Phytoplankton

Contents

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Chapter 1 Physical Aspects of the Oceanic Environment*

Heat Balance of the Ocean

Temperature Cycles

Diurnal Cycle

Annual Cycle

Vertical Temperature Distribution

Water Budget of the Ocean

T-S Diagrams and the Deep Ocean Circulation

Surface Ocean Circulation

The Gulf Stream 21 North Pacific Ocean

The Antarctic Convergence

Upwelling

Coastal Areas: The North Sea

Estuaries

Chapter 2 Chemical Composition and Characteristics of Seawater

Processes of Supply and Removal of Constituents in the Ocean

Particulate and Dissolved Material in Seawater

Salinity and Chlorinity

Major Dissolved Constituents

Dissolved and Particulate Organic Material

Dissolved Gases other than Carbon Dioxide

Redox Potential

Carbon Dioxide and the Carbonate System

Micronutrient Elements and their Relationships with Oxygen: Anoxic Conditions

Minor Elements

Chapter 3 Primary Production

Chemo-autotrophic Production

Photo-autotrophic Production

Photosynthetic Pigments

Dark (Heterotrophic) Fixation of Carbon Dioxide

Products of Photosynthesis

Factors influencing Photosynthesis

Growth and Photosynthesis

The Applicability of Culture Experiments

Compensation Intensity

Phytoplankton Respiration

Excretion by Algae

Primary Production and Depth in the Marine Environment

Chapter 4 The Algae of the Phytoplankton

A Review of the Major Classes

1. Cyanophyceae

2. Rhodophyceae

3. Phaeophyceae

4. Chlorophyceae

5. Prasinophyceae

6. Chrysophyceae

7. Haptophyceae

8. Craspedophyceae

9. Xanthophyceae

10. Bacillariophyceae

11. Pyrrophyceae

12. Cryptophyceae

13. Euglenophyceae

The Biochemical Composition of Algae

Chapter 5 Phytoplankton Crop

Methods of Assessment

Regional Differences in Crop

Temporal Variations in Crop

Species Diversity

Communities and Species Succession

Phytoplankton of Warmer Seas

Estuarine Phytoplankton of Temperate Regions

Phytoplankton of High Latitudes

Phytoplankton of Boreal Waters

Coccolithophorids and the Nanoplankton

Chapter 6 Factors Limiting Primary Production: Light and Temperature

Incident Light and its Transmission in Seawater

Methods for Measuring the Attenuation of Light and Variation in Transparency in the Sea

Quality of Transmitted Light in the Sea

Light and Seasonal Effects

Significance of Ice Flora

Light and Regional Differences in Crop and Production

Stability and Temperature: Turbidity

Stratification and the Vertical Distribution of Phytoplankton

Chapter 7 Factors Limiting Primary Production: Nutrients*

Forms of the Principal Micronutrients and their Interconversions in Seawater

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Silicon

The Distribution of the Principal Micronutrients and the Processes by which They Arise

Utilization of Nutrients by Phytoplankton

Availability and Utilization of Different Forms of Combined Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Silicon

Relative Utilization of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Silicon

Kinetics of Uptake of Nutrients by Phytoplankton

Nutrient Uptake and Phytoplankton Growth

Nutrient Limitation and Competition Between Species

Diffusion Transport of Nutrients in Relation to Phytoplankton Growth

Environmental Relationships between Concentrations of Nutrients and Primary Productivity

Trace Substances other than Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Silicon

Chapter 8 Factors Limiting Primary Production: Grazing

Zooplankton Grazing

Grazing in Mathematical Simulation

Time Delays in Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Production: Seasonal Variations

Selective Feeding

Artificial Plankton Ecosystems

Chapter 9 Primary Production: Global Considerations

Methods for Measuring Primary Production in the Oceans

Regional Differences in Primary Production

1. Tropical and Sub-Tropical Seas

2. Temperate Latitudes

3. Upwelling Areas

4. High Latitudes

5. Summary of Regional Production

Transfer Efficiency

References

Index