Physiology in Childbearing

With Anatomy and Related Biosciences

5th Edition - March 26, 2024
Editor: Jean Rankin
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 0 5 3 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 3 2 1 8 - 9

With its straightforward writing style and extraordinary breadth of content, Physiology in Childbearing is an ideal textbook for students of midwifery wanting to master the physi… Read more

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With its straightforward writing style and extraordinary breadth of content, Physiology in Childbearing is an ideal textbook for students of midwifery wanting to master the physiology of pregnancy, childbirth, the neonate and breastfeeding.

This popular book has been fully updated to incorporate new knowledge and guidelines, and has a stronger focus on diversity. It covers basic biochemistry, cellular biology, genetics and fertility, as well as embryology and fetal growth, the physiology of pregnancy, and complications of labour. It then goes on to examine the neonate, infant feeding and bio-behavioural aspects of parenting.

The complexities of this fundamental topic area are explained with boxes of key points, full colour diagrams and images, and tips on applying content to practice, making this book a must-have for students and practising midwives alike.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Preface
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Illustration Acknowledgements
Dedication
Section 1. Preconception
Introduction
1. Basic Biochemistry
Introduction
Energy
The Chemistry of Living Organisms
Chemical Equilibrium
Composition of the Human Body
2. The Cell – Its Structures and Function
Physical Characteristics of Human Cells
Cell Size and Shape
Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
Epithelial Cells
Cellular Organization
Cell Division
3. Structure, Organization and Regulation of Genes
Introduction
Composition of DNA
The Role of the Environment
From DNA to RNA to Protein
Patterns of Inheritance
Some Inherited Conditions
Chromosomal Defects
Conclusion
4. The Female Reproductive System
Introduction
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive Tract
Cyclical Control of Reproduction
5. The Male Reproductive System
Introduction
Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Function
The Physiology of Sexual Intercourse
6. Fertility Control
Introduction
The Effectiveness of Contraception
Physiological Application of Contraception
Infections Affecting Reproductive Health
Future Focus
7. Infertility
Introduction
Defining Infertility
The Causes of Male and Female Infertility
Male Infertility
Female Infertility
Reproductive Technologies
8. Preconception Matters
Introduction
Prepregnancy Care Provision
The Healthy Gamete
General Health Care
Chronic Health Conditions
Environmental Issues
Section 2A. Pregnancy—The Fetus
Introduction
9. General Embryology
Introduction
Embryology
Gametogenesis
Fertilization
The Embryo
Programming the Embryo
Development of the Embryo
Development of the Germ Layers
10. Embryological Systems 1—Trunk, Head and Limbs
Introduction
The Trunk
The Skull
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Structures of the Head and Neck
The Face
The Ears
The Eyes
The Limbs
11. Embryological Systems 2—Internal Organs
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Lower Respiratory Tract
The Alimentary Tract
The Urinary and Genital Tracts
The Reproductive System
Ovaries and the Female Genital Tract
Estimation of Embryonic Age
12. The Placenta, Membranes and Amniotic Fluid
Introduction
Implantation and Early Placental Development
Development of the Chorionic Villi and Vascular Network
The Mature Placenta
The Placental Circulation
Anatomical Variations of the Placenta
Functions of the Placenta
Amniotic Fluid
13. Fetal Growth and Development
Introduction
The Fetal Period
Estimation of Fetal Age and Assessment of Fetal Growth
Multiple Pregnancies
14. Common Fetal Problems
Introduction
Intrauterine or Fetal Growth Restriction
Rhesus Isoimmunization and ABO Incompatibility
Maternal Infection in Pregnancy
15. Congenital Anomalies
Introduction
General Causes of Congenital Anomalies
Genetic Causes
Multifactorial Inheritance
Environmental Factors
Prenatal Screening for Congenital Anomalies
Conclusion
Section 2B. Pregnancy—The Mother
Introduction
16. The Haematological System—Physiology of the Blood
Blood as a Tissue
Functions of Blood
Constituents of Blood
Plasma
The Cellular Components of Blood
Red Blood Cells
Iron Metabolism
Folate Metabolism
Blood Groups
White Cells
Platelets
Haemostasis
Maternal Haematological Adaptations to Pregnancy
17. The Cardiovascular System
Introduction
Circulatory Pathways
Anatomy of the Heart
Physiology of the Heart
Control of the Heart Rate
The Vascular System
The Physiology of Circulation
Blood Pressure
The Formation of Tissue Fluid
Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
18. Respiration
Introduction
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
Physiology of the Respiratory Tract
The Physiology of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing)
Transport of Gases Around the Body
Control of Ventilation
19. The Renal Tract
Introduction
Kidney Functions
Anatomy of the Kidney
Renal Function
The Lower Urinary Tract
Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
20. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid–Base Balance
Introduction
Fluid and Electrolytes
Acid–Base Balance
Maternal Adaptations in Childbearing
21. The Gastrointestinal Tract
Introduction
Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Functions of the Gastrointestinal Tract
The Mouth
The Stomach
The Small Intestine
Absorption
The Large Intestine
Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
22. The Accessory Digestive Organs
Introduction
The Salivary Glands
The Pancreas
The Liver and Gall Bladder
The Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
Pharmacokinetics and Pregnancy
23. Nutrition and Metabolism During Pregnancy
Introduction
Nutrition
Regulation of Food Intake and Energy Balance
Nutritional States
Maternal Adaptation to Pregnancy
24. The Nature of Bone—The Female Pelvis and Fetal Skull
Introduction
The Nature of Bone: Function and Structure
The Pelvic Girdle
Maternal Physiological Adaptations in Pregnancy
The Fetal Skull
25. Muscle–The Pelvic Floor and the Uterus
Introduction
Skeletal Muscle
The Pelvic Floor
Smooth Muscle
Uterine Muscle During Pregnancy
26. The Central Nervous System
Introduction
Organization of the Nervous System
Neuroanatomy
Neurophysiology
The Brain
The Spinal Cord
Adaptation to Pregnancy
27. The Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems
The Peripheral Nervous System
Reflex Activity
The Autonomic Nervous System
28. The Endocrine System
Introduction
The Hypothalamus
Endocrine Glands and Hormones
The Pituitary Gland
The Thyroid Gland
The Adrenal Glands
The Pineal Gland
29. The Immune System
Introduction
Divisions of the Immune System
Cells of the Immune System
The Immune Response
Physiological Changes in Pregnancy
Immunology of the Fetoplacental Unit
Section 2C. Pregnancy—The Problems
Introduction
30. Minor Disorders of Pregnancy and Risk Factors
Introduction
Maintenance of Pregnancy
Minor Disorders of Pregnancy
The Genitourinary System
Conclusion
31. Bleeding in Pregnancy
Bleeding in Early Pregnancy
Bleeding from Associated Conditions
Antepartum Haemorrhage
32. Cardiac and Hypertensive Disorders
Introduction
Cardiac Disorders in Pregnancy
Hypertension in Pregnancy
33. Anaemia and Clotting Disorders
Introduction
Anaemia
Haemoglobinopathies
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
Thromboembolism and Pregnancy
Consumptive Coagulopathies During Pregnancy
34. Respiratory, Renal, Gastrointestinal and Neurological Problems
Respiratory Tract Problems
Renal Disorders
Gastrointestinal Problems
Neurological Disorders
35. Diabetes Mellitus and Other Metabolic Disorders in Pregnancy
Introduction
Diabetes Mellitus
Abnormalities of Thyroid Function
Section 3A. Labour—Normal
Introduction
36. The Onset of Labour
Introduction
Definitions of Labour
Maternal Physiological Adaptation in Labour
37. The First Stage of Labour
Physiology of the First Stage of Labour
Assessing Progress in the First Stage of Labour
Maternal Position in the First Stage of Labour
Immersion in Water
Nutrition and Hydration in Labour
Monitoring the Fetal Condition
38. Pain Relief in Labour
Introduction
Pain Perception
Pain Reception
Pain Modulation
Pain Pathways in Labour
The Effect of Pain
Management of Pain
39. The Second Stage of Labour
Introduction
Physiology of the Second Stage of Labour
Mechanisms of Labour
Management
The Fetus in the Second Stage of Labour
40. The Third Stage of Labour
Introduction
Physiology of the Third Stage of Labour
Management of the Third Stage of Labour
Section 3B. Labour—Problems
Introduction
41. Abnormalities of Uterine Action and Onset of Labour
Introduction
Abnormalities of Uterine Action
Prolonged Second Stage of Labour
Problems: Timing of the Onset of Labour
42. Breech Presentation
Introduction
Breech Presentation
Management of Pregnancy
Vaginal Delivery
43. Malposition and Cephalic Malpresentations
Introduction
Occipitoposterior Position of the Vertex
Face Presentation
Brow Presentation
Shoulder Presentation
Compound Presentation
44. Cephalopelvic Disproportion, Obstructed Labour and Other Obstetric Emergencies
Introduction
Cephalopelvic Disproportion
Obstructed Labour
Uterine Rupture
Shoulder Dystocia
Cord Presentation and Prolapse
45. Postpartum Haemorrhage and Other Third-stage Problems
Introduction
Postpartum Haemorrhage
Prolonged Third Stage
Acute Inversion of the Uterus
Amniotic Fluid Embolism
Shock in Obstetrics
46. Perinatal Fetal Asphyxia
Introduction
Fetal Gas Exchange and pH Regulation
Intrauterine Hypoxia
Monitoring the Fetus in Labour
Neonatal Asphyxia and Resuscitation
47. Operative Delivery and the Acutely Unwell Woman
Introduction
Forceps Delivery
Vacuum Extraction (Ventouse Delivery)
Caesarean Section (CS)
General Anaesthesia in Pregnancy and Childbirth
Section 4A. Puerperium—The Baby as a Neonate
Introduction
48. Adaptation to Extrauterine Life 1: Haematological, Cardiovascular, Respiratory and Genitourinary Considerations
Introduction
The Appearance of the Normal Neonate
Major Systemic Characteristics of the Neonate
49. Adaptation to Extrauterine Life 2: Gastrointestinal, Metabolic, Neural and Immunological Considerations
Introduction
The Gastrointestinal Tract
The Liver
Metabolism
The Neonatal Nervous System
The Essence of Immunocompetence
Thermoregulation
50. Health Challenges and Problems in Neonates of Low Birthweight
Introduction
Defining Low Birthweight (LBW)
The Preterm Neonate
Small for Gestational Age (SGA)
51. Developmental Anatomy: Related Cardiovascular and Respiratory Disorders
Introduction
Aspects of Cardiovascular Development
Cardiovascular Problems
Lower Respiratory Tract Problems in Neonates
52. Jaundice and Common Metabolic Problems in Neonates
Introduction
Neonatal Jaundice
Common Metabolic Disorders
53. Risks of Infection and Trauma in Neonates
Infections
Birth Trauma
Section 4B. Puerperium—The Mother
Introduction
54. The Breasts and Lactation
Introduction
The Anatomy of the Breast
Development of the Breast
The Physiology of Lactation
55. Breastfeeding Practice and Problems
Introduction
Benefits of Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Practices
Breastfeeding Challenges for Mother and Baby
Suppression of Lactation
The International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes
56. The Puerperium
Introduction
Physiological Changes
Postpartum (Puerperal) Infection
Emotional States and Mental Disorders in the Puerperium
57. Biobehavioural Aspects of Parenting
Introduction
What is Biobehavioural Science?
What does Biobehavioural Mean in Relation to Early Parenting?
A Hormonal Orchestration
A Window of Heightened Sensitivity
The Key Hormonal Players
Implications for Practice
Index

Life Sciences

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Physiology in Childbearing

With Anatomy and Related Biosciences

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Jean Rankin