Physiology of the Joints

Chapter 1: The HipThe Hip Joint (Coxo-femoral Joint)The hip: the joint at the root of the lower limb Movements of flexion at the hip joint Movements of extension at the hip joint Movements of abduction at the hip joint Movements of adduction at the hip joint Movements of axial rotation at the hip joint Movements of circumduction at the hip joint Orientation of the femoral head and of the acetabulum Relationships of articular surfaces Architeccture of the femur and of the pelvis The acetabular labrum and the ligament of the head of femur The capsular ligament of the hip joint The ligaments of the hip joint Role of the ligaments in flexion-extension Role of the ligaments in lateral-medial rotation Role of the ligaments in adduction-abduction Functional anatomy of the ligament of head of femur Coaptation of the articular surfaces of the hip joint Muscular and bony factors maintaining the stability of the hip joint The flexor muscles of the hip joint The extensor muscles of the hip joint The abductor muscles of the hip joint Hip abduction Transverse stability of the pelvis The adductor muscles of the hip joint The lateral rotator muscles of the hip joint The rotator muscles of the hip joint Inversion of muscular actions Successive recruitment of the abductor muscles

Chapter 2: The Knee The axes of the knee joint Medial and lateral deviations of the knee Movements of flexion-extension Axial rotation of the knee General architecture of the lower limb and orientation of the articular surfaces The articular surfaces of flexion-extension The tibial articular surfaces in relation to axial rotation Profiles of the femoral condyles and of the tibial articular surfaces Determinants of the condylotrochlear profile Movements of the femoral condyles on the tibial plateau during flexion-extension Movements of the femoral condyles on the tibial plateau during axial rotation The articular capsule The ligamentum mucosum, the synovial plicae and the joint capacity The inter-articular menisci Meniscal displacements during flexion-extension Meniscal displacements during axial rotation – meniscal lesions Patellar displacements relative to the femur Femoropatellar relationships Patellar movements relative to the tibia The collateral ligaments of the knee Transverse stability of the knee Anteroposterior stability of the knee The peri-articular defence system of the knee The cruciate ligaments of the knee Relations between the capsule and the cruciate ligaments Direction of the cruciate ligaments Mechanical role of the cruciate ligaments Rotational stability of the extended knee Dynamic tests of the knee during medial rotation Dynamic tests for rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament Dynamic tests of the knee during lateral rotation The extensor muscles of the knee Physiological actions of the rectus femoris The flexor muscles of the knee The rotator muscles of the knee Automatic rotation of the knee Dynamic equilibrium of the knee

Chapter 3: The Ankle The articular complex of the foot Flexion-extension The articular surfaces of the ankle joint The ligaments of the ankle joint Anteroposterior stability of the ankle and factors limiting flexion-extension Transverse stability of the ankle joint The tibiofibular joints Functional anatomy of the tibiofibular joints Why does the leg have two bones?

Chapter 4: The Foot Axial rotation and side-to-side movements of the foot The articular surfaces of the subtalar joint Congruence and incongruence of the articular surfaces of the subtalar joint The talus: the unusual bone The ligaments of the subtalar joint The transverse tarsal joint and its ligaments Movements at the subtalar joint Movements at the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints Movements at the transverse tarsal joint Overall functioning of the posterior tarsal joints The heterokinetic universal joint of the hindfoot The ligamentous chains during inversion and eversion The cuneonavicular, intercuneiform and tarsometatarsal joints Movements at the anterior tarsal and tarsometatarsal joints Extension of the toes The compartments of the leg The interosseous and the lumbrical muscles The muscles of the sole of the foot The fibrous tunnels of the instep and of the sole of the foot The flexor muscles of the ankle The triceps surae The other extensor muscles of the ankle The abductor–pronator muscles: the fibularis muscles The adductor-supinator muscles:the tibialis muscles

Chapter 5: The Plantar Vault Overview of the plantar vault The medial arch The lateral arch The anterior arch and the transverse arch of the foot The distribution of loads and static distortions of the plantar vault Architectural equilibrium of the foot Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault during walking Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault secondary to inclination of the leg on the inverted foot Dynamic distortions of the plantar vault secondary to inclination of the leg on the everted foot Adaptation of the plantar vault to the terrain The various types of pes cavus The various types of pes planus Imbalances of the interior arch Types of feet

Chapter 6: WalkingThe move to bipedalismThe miracle of bipedalismThe initial stepSwing phase of the gait cycleLoading response phaseThe footprintsPelvic oscillationsThe tilts of the pelvisTorsion of the trunkSwinging of the upper limbsMuscular chains during running

AppendicesWalking is freedom The nerves of the lower limb The sensory compartments of the lower limb (text)The sensory compartments of the lower limb: Figures 1 and 2

Bibliography

Models of Articular Biomechanics