Polysaccharide Degrading Biocatalysts

Contributors

1. Plant cell wall polysaccharides: Methodologies for compositional, structural, and physicochemical characterization
Ingrid Santos Miguez, Fernanda Thimoteo Azevedo Jorge, Roberta Pereira Espinheira, Ronaldo Rodrigues de Sousa, Viridiana Santana Ferreira Leita˜o, Ricardo Sposina Sobral Teixeira, Carmen Lucia de Oliveira Petkowicz, and Ayla Sant’Ana da Silva

1. Introduction to the analysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides

2. Sample preparation for the polysaccharides’ analysis

3. Chemical analysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides—Glycosyl residues composition

4. Structural analysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides

5. Complementary methods for the analysis of plant cell wall polysaccharides

6. Concluding remarks
References

2. Genetic modification of plants to increase the saccharification of lignocellulose
Joa˜o Vitor Furtado da Silva, Breno Miguel Joia, Wagner Mansano Cavalini, Rodrigo Polimeni Constantin, Marco Aur

1. Introduction

2. Lignin biosynthesis

3. Molecular approaches to cell wall modification

4. Technologies for genetic modification of the cell wall

5. Final considerations
References

3. The diversity of plant carbohydrate hydrolysis in nature and technology
Marcos S. Buckeridge

1. Introduction

2. Types of hydrolysis

3. Plant sugars

4. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References

4. State-of-the-art experimental and computational approaches to investigate structure, substrate recognition, and catalytic mechanism of enzymes
Camila Ramos Santos, Clelton Aparecido dos Santos, Evandro Ares de Araujo, Mariana Abraha˜o Bueno Morais, Maxuel de Oliveira Andrade, Tatiani Brenelli de Lima, Wesley Cardoso Generoso, and Mario Tyago Murakami

1. Sample preparation for structural and biophysical analyses

2. Methods to analyze enzyme stability and structural homogeneity

3. Methods to analyze protein conformation and oligomerization

4. Methods to analyze enzyme-substrate interactions

5. Experimental approaches for structure elucidation

6. In silico methods for structural analysis
References

5. Pretreatments as a key for enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass
Sarita C^andida Rabelo, Lı´via Beatriz Brenelli, Thaynara Coradini Pin, Eupı´dio Scopel, and Aline Carvalho da Costa

1. Introduction

2. Factors affecting enzymatic hydrolysis and their relationship with the pretreatment

3. Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass

4. Conclusions
References

6. Importance of accessory enzymes in hemicellulose degradation
Vladimı´r Puchart, Katarı´na Sˇuchova´, and Peter Biely

1. Introduction

2. Xylanolytic enzymes

3. Mannanolytic enzymes

4. Conclusions
Funding
References

7. How ligninolytic enzymes can help in the degradation of biomass polysaccharides, cleavage, and catalytic mechanisms?
Willian Daniel Hahn Schneider, Marli Camassola, and Roselei Claudete Fontana

1. Lignocellulosic biomass

2. Lignin

3. Ligninases

4. Ligninolytic enzymes and prospects
References

8. Biochemical and biotechnological aspects of microbial amylases
Jinu John

1. Introduction

2. Amylase: The starch-digesting enzyme

3. Commercial production of α-amylases

4. Applications of α-amylase

5. Conclusion and future perspectives
References

9. Hydrolysis of complex pectin structures: Biocatalysis and bioproducts
Kanchan Yadav, Sangeeta Yadav, Gautam Anand, Pramod K. Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav

1. Introduction

2. Pectin complex structure

3. Types of pectins

4. Sources of pectin

5. Pectin: Diverse uses

6. Pectinases

7. Structural aspects of protein families related to pectin degradation

8. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References

10. Macroalgal polysaccharides: Biocatalysts in biofuel/bioenergy production
Yasmin Khambhaty and R. Reena

1. Introduction

2. The bio-refinery concept

3. Algae and its classification

4. Extraction of macroalgal polysaccharides

5. Biocatalysts in bio-refinery and biofuel production

6. Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References

11. Mathematical modeling of the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides: A primer
David Alexander Mitchell and Nadia Krieger

1. Aims and scope of this chapter

2. Scales at which the enzymatic hydrolysis of polysaccharides can be modeled

3. Features of substrates, enzymes, and models

4. The appropriate level of complexity for representing the system

5. General approaches to using deterministic models based on differential equations

6. General approaches to using stochastic models

7. “Fingerprinting models” as tools for estimating specificity constants

8. Conclusion
References

12. Polysaccharide deconstruction products: Production of bio-based building blocks
Jaciane Lutz Ienczak, Aline Carvalho da Costa, Karen Cristina Collograi, Aline Soares Bretas, and Isabela de Oliveira Pereira

1. Introduction

2. Succinic acid as a promising bio-based building block

3. Bio-based lactic acid: An important building block in biorefinery concept

4. Microbial propionic acid production

5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References

13. Polysaccharide degradation for oligosaccharide production with nutraceutical potential for the food industry
Manoela Martins, Patrı´cia F. A´ vila, Patrı´cia Poletto, and Rosana Goldbeck

1. Introduction

2. Functional oligosaccharides

3. Sucrose-related oligosaccharides

4. Lactose-related oligosaccharides

5. Starch-related oligosaccharides

6. Nonstarch oligosaccharides

7. Algal-oligosaccharides

8. Concluding remarks
Acknowledgment
References

14. Carbohydrate-active enzymes in the production of lactose-derived tagatose
Ravena Casemiro Oliveira, Laiza Brito Ribeiro, Ticiane Cavalcante de Souza, Lucas Almeida de Freitas, Ana Carolina Pinto de Almeida, and Luciana Rocha Barros Gonc¸alves

1. D-Tagatose and production strategies of a rare sugar

2. β-Galactosidase and its applications

3. L-Arabinose isomerase

4. Integrated production of tagatose using immobilized enzymes
References

15. Immobilized biocatalysts for hydrolysis of polysaccharides
Martina C.C. Pinto, Luciana Dutra, Luana X.S.G.M. F

1. Introduction

2. Enzyme immobilization

3. Materials and techniques applied to hydrolysis of polysaccharides

4. Industrial applications

5. Final considerations
Acknowledgments
References

16. Carbohydrate-based economy: Perspectives and challenges
Caroline Dalastra, Natalia Klanovicz, Simone Kubeneck, Fa´bio Spitza Stefanski, Debora Fretes Argenta, Gabriela Schneider Rauber, Thiago Caon, Rafael Dorighello Cadamuro, Gislaine Fongaro, and Helen Treichel

1. Introduction

2. Market opportunities for carbohydrate-based products

3. What about the operational and environmental point of view?
References
Index