Physical Science in the Modern World

Preface 1 Introduction to Physical Science 1-1 Studying the World around Us 1-2 Describing and Measuring Things Questions and ExercisesPart I. An Overview of the Physical Universe 2 Basic Units of Matter: Atoms and Molecules 2-1 The Atomic Concept 2-2 Chemical Reactions 2-3 Oxidation and Reduction 2-4 Respiration and Chemical Change 2-5 The Conservation of Mass 2-6 Avogadro's Hypothesis and the Concept of the Mole Questions and Exercises 3 Basic Units of Matter: Electrons and Nuclei 3-1 Electrons 3-2 The Nuclear Atom 3-3 The Composition of Nuclei 3-4 Isotopes 3-5 Radioactivity 3-6 Nuclear Reactions 3-7 Elementary Particles Questions and Exercises 4 Light—A Tool for Exploring the Universe 4-1 Basic Features of Light and Light Sources 4-2 Lenses and Optical Instruments 4-3 Color and Spectra 4-4 Light and Vision Questions and Exercises 5 The Earth and the Moon 5-1 Our Planet in Space 5-2 The Astronomy of the Moon 5-3 The Effect of the Moon on the Oceans 5-4 The Structure of the Earth 5-5 The Structure of the Moon 5-6 The Ages of the Earth and the Moon Questions and Exercises 6 The Materials of the Earth's Crust 6-1 Properties and Composition of the Earth's Crust 6-2 Minerals 6-3 Crystalline Matter 6-4 Rocks 6-5 Igneous Activity 6-6 Erosion 6-7 Sedimentation Questions and Exercises 7 The Earth through Geologic Time 7-1 Diastrophism 7-2 Continental Drift 7-3 The Geologic Eras Questions and Exercises 8 The Planets 8-1 Planetary Motion 8-2 The Terrestrial Planets 8-3 The Outer Planets 8-4 Other Members of the Solar System 8-5 The Origin of the Solar System Questions and Exercises 9 The Sun and the Stars 9-1 The Sun 9-2 Stars 9-3 Galaxies Questions and ExercisesPart II. A Closer Look at the Physical World 10 Motion 10-1 Average Speed 10-2 Graphical Representation of Speed 10-3 Acceleration 10-4 Accelerated Motion 10-5 Free Fall 10-6 Vectors 10-7 Motion in Two Dimensions Questions and Exercises 11 Force and Momentum 11-1 Force and Inertia 11-2 Dynamics 11-3 Action and Reaction 11-4 Linear Momentum 11-5 Angular Momentum Questions and Exercises 12 The Basic Forces in Nature 12-1 Types of Forces 12-2 Planetary Motion 12-3 Universal Gravitation 12-4 Space Travel 12-5 The Electrical Force 12-6 The Nuclear and Weak Forces Questions and Exercises 13 Energy 13-1 Work and Power 13-2 Kinetic and Potential Energy 13-3 Thermal Energy 13-4 Chemical and Biological Energy Questions and Exercises 14 Sources of Energy 14-1 How Much Energy Do We Use? 14-2 Water Power 14-3 Fossil Fuels 14-4 Nuclear Energy 14-5 Secondary Energy Sources 14-6 Energy and the Environment Questions and Exercises 15 Gas Dynamics 15-1 The Molecular Properties of Gases 15-2 Pressure 15-3 The Gas Laws 15-4 Kinetic Theory 15-5 Changes of State Questions and Exercises 16 Electricity 16-1 Electrons and Current 16-2 Electric Power 16-3 Electrical Resistance 16-4 Electric Circuits Questions and Exercises 17 Electric and Magnetic Fields 17-1 The Electric Field 17-2 The Electron Charge and the Electron Volt 17-3 Magnetism and the Earth's Magnetic Field 17-4 The Motion of Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 17-5 Fields that Vary with Time Questions and Exercises 18 Waves 18-1 Wave Pulses on Springs and Strings 18-2 Traveling Waves 18-3 Standing Waves 18-4 Sound 18-5 Refraction, Diffraction, and Interference 18-6 Electromagnetic Radiation Questions and Exercises 19 The Earth's Atmosphere 19-1 General Features of the Atmosphere 19-2 Winds 19-3 Weather 19-4 Atmospheric Electricity Questions and ExercisesPart III. The Twentieth Century View of Matter and Energy 20 Relativity 20-1 The Basis of Relativity 20-2 The Velocity of Light 20-3 Relativistic Effects on Time and Length 20-4 Mass and Energy 20-5 The General Theory Questions and Exercises 21 Electrons and Photons 21-1 The Photoelectric Effect 21-2 The Wave Nature of Particles 21-3 Quantum Theory Questions and Exercises 22 Atoms and Radiation 22-1 The Hydrogen Atom 22-2 Quantum Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 22-3 Complex Atoms and the Periodic Table 22-4 Lasers Questions and Exercises 23 Molecular Structure 23-1 Ionic Bonds between Atoms 23-2 Covalent Bonding 23-3 Hydrogen Bonds Questions and Exercises 24 Chemical Systems 24-1 Solutions 24-2 Oxidation and Reduction 24-3 Electrochemistry 24-4 Acids, Bases, and Salts 24-5 Chemical Dynamics Questions and Exercises 25 The Chemistry of Organic Matter 25-1 Hydrocarbon Compounds 25-2 Organic Compounds Related to the Hydrocarbons 25-3 Benzene Ring Compounds 25-4 Food Chemistry 25-5 Soaps and Detergents 25-6 Proteins and the Molecules of Life Questions and Answers 26 The Materials of Technology 26-1 Metals 26-2 Semiconductors 26-3 Superconductors 26-4 Plastics Questions and Exercises 27 Nuclei and Nuclear Power 27-1 Nuclear Masses 27-2 Nuclear Reactions 27-3 Nuclear Fission 27-4 Nuclear Reactors 27-5 Nuclear Fusion Questions and Exercises 28 Applications of Radiation 28-1 Radiation and Radiation Effects 28-2 Radiation Techniques in Various Fields 28-3 Biological Effects of Radiation 28-4 Biological and Medical Uses of Radiation Questions and Exercises 29 The Evolution of the Stars and the Universe 29-1 The Formation of Stars 29-2 Stellar Energy and the Synthesis of Elements 29-3 Stellar Evolution 29-4 Strange Objects in the Sky 29-5 The Expanding Universe Questions and ExercisesAnswers to Odd-Numbered Numerical ExercisesGlossaryIndex