Brook

193. Fusobacterium Species

Neil Rellosa and Jennifer Vodzak

194. Anaerobic Cocci

Debrah Meislich and Anat Feingold

195. Anaerobic Gram-Positive Nonsporulating Bacilli (including Actinomycosis)

Anat R. Feingold and Debrah Meislich

MYCOPLASMA

196. Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Samir S. Shah

197. Other Mycoplasma Species

Samir S. Shah

198. Ureaplasma urealyticum

Samir S. Shah

DISEASES OF POSSIBLE INFECTIOUS OR UNKNOWN ETIOLOGY

199. Kawasaki Disease

Anne H. Rowley

200. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Gary S. Marshall and Bryan D. Carter

B. Viruses

201. Classification of Human Viruses

Robert David Siegel

DNA VIRUSES: POXVIRIDAE

202. Poxviridae

Brett W. Petersen

DNA VIRUSES: HERPESVIRIDAE

203. Introduction to Herpesviridae

David W. Kimberlin and Charles G. Prober

204. Herpes Simplex Virus

David W. Kimberlin and Charles G. Prober

205. Varicella-Zoster Virus

Ann M. Arvin

206. Cytomegalovirus

Robert F. Pass

207. Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7 (Roseola, Exanthem Subitum)

Mary T. Caserta

208. Epstein–Barr Virus (Mononucleosis and Lymphoproliferative Disorders)

Ben Z. Katz

209. Human Herpesvirus 8 (Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus)

Mary T. Caserta

DNA VIRUSES: ADENOVIRIDAE

210. Adenoviruses

Upton D. Allen and Gail J. Demmler-Harrison

DNA VIRUSES: PAPOVAVIRIDAE

211. Human Papillomaviruses

Loris Y. Hwang and Anna-Barbara Moscicki

212. BK, JC, and Other Human Polyomaviruses

Suchitra Rao

DNA VIRUSES: HEPADNAVIRIDAE

213. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Viruses

Melissa Collier and Sarah Schillie

DNA VIRUSES: PARVOVIRIDAE

214. Human ParvovirusesKevin E. Brown

RNA VIRUSES: REOVIRIDAE

215. Coltivirus (Colorado Tick Fever)

J. Erin Staples and Marc Fischer

216. Rotaviruses

Catherine Yen and Margaret M. Cortese

RNA VIRUSES: TOGAVIRIDAE, FLAVIVIRIDAE, AND BUNYAVIRIDAE

217. Togaviridae: Alphaviruses

J. Erin Staples and Ann M. Powers

218. Flaviviruses

Susan L. Hills and Marc Fischer

219. Bunyaviruses

Barbara Knust and Marc Fischer

220. Hepatitis C Virus

Melissa G. Collier, Deborah Holtzman, and Scott D. Holmberg

221. Rubella Virus

Yvonne A. Maldonado and Avinash K. Shetty

RNA VIRUSES: CORONAVIRIDAE

222. Human Coronaviruses

Susan M. Poutanen

RNA VIRUSES: PARAMYXOVIRIDAE

223. Parainfluenza Viruses

Asunción Mejías and Octavio Ramilo

224. Mumps Virus

Yvonne A. Maldonado and Avinash K. Shetty

Proofs to Shetty

225. Respiratory Syncytial Virus

H. Cody Meissner

226. Human Metapneumovirus

Jennifer E. Schuster and John V. Williams

227. Rubeola Virus (Measles and Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis)

Yvonne A. Maldonado and Avinash K. Shetty

Proofs to Maldonado

RNA VIRUSES: RHABDOVIRIDAE

228. Rabies Virus

Rodney E. Willoughby, Jr

RNA VIRUSES: ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE

229. Influenza Viruses

Fatimah S. Dawood and Joseph Bresee

RNA VIRUSES: ARENAVIRIDAE AND FILOVIRIDAE

230. Filoviruses and Arenaviruses

Margot Anderson and Daniel G. Bausch

RNA VIRUSES: RETROVIRIDAE

231. Introduction to Retroviridae

Katherine Luzuriaga

232. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Viruses

Katherine Luzuriaga

233. Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Katherine Luzuriaga

RNA VIRUSES: PICORNAVIRIDAE

234. Introduction to Picornaviridae

Kevin Messacar, John F. Modlin, and Mark J. Abzug

235. Polioviruses

Stephanie B. Troy and Yvonne A. Maldonado

236. Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses

Kevin Messacar, John F. Modlin and Mark J. Abzug

237. Hepatitis A Virus

Melissa G. Collier and Noele P. Nelson

238. Rhinoviruses

Diane E. Pappas and J. Owen Hendley

RNA VIRUSES: CALICIVIRIDAE

239. Caliciviruses

Aron J. Hall

240. Astroviruses

Jacqueline E. Tate

241. Hepatitis E Virus

Eyasu H. Teshale

C. Fungi

242. Classification of Fungi

Thomas F Patterson and Deanna A Sutton

243. Candida Species

P. Brian Smith and William J. Steinbach

244. Aspergillus Species

William J. Steinbach

245. Agents of Hyalohyphomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis

Thomas F. Patterson and Deanna A. Sutton

246. Agents of Mucormycosis

Thomas F. Patterson and Deanna A. Sutton

247. Malassezia Species

Deanna A. Sutton and Thomas F. Patterson

248. Sporothrix schenckii complex (Sporotrichosis)

Thomas F. Patterson and Deanna A. Sutton

249. Cryptococcus Species

George R. Thompson III and Thomas F. Patterson

250. Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis)

John C. Christenson

251. Pneumocystis jirovecii

Francis Gigliotti and Terry W. Wright

252. Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis)

Gregory M. Gauthier and Bruce S. Klein

253. Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomycosis)

George R. Thompson III

254. Dermatophytes and Other Superficial Fungi

Tanya Greywal and Sheila Fallon Friedlander

255. Agents of Eumycotic Mycetoma: Pseudallescheria boydii (Anamorph Scedosporium apiospermum)

Elaine G. Cox and John J. Manaloor

D. Human Parasites and Vectors

256. Classification of Parasites

Peter J. Hotez

257. Ectoparasites (Lice and Scabies)

Dirk M. Elston

PROTOZOA

258. Babesia Species (Babesiosis)

Kristina N. Feja

259. Balantioides coli (formerly Balantidium coli)

Kateřina Jirků-Pomajbíková and C. Rune Stensvold

260. Blastocystis

Christen R. Stensvold

261. Cryptosporidium Species

Mohammed Nael Mhaissen and Patricia M. Flynn

262. Endolimax nana

Casper S. Poulsen and Christen R. Stensvold

263. Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Joanna Nelson and Upinder Singh

264. Other Entamoeba, Amebas, and Intestinal Flagellates

Joanna Nelson and Upinder Singh

265. Giardia intestinalis (Giardiasis)

Matthew Washam and Robert W. Frenck

266. Isospora and Cyclospora Species

Mohammed Nael Mhaissen and Patricia M. Flynn

267. Leishmania Species (Leishmaniasis)

Moshe Ephros and Naomi E. Aronson

268. Microsporidia

Mohammed Nael Mhaissen and Patricia M. Flynn

269. Naegleria fowleri

Joanna Nelson and Upinder Singh

270. Acanthamoeba Species

Joanna Nelson and Upinder Singh

271. Plasmodium Species (Malaria)

Julie Gutman and Paul M. Arguin

272. Sarcocystis Species

Douglas H. Esposito

273. Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis)

Despina Contopoulos-Ioannidis and Jose G. Montoya

274. Trichomonas vaginalis

Elissa Meites and Kimberly A Workowski

275. Trypanosoma Species (Trypanosomiasis)

Amelia B. Thompson and Andres F. Camacho-Gonzalez

NEMATODES

276. Intestinal Nematodes

Julie R. Harris and Peter J. Hotez

277. Tissue Nematodes

Daniel Griffin and Dickson Despommier

278. Chapter 278. Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Worms)

LeAnne M. Fox

CESTODES

279. Diphyllobothrium, Dipylidium, and Hymenolepis Species

Susan P. Montgomery and Frank O. Richards, Jr

280. Taenia solium, Taenia asiatica, and Taenia saginata (Taeniasis and Cysticercosis)

Natalie J. M. Dailey Garnes, A. Clinton White, Jr, and Jose A. Serpa

281. Echinococcus Species (Agents of Echinococcosis)

Pedro L. Moro and Paul Cantey

282. Taenia (Multiceps) multiceps and Taenia serialis (Coenurosis)

Natalie J. M. Dailey Garnes, Jose A. Serpa, and A. Clinton White, Jr

TREMATODES

283. Intestinal Trematodes

LeAnne M. Fox

284. Clonorchis, Opisthorchis, Fasciola, and Paragonimus Species

Jeffrey L. Jones

285. Blood Trematodes (Schistosomiasis)

Susan P. Montgomery and Frank O. Richards, Jr

Part IV: Laboratory Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases

A. The Clinician and the Laboratory

286. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection due to BACTERIA, FUNGI, PARASITES, AND RICKETTSIAE

John C. Christenson, E. Kent Korgenski, and Ryan F. Relich

287. Laboratory Diagnosis of Infection Due to Viruses, Chlamydia, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma

Tony Mazzulli

288. Laboratory Manifestations of Infectious Diseases

Sarah S. Long and Jennifer Vodzak

B. Anti-Infective Therapy

289. Principles of Anti-Infective Therapy

John S. Bradley and Sarah S. Long

290. Mechanisms and Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance

Kevin Alby and Melissa B. Miller

291. Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Basis of Optimal Antibiotic Therapy

Michael N. Neely and Michael D. Reed

292. Antimicrobial Agents

Jason B. Sauberan and John S. Bradley

293. Antifungal Agents

Rachel L. Wattier and William J. Steinbach

294. Topical Antimicrobial Agents

Ishminder Kaur and Jane M. Gould

295. Antiviral Agents

David W. Kimberlin

296. Antiparasitic Agents

Edward T. Ryan