Practical Aspects of Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias, An Issue of Clinics in Geriatric Medicine

Cover image

Title page

Table of Contents

Copyright

Contributors

Forthcoming Issues

Preface

Epidemiology of Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias

The Burden of Dementia Spectrum Disorders and Associated Comorbid and Demographic Features

Key points

Background

Burden of dementia spectrum disorders

The role of primary prevention

Modifiable risk factors

High risk and population-based approach in dementia spectrum disorder prevention

Sex differences in dementia occurrence and outcomes

The role of race and ethnicity in dementia occurrence and outcomes

Clinics care points

Establishing a Diagnosis of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Office- and Bedside-based Screening for Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias: Which Tools to Use, Interpreting the Results, and What Are the Next Steps?

Key points

Introduction

Assessment

Approach

Summary

Clinics care points

Formal Neuropsychological Testing: Test Batteries, Interpretation, and Added Value in Practice

Key points

Background

Discussion

Summary

Clinics care points

Brain Networks, Clinical Manifestations, and Neuroimaging of Cognitive Disorders: The Role of Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and Other Advanced Neuroimaging Tests

Key points

Introduction

Major neuroimaging diagnostic tools

Major neurocognitive networks

Major neurocognitive syndromes and the role of neuroimaging in diagnosis

Summary

Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Vascular Dementia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Brief Review

Key points

Introduction

Definition of a biomarker

Biomarkers to consider in common causes of dementia

Key biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease

Potential limitations of biomarkers and application in clinical practice

Clinics care points

What Are the Key Diagnostic Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Subtypes and How to Integrate all of the Diagnostic Data to Establish a Diagnosis?

Key points

Introduction

Case 1: Mild Cognitive Impairment: Amnestic

Case 2: Alzheimer’s Disease

Case 3: Mild Cognitive Impairment: Non-amnestic

Case 4: Vascular Dementia

Case 5: Frontotemporal Dementia

Case 6: Logopenic Primary Progressive Aphasia

Case 7: Lewy Body Dementia

Summary

Clinics care points

Underlying Neuropathology and Basic Mechanisms

Neuropathology of the Common Forms of Dementia

Key points

Introduction

Proteinopathic diseases

Age-related vessel changes and vascular diseases

Metabolic, toxic, and other diseases

Age considerations and mixed pathologies

Limitations of current nomenclatures, classifications, and staging schemes

Summary and future directions

Clinics care points

Funding

Vascular and Nonvascular Mechanisms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

Key points

Introduction

Summary

Prevention and Treatment of Common Forms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia

The Role of Vascular Risk Factors in Cognitive Impairment and Dementia and Prospects for Prevention

Key points

Introduction

Prospects for Prevention: What Have Major Clinical Trials and Multidomain Interventional Studies Taught Us about Vascular Risks?

Summary

Clinics care points

Treatment of Vascular and Neurodegenerative Forms of Cognitive Impairment and Dementias

Key points

Introduction

Cognitive-enhancing medications for neurodegenerative diseases

Treatment of vascular cognitive impairment and the role of vascular risk reduction

Cognitive training

Management of neuropsychiatric symptoms

Managing safety concerns

Supporting quality of life and advanced care planning

Summary

Clinics care points

Brain Reserve, Resilience, and Cognitive Stimulation Across the Lifespan: How Do These Factors Influence Risk of Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias?

Key points

Introduction

Definitions

Strategies for successful cognitive aging (what, when, and whom)

Summary

Clinics care points

Beyond Memory and Other Cognitive Dysfunction: Neurobehavioral and Psychiatric Disorders

Diagnostic and Management Strategies for Common Neurobehavioral and Psychiatric Disturbances Among Patients with Cognitive Impairment and the Dementias

Key points

Introduction

General diagnostic approach

General management strategies

Disorder-specific diagnostic and treatment considerations

Summary

Clinics care points

Working Together Globally

Harmonizing Ethno-Regionally Diverse Datasets to Advance the Global Epidemiology of Dementia

Key points

Introduction

Discussion

Summary

Clinics care points