Pocketbook of Radiographic Positioning

Radiographic Projections: Upper Extremity: Fingers - PA (Dorsipalmar), Lateral. Thumb – AP, Lateral, AP Alternative position (trauma). Hand – PA (Dorsipalmar), PA oblique, Lateral, AP oblique (Ball Catcher’s). Wrist – PA, PA oblique, Lateral. Scaphoid – PA, PA oblique, Lateral, AP oblique, Possible scaphoid fracture, (Alternative banana projection). Forearm – AP, Lateral. Elbow – AP, Lateral, Modified projections. Radial head – Alternative projection. Humerus – AP, Lateral. Shoulder Girdle: Shoulder joint – AP, AP oblique, Axial inferosuperior, Axial superoinferior, Supplementary ‘Y’ projection – dislocated shoulder. Scapula – AP, Lateral. Acromioclavicular joints – AP, AP weight-bearing. Clavicle – PA, Inferosuperior. Thoracic Cage: Upper ribs – Right or left posterior obliques, Lower ribs - AP. Sternum – Lateral, Anterior Oblique (RAO). Respiratory system: Lung fields – PA, Lateral, Apices, Lordotic. Trachea-thoracic inlet – AP, Lateral. Abdominal contents: Abdomen – AP supine, AP erect, Left lateral decubitus. Urinary tract – AP supine – kidney, ureter and bladder (KUB), Kidney/ureter posterior obliques, AP bladder, Bladder posterior obliques .Pelvis, Hip Joint and Upper Third of Femur: Pelvis - AP. Both hips – AP, Lateral (Frog). Single hip – Lateral – neck of femur, AP – single hip, Lateral – non-trauma. Lower Extremity: Toes – Dorsiplantar (AP), Dorsiplantar (AP oblique), Lateral. Foot – Dorsiplantar (AP), Dorsiplantar (AP oblique), Lateral. Ankle joint – AP, Lateral. Calcaneum – Lateral, Axial. Tibia and Fibula – AP, Lateral. Knee joint – AP, Lateral, Intercondylar notch, Patella – inferosuperior (skyline projection). Femur – AP, Lateral, Lateral – horizontal beam. Vertebral Column: Cervical spine – AP C1-C3, AP C3-C7, Lateral, Anterior obliques. Cervicothoracic – Swimmer’s. Thoracic spine – AP, Lateral. Lumbar spine – AP, Lateral, Lumbosacral Junction (L5-S1), AP obliques. Sacrum – AP, Lateral. Coccyx – AP, Lateral. The Skull: Skull baselines. Isocentric Technique – Basic equipment positions. Skull – Occipitofrontal, Pineal, Half-axial, Lateral. Facial bones – Occipitomental 15, Occipitomental 30, Lateral. Sinuses – Occipitomental, Lateral, Occipitofrontal, Modified Occipitofrontal. Appendix: Further projections, Exposure factors, Glossary of Common Medical terms, Normal Biochemical Values, Common Abbreviations. Bibliography