Plant Pests and Their Control

ForewordPrefaceAcknowledgmentsList of TablesList of FiguresChapter 1 — Introduction What is Entomology? What are Insects? The Biological Success of Insects (a) Large Number of Species (b) Large Numbers of Individuals (c) Great Variety f Habitats (d) Long Geological History Some Possible Reasons for Insects' Success (a) Power of Flight (b) Adaptability (c) Possession of an External Skeleton (d) Small Size (e) Rapid Reproduction ConclusionChapter 2 — The Practical Importance of Insects Man and Insects Harmful Insect Activities Beneficial Insect Activities (a) Natural Enemies of Pest Species (b) Pollinators of Cultivated Plants (c) Producers of Useful Materials Neutral Insect Activities Selected ReferencesChapter 3 — Insect Structure and Function External Anatomy (a) Segmentation (b) The Head (c) The Thorax (d) The Abdomen Internal Anatomy (a) Skeletal System (b) Circulatory System (c) Digestive and Excretory Systems (d) Respiratory System (e) Nervous System (f) Reproductive System (g) Fat Body Insect Mouthparts (a) Biting and Chewing Mouthparts (b) Piercing and Sucking Mouthparts (c) Rasping Mouthparts (d) Other Mouthpart Patterns Insect Sense Organs (a) Touch (b) Hearing (c) Smell and Taste (d) Sight Selected References Chapter 4 — Growth, Development, Metamorphosis Amount of Growth Factors Affecting Growth Rate Moulting (Ecdysis) Metamorphosis Selected References Chapter 5 — Reproduction and Life Cycles The Normal Sexual Reproductive Cycle 1. Sexually Mature Adults 2. Locating the Opposite Sex 3. Mating 4. Pre-Oviposition Period 5. Egg Laying (Oviposition) 6. Egg Hatch 7. Development of Immature Stages to Adulthood Life Cycle Diagrams Variations to The Normal Pattern of Reproduction (a) Parthenogenesis (b) Viviparity (c) Parthenogenesis and Viviparity (d) Polyembryony Generations a Year Overwintering The Practical Relevance of Knowledge of Life Cycles Selected References Chapter 7 — Mites, and Other Non-Insect Pests Mites (a) General Features (b) Mouthparts (c) Respiratory System (d) Life Cycles (e) Main Types of Mites (f ) Biology of a Typical Phytophagous Mite (g) Plant Injury Caused by Mites Millipedes and Centipedes Symphilids Slaters (Woodlice) Slugs and Snails Selected References Chapter 8 — Insects and Plants Plant Feeding Insects (a) Plant Host Range (b) Types of Insect Injury (c) Relationship of Pest Injury to Yield and Quality of Produce (d) Insects and Plant Disease Pollinating Insects (a) Honeybees (b) Bumblebees (c) Alkali Bee (d) Lucerne Leafcutter Bee Selected References Chapter 9 — Predators, Parasites and Pathogens Predators (a) The Main Groups of Insect Predators and Their Prey (b) Feeding Behavior of Predatory Insects (c) Range of Prey Attacked Chapter 6 — Insect Identification and Classification Insect Names Means of Identifying Insects (a) Use of Keys (b) Identification Services (c) Visual Recognition Higher and "Lower Categories (Than Species) The Orders of Insects Selected References Parasites (a) The Main Groups of Parasitic Insects (b) Species and Stages of Hosts Attacked (c) Life Cycle of a Typical Parasite Pathogens (a) Proof of Pathogenicity (b) The Main Groups of Pathogenic Micro-Organisms (c) Routes of Entry and Methods of Dispersal (d) Environmental Conditions for Infection (e) Specificity Selected References Chapter 10 — The Ecological Background to Pest Control The Reproductive Potential of Insects Environmental Factors Restricting Increase of Insect Populations The Structure of Insect Populations The Nature and Origin of Pest Problems Some Possible Solutions to Pest Problems Selected References Chapter 11 — Pest Control Principles and Practices Introduction Categories of Crop Pests (a) Key Pests (b) Occasional Pests (c) Potential Pests Pest Control Procedures — The Main Options Cultural Control (a) Crop Rotation (b) Cultivation (c) Time of Sowing (d) Irrigation (e) Cultural Control in Perennial Crops and in Pastures Cultural Control — Some Conclusions Plant Resistance (a) Pest Resistant Plant Species (b) Pest Resistant Cultivars (c) Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Pests (d) Pest Biotypes Plant Resistance to Pests — Some Conclusions Biological Control (a) Biological Control Procedures (b) Biological Control by Insect Pathogens Biological Control — Some Conclusions Chemical Control (a) Origin of Chemical Control (b) Discovery and Development of Insecticides (c) Chemistry (d) Nomenclature (e) Mode of Action (g) Spectrum of Activity (g) Persistence (h) Toxicity (To Higher Animals) (i) Ecological Hazards (j) Phytotoxicity (k) Formulation (l) Compatibility (m) Application Equipment (n) Resistance (o) Residues and Tolerances (p) Attractants, Repellents and Pheromones (q) Feeding Deterrents (r) Chemosterilants (s) Registration and Labeling Plant and Animal Quarantine Miscellaneous Control Procedures (a) Mechanical Control (b) Physical Control (c) The Sterility Principle in Pest Control The Economics of Pest Control The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Pest Control Procedures Selected References Chapter 12 — The Pest Management Concept Terminology The Essential Components of Pest Management (a) Understanding of the Factors That Regulate Pest Numbers (b) Determination of Pest Damage Thresholds (c) Monitoring Populations of Pests and Natural Enemies (d) A Decision Making Framework to Determine Action to be Taken (e) Methods of Selectively Manipulating Pest Populations Discussion and Conclusions Selected References Chapter 13 — Information Required in Dealing with a Pest Problem 1. Identify the Pest 2. Obtain Information About (a) Life Cycle (b) Habits (c) Plant Host Range (d) Natural Controlling Factors (e) Mobility and Capacity for Re-Infestation 3. Decide the Need for Control Measures 4. Select Control MeasuresEpilogue General References Appendix 1 — Catalogue of Insecticides and Acaricides Appendix 2 — Glossary Index