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The placebo effect continues to fascinate scientists, scholars, and clinicians, resulting in an impressive amount of research, mainly in the field of pain. While recent ex… Read more
LIMITED OFFER
Immediately download your ebook while waiting for your print delivery. No promo code needed.
The placebo effect continues to fascinate scientists, scholars, and clinicians, resulting in an impressive amount of research, mainly in the field of pain. While recent experimental and clinical studies have unraveled salient aspects of the neurobiological substrates and clinical relevance of pain and placebo analgesia, an authoritative source remained lacking until now. By presenting and integrating a broad range of research, Placebo and Pain enhances readers’ knowledge about placebo and nocebo effects, reexamines the methodology of clinical trials, and improves the therapeutic approaches for patients suffering from pain.
Review for Placebo and Pain:“This ambitious book is the first comprehensive and unified presentation of the placebo and nocebo phenomena in the area of pain. Written by the international leading experts in the field, the book provides an accurate up-to-date [work] on placebo and pain dealing with current perspectives and future challenging issues.”--Ted Kaptchuk, Associate Professor of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
Preface
Contributors
Chapter 1. Historical Aspects of Placebo Analgesia
Abstract
Introduction
Definitions and Conceptualization
Placebos as Controls
Placebos as a Treatment
Placebo in the Early 20th Century
Placebo as More Than Just an Experimental Control
The Emergence of the Study of Placebo Mechanisms
Using History to Further Explore Placebo Analgesia
References
Chapter 2. Neurochemistry of Placebo Analgesia: Opioids, Cannabinoids and Cholecystokinin
Abstract
Introduction
Some Types of Placebo Analgesia are Mediated by Endogenous Opioids
Endocannabinoids are Involved in Some Types of Placebo Analgesia
Nocebo Hyperalgesia is Mediated by Cholecystokinin
Conclusions
References
Chapter 3. Placebo Analgesia in Rodents
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Placebo Effect in Animals
Studying Placebo Analgesia in Animal Models
Dissection of Placebo Analgesia in Mice
Placebo Analgesia Affects the Behavioral Despair Tests in Mice
The Opioid Receptors Involved in the Placebo Response in Rats
The Pros and Cons of Studying Placebo in the Animal Model
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Chapter 4. Molecular Mechanisms of Placebo Responses in Humans
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Placebo-Induced Activation of Regional Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission
Dopaminergic Mechanisms in the Formation of Placebo Analgesic Effects
Theories of Placebo Analgesia and Placebo-Induced Activation of Regional Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission
Personality Predictors of Placebo-Induced Activation of Regional Endogenous Opioid Neurotransmission
Conclusions
References
Chapter 5. How does EEG Contribute to Our Understanding of the Placebo Response?: Insights from the Perspective of Bayesian Inference
Abstract
Theoretical Models of Placebo Analgesia
EEG Measures of Pain and its Anticipation
Pain Anticipation and its Role in Pain Perception
EEG Studies of Placebo Analgesia
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Spinal Mechanisms of Placebo Analgesia and Nocebo Hyperalgesia: Descending Inhibitory and Facilitatory Influences
Abstract
Introduction
Pain and Placebo have Dynamic Interactions
Facilitatory Mechanisms
Inhibitory Mechanisms
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Spinal and Supraspinal Mechanisms of Placebo Analgesia
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
The Anatomy of Descending Pain Control
Descending Control in Placebo Analgesia
Placebo Analgesia and the Spinal Cord
Conclusions and Open Questions
References
Chapter 8. Positive and Negative Emotions and Placebo Analgesia
Abstract
Emotion and Motivation
Reduction in Negative Emotions: Methodologic Issues and Empirical Studies
Individual Differences in Negative Emotions and the Effectiveness of Placebo Interventions on Pain
Negative Emotions Reduce the Effectiveness of Opioids
Placebo Analgesia, Emotions, and Opioid Activity
The Nocebo Response: Negative Placebo Effect or Separate Process?
Clinical Implications
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 9. Placing Placebo in Normal Brain Function with Neuroimaging
Abstract
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10. Brain Predictors of Individual Differences in Placebo Responding
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Brain Predictors of Individual Differences in Placebo Responding
Personality and Brain Predictors of Placebo Analgesia
Limitations of Studies on Individual Differences in PA
Solutions
How Can Brain Imaging Studies Find Brain Predictors of PA? Recommendations and Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Placebo Responses, Antagonistic Responses, and Homeostasis
Abstract
Placebo Responses and Homeostasis
Theoretical Background
Classical Conditioning and Pain
Conditioning with Administration of Painkillers to Pain-Free Subjects
Conditioning with the Administration of Painkillers as the Unconditioned Stimulus to Individuals in Pain
Conditioning with Reduction in, or Absence of, Pain as the US
Conditioning with an Increase in Pain as the US
Active Placebo
Compensatory Responses and the Nocebo Effect
Summary and conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Placebo Analgesia, Nocebo Hyperalgesia, and Acupuncture
Abstract
Is Acupuncture a form of Placebo Treatment?
Challenges and Issues in Placebo/Sham Acupuncture Studies
Subjective and Objective Measurements in Acupuncture and Placebo Studies
Contribution of Neuroimaging to Acupuncture and Placebo/Nocebo Response
Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 13. The Relevance of Placebo and Nocebo Mechanisms for Analgesic Treatments
Abstract
Placebo and Nocebo in Pain Treatments: Behavioral Evidence
Understanding the Neural Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Expectation and Learning on Drug Efficacy
Modulating Expectations to Optimize Analgesic Outcome
Exploiting Learning Mechanisms to Optimize Analgesic Outcome
Future Aims and Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. How Placebo Responses are Formed: From Bench to Bedside
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Instructional Learning
Associative Learning
Social Learning
Expectations
Evolutionary Principles Behind Placebo Analgesia
Conclusion
Conflicts of Interest
References
Chapter 15. Methodologic Aspects of Placebo Research
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Methodology of Studies Investigating Placebo Analgesia and Nocebo Hyperalgesia
Induced Pain and Clinical Pain
Quantification of Pain
Response Bias
Design
Within-Subjects Versus Between-Subjects Designs
The Pre-Test
Researchers’ and Subjects’ Perception of the Treatment Allocation
Single-Blind Versus Double-Blind Designs
Induction of Placebo Analgesia by Classic Conditioning: Methodological Issues
Measurement of Expectations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. Balanced Placebo Design, Active Placebos, and Other Design Features for Identifying, Minimizing and Characterizing the Placebo Response
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Minimize versus Maximize
The ‘Additive Model’ Assumptions
The Balanced Placebo Design
The Balanced Cross-Over Design
The ‘Delayed Response’ Test
Active Placebos
Effective Blinding
No-Treatment and Waiting-List Controls
The Free-Choice Paradigm
Ethics of Placebo Research
Summary
References
Chapter 17. Psychological Processes that can Bias Responses to Placebo Treatment for Pain
Abstract
Theoretical Model
Demand Characteristics
The Hawthorne Effect
Response Shift
Returning to the Theoretical Model
Importance of Objective Outcomes
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 18. Against ‘Placebo.’ The Case for Changing our Language, and for the Meaning Response
Abstract
A Summary of the Argument
A Brief Review of the Data
Conclusions
References
Chapter 19. Placebo Effects in Complementary and Alternative Medicine: The Self-Healing Response
Abstract
Background
Is CAM ‘All Placebo’? A Note on Specificity and the Efficacy Paradox
Jerome D Frank’s Model of General Healing Effects or Common Factors in Therapy
The Common Myth
The Ritual
Relationship and the Alleviation of Anxiety
Insignia of Power
Empowering Patients and Mobilizing Resources
Summing Up: The Specificity of Nonspecific Effects and the Elegance of Reducing Side-Effects by ‘Placebo’
References
Chapter 20. Conceptualizations and Magnitudes of Placebo Analgesia Effects Across Meta-Analyses and Experimental Studies
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Developments in the Conceptualizations and Definitions of Placebo Effects
Meta-Analyses of Placebo Analgesia Effects
Experimental Studies of Factors Influencing the Magnitude of Placebo Analgesia Effects
Current Status of Meta-Analyses of the Magnitude of Placebo Analgesia Effects
References
Chapter 21. The Contribution of Desire, Expectation, and Reduced Negative Emotions to Placebo Anti-Hyperalgesia in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Evidence for Visceral and Somatic Hyperalgesia in IBS Patients
Visceral and Somatic Hyperalgesia is Dynamically Maintained by Tonic Peripheral Impulse Input
Animal Models of Hyperalgesia in IBS
Psychologic Contributions to Hyperalgesia and Anti-Hyperalgesia in IBS
Central Nervous System Modulation of Pain in IBS
Neurochemical Basis of Anti-Hyperalgesia in Placebo Anti-Hyperalgesic Mechanisms
A Synergistic Interaction between Peripheral Impulse Input and Central Facilitation?
References
Chapter 22. The Wound that Heals: Placebo, Pain and Surgery
Abstract
Background
Placebo and Brain Stimulation for the Treatment of Pain
Conclusions
References
Chapter 23. What are the Best Placebo Interventions for the Treatment of Pain?
Abstract
Introduction
The Efficacy Paradox
Hypotheses from the Literature
Evidence from Direct Comparisons
Evidence from Indirect Comparisons
Discussion
Implications for Clinical Trial Methodology and Decision-Making
Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Chapter 24. How Communication between Clinicians and Patients may Impact Pain Perception
Abstract
Introduction
The Impact of Expectancy in Clinical Studies
The Impact of Emotional Communication
Promoting Patient Involvement and Common Ground: The Patient-Centered Interview
Psychosocial Interventions in Pain Management
Discussion and Conclusion; Suggestions for Future Research
References
Chapter 25. Nocebos in Daily Clinical Practice: The Potential Side Effects of the Treatment Context and the Patient–Doctor Interaction on Pain in Clinical Populations
Abstract
Introduction
Beliefs About Illnesses and Medications
Communicating a Diagnosis and Test Results
Initiating a Treatment
Treatment Implementation
The Role of Treatment Experience
Conclusions
References
Chapter 26. The Potential of the Analgesic Placebo Effect in Clinical Practice – Recommendations for Pain Management
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
Placebo Responses in Patients
Comparison of Placebo Effects in Healthy Controls and Patients
Use of Placebo Effects in Clinical Practice
Placebo Analgesia: Interactions with Attitudes Towards Medication and Prior Experience
Summary
References
Chapter 27. Placebo and Nocebo: Ethical Challenges and Solutions
Abstract
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Towards Placebos in Clinical Practice
Clinicians’ Attitudes Towards Placebos
Patients’ Attitudes Towards Placebos
Placebos and the Declaration of Helsinki
The Dilemma of Deception
The Impact of the Clinician–Patient Relationship
The Nocebo and its Implications for how Doctors Consult with their Patients
What Translational Research is Being Done, or Should be Done?
References
Index
Color Plates
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