Physical Chemistry and Its Biological Applications

1/States of Matter

1-1 Molecular Picture of Matter

1-2 Phase Diagrams

1-3 Ideal Gases

1-4 Molecular Velocities

1-5 Gaseous Mixtures; Measurement of Gases

1-6 Real Gases

1-7 Continuity of States; Corresponding States

1-8 Intermolecular Forces

1-9 The Hydrogen Bond

1-10 Vapor Pressure

1-11 Surface Tension

1-12 Viscosity

1-13 Structure of Liquids


2/Solutions of Nonelectrolytes

2-1 Concentration Scales

2-2 Ideality of Solutions

2-3 Miscible Liquid Pairs

2-4 Solutions of Gases in Liquids

2-5 Liquid Mixtures Showing Limited Solubility

2-6 Distribution of a Solute between Immiscible Solvents

2-7 Colligative Properties—Vapor Pressure Lowering

2-8 Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

2-9 Osmotic Pressure

2-10 Partial Molar Volume


3/Thermodynamics: First Law and Thermochemistry

3-1 Energy, Work, and Heat

3-2 Equivalence of Energy Forms—First Law of Thermodynamics

3-3 Some Isothermal Physical Changes

3-4 Heat Capacity

3-5 Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

3-6 Calorimetry and Thermal Analysis


4/Thermodynamics: Second Law and Equilibrium

4-1 The Tendency for Spontaneous Change

4-2 The Entropy and its Meaning

4-3 Entropy Changes in Isothermal Physical Processes

4-4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

4-5 Dependence of Entropy on Temperature

4-6 Some Applications of the Entropy Functions; Entropy and Probability

4-7 The Free Energy Function and its Significance

4-8 Chemical Equilibrium

4-9 Effect of Temperature on Free Energy Change and Equilibrium Constant

4-10 Energy Relations in Living Systems

4-11 Thermodynamics of Mixtures


5/Solutions of Electrolytes

5-1 Strong and Weak Electrolytes

5-2 The Debye-Hückel Theory; Activity Coefficients of Ions

5-3 Conductance

5-4 Enthalpies of Solution and of Reaction of Ions

5-5 Ionic Hydration and the Lyotropic Series


6/Acid-Base Equilibria

6-1 Brönsted-Lowry Concept of Acids and Bases

6-2 Aqueous Solution and the pH Scale

6-3 Weak Electrolyte Equilibria

6-4 Equilibria Involving Several Solutes

6-5 Characterization of Acid-Base Functional Groups

6-6 Amino Acids and Proteins

6-7 Ionic Equilibria in the Blood


7/Oxidation-Reduction Equilibria

7-1 Reaction Potentials for Oxidation-Reduction

7-2 Galvanic Cells and Electrode Potentials

7-3 Techniques of Potential Measurement

7-4 Oxidation-Reduction Titrations and Indicators

7-5 Characteristics of Organic Oxidation-Reduction Systems

7-6 Biochemical Oxidation

7-7 Potentiometric Determination of Ion Concentration


8/Electromagnetic Radiation and the Structure of Atoms

8-1 Wave Character of Electromagnetic Radiation

8-2 Refraction

8-3 The Superposition Principle and Diffraction

8-4 Polarized Radiation

8-5 The Quantum Nature of Radiation

8-6 The Wave Nature of Material Particles

8-7 The Nuclear Atom

8-8 Atomic Spectra and the Particle Model of the Atom

8-9 Polyelectronic Atoms

8-10 The Wave Model of the Atom


9/Bonding and Molecular Spectroscopy

9-1 Ionic and Covalent Bonding

9-2 Bonding in Diatomic Molecules

9-3 Hybrid Orbitals

9-4 Electron Delocalization

9-5 Complexes Formed by Metal Ions

9-6 Vibrations in Diatomic Molecules

9-7 An Overview of Molecular Spectroscopy

9-8 Vibrational Spectra

9-9 Electronic Transitions

9-10 Optical Dispersion


10/Kinetics of Chemical Reactions

10-1 Rates and their Measurement

10-2 Kinetics of the Overall Reaction

10-3 Reaction Orders and Rate Constants

10-4 Complex Reactions

10-5 Chain Reactions

10-6 Effect of Temperature on Rate Constant—The Arrhenius Equation

10-7 Transition-State Theory

10-8 Catalysis

10-9 Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions

10-10 Isotope Effects

10-11 Very Rapid Reactions


11/Adsorption and Surface Effects

11-1 Energy Relations and Adsorption

11-2 Liquid Surfaces

11-3 Insoluble Films on Liquids

11-4 Solid Adsorbents

11-5 Adsorption of Gases on Solids

11-6 Adsorption from Solution

11-7 Heterogeneous Reactions at Solid Surfaces


12/Macromolecules and Molecular Aggregates

12-1 Synthetic and Natural Polymers

12-2 X-Ray Diffraction and Polymers

12-3 Conformation of Macromolecules in Solution

12-4 Filtration and Particle Size

12-5 Osmotic Pressure

12-6 Dynamic Properties

12-7 Sedimentation Equilibrium

12-8 Electrophoresis

12-9 Optical Properties and Light Scattering

12-10 Gels and Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

12-11 Micelles and Emulsions

12-12 Liquid Crystals and Large Micelles

12-13 Biological Membranes and Phospholipid Bilayers


13/Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

13-1 Magnetic Susceptibility

13-2 Principles of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

13-3 Dynamic Effects in NMR

13-4 Spectra of Other Nuclei

13-5 Special Methods in NMR Spectroscopy

13-6 Applications of NMR

13-7 Principles of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance

13-8 Spin Labeling


14/Photochemistry and Radiation Chemistry

14-1 General Principles of Photochemistry

14-2 Photochemical Processes

14-3 High-Intensity Photochemical Sources

14-4 Light-Induced Biological Processes

14-5 Photoinactivation of Biological Systems

14-6 Sources of High-Energy Radiation

14-7 Methods of Handling Ionizing Radiation

14-8 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Matter

Table of Symbols and Abbreviations

Index