Principles and Applications of Tribology

Part I Principles

Preface


1 Introduction


1.1 Definition and Scope of Tribology


1.2 Macroscopic and Microscopic Viewpoints


1.3 Internal and External Friction


1.4 Dry and Lubricated Surfaces


1.5 The Range of Applications


1.6 The Challenge of Tribology


2 Surface Topography


2.1 Texture Measurement


2.2 Profilometry


2.3 Cartography


2.4 Photogrammetry


2.5 Texture Depth


2.6 Outflow Meter


2.7 Surface Prints


2.8 Statistical Features


2.9 Mathematical Representation


2.10 Parameter Selection


2.11 Model and Ideal Surfaces


2.12 Requirements for Randomness


2.13 Actual Contact between Surfaces


3 Friction of Metals


3.1 Classic Laws of Friction


3.2 General Friction Theories


3.3 Elastic Contact in Metals


3.4 Elastoplastic Contact


3.5 Basic Mechanism of Friction


3.6 Welding-Shearing-Ploughing Theory


3.7 Junction Growth


3.8 Work Hardening


3.9 The Ploughing Component of Friction


3.10 The Adhesion Component of Friction


3.11 Surface Contaminants


3.12 Metal Transfer


3.13 Heat Generation in Sliding Friction


3.14 Effects of Sliding Speed


3.15 Hardening of Metals


3.16 Vacuum Conditions


4 Friction of Elastomers


4.1 Fundamental Friction Mechanism


4.2 The Adhesion Term


4.3 The Hysteresis Term


4.4 Viscoelasticity


4.5 Theories of Adhesion


4.6 Adhesion as a Contact Problem


4.7 Theory of Hysteresis Friction


4.8 Generalized Coefficient of Hysteresis Friction


4.9 Mean Pressure Effects


4.10 Macro- and Micro-hysteresis


4.11 Separation of Adhesion and Hysteresis Terms


4.12 The Williams-Landel-Ferry Transform


5 Friction of Various Materials


5.1 Friction of Lamellar Solids


5.2 Friction of Teflon (PTFE)


5.3 Friction and Wear of Diamond


5.4 The Adhesion of Ice


5.5 Friction of Brittle Solids


5.6 The Friction of Wood


5.7 Friction of Yarns and Fibers


6 Hydrodynamic Lubrication


6.1 Brief History


6.2 The Generalized Reynolds Equation


6.3 Velocity Distribution


6.4 Mechanism of Load Support


6.5 Squeeze Films


6.6 Hydrostatic Lubrication


6.7 Cavitation


6.8 Miscellaneous


7 Boundary Lubrication


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Boundary Lubrication of Metals


7.3 Boundary Lubrication of Elastomers


7.4 Molecular Structure of Boundary Lubricants


7.5 General Properties of Metallic Films


7.6 Adsorption of Lubricants


7.7 Wettability and Contact Angle


7.8 Solid Lubricants


7.9 Stick-Slip Phenomena


8 Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication


8.1 Introduction


8.2 General Iterative Procedure


8.3 Fundamental Parameters


8.4 Normal Approach


8.5 Relative Sliding


8.6 The Pressure Spike


8.7 The Elastohydrodynamic Number


8.8 Macro-elastohydrodynamics


8.9 Elastohydrodynamics and Hysteresis


8.10 Conclusion


9 Wear and Abrasion


9.1 Wear Mechanisms in Metals


9.2 Wear of Clean Metals


9.3 Loose Wear Fragments


9.4 Mechanisms of Wear in Elastomers


9.5 Wear Measurement


9.6 Intrinsic and Pattern Abrasion


9.7 Abrasive Wear


9.8 Fatigue Wear


9.9 Wear by Roll Formation


9.10 Effects of Speed and Temperature


9.11 Summary


10 Internal Friction


10.1 Molecular Structure of Matter


10.2 Internal Friction in Solids


10.3 Methods for Determining Internal Friction


10.4 The Fitzgerald Internal Friction Apparatus


10.5 Chief Theories of Internal Friction


10.6 Internal Friction in Liquids: Viscosity


10.7 The Measurement of Viscosity


10.8 Turbulent Flow


10.9 Internal Friction in Gases


11 Experimental Methods


11.1 Rotating Disc Assemblies


11.2 External and Internal Drum Equipment


11.3 Flat-Belt Apparatus


11.4 Wear and Abrasion Machine


11.5 Squeeze-Film Apparatus


11.6 Impact or Dynamic Testers


11.7 Cross-Cylinder Apparatus


11.8 Four-Ball Rolling Machine


11.9 Interferometric Equipment


11.10 Electron Diffraction and Microscopy


11.11 Miscellaneous

Part II Applications


12 Manufacturing Processes


12.1 Metal Machining


12.2 Friction in Metal Cutting


12.3 Heat Generation


12.4 Tool Wear


12.5 The Action of Lubricants


12.6 Classification of Machining Processes


12.7 Friction Welding


12.8 Extrusion Processes


12.9 Miscellaneous


13 Automotive Applications


13.1 Pneumatic Tire Performance


13.2 Braking Mechanisms


13.3 Engine Friction


13.4 Miscellaneous


14 Transportation and Locomotion


14.1 Surface Texture in Roads and Runways


14.2 Rail-Wheel Adhesion


14.3 Land Locomotion


14.4 Miscellaneous Transportation Topics


15 Bearing Design


15.1 Slider Bearings


15.2 Journal Bearings


15.3 Foil Bearings


15.4 Rolling Contact Bearings


15.5 Miscellaneous


16 Miscellaneous Applications


16.1 Flexible Seals


16.2 Layered Damping in Beams


16.3 Friction Damping


16.4 Lubrication of Human and Animal Joints


16.5 Miscellaneous

Appendix Tables

References

Index