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Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
- 6th Edition - October 6, 2020
- Authors: Robert Wyllie, Jeffrey S. Hyams, Marsha Kay
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 7 2 9 3 - 1
Now with full-color illustrations throughout, dozens of new review questions, and state-of-the-art coverage of this fast-changing area, Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseas… Read more
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Request a sales quoteNow with full-color illustrations throughout, dozens of new review questions, and state-of-the-art coverage of this fast-changing area, Pediatric Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 6th Edition, remains the leading text in the field. You’ll find definitive guidance on diagnosis and treatment from experienced editors Drs. Robert Wyllie, Jeffrey S. Hyams, and Marsha Kay, as well as globally renowned contributors who share their knowledge and expertise on complex issues.
- Features an enhanced art program with full-color anatomical figures, clinical photos, and other illustrations throughout the text.
- Includes a new chapter on fecal transplantation (FCT), covering donor and recipient screening, preparation, delivery, follow-up, and safety considerations, as well as investigative uses for FCT for disorders such as IBD, IBS, and D-lactic acidosis.
- Prepares you for certification and recertification with more than 400 board review-style questions, answers, and rationales – 30% new to this edition.
- Includes detailed diagrams that accurately illustrate complex concepts and provide at-a-glance recognition of disease processes.
- Contains numerous algorithms that provide quick and easy retrieval of diagnostic, screening, and treatment information.
- Provides up-to-date information on indigenous flora and the gut microbiome and clinical correlations to treatment, as well as advancements in liver transplantation including split liver transplantation (SLT) and living donor liver transplantation (LDLT).
- Details key procedures such as esophagogastroduodenoscopy and related techniques; colonoscopy and polypectomy; endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; capsule endoscopy and small bowel enteroscopy; gastrointestinal pathology; and more.
- Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Pediatric Gastroenterologists and Hepatologists. Pediatric Nutritionists
- Instructions for online access
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Preface
- Contributors
- Section 1. Biologic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Function
- 1. Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Introduction
- Early Development: Patterning the Gastrointestinal Tract
- The Gastrointestinal Tract Develops Along FOUR Axes
- Later Development and Postnatal Maturation of the Intestine
- Conclusion and Future Perspectives
- 2. Basic Aspects of Digestion and Absorption
- Introduction
- Key Principles of Digestion and Absorption
- The Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
- The Digestive And Absorption Of Proteins
- The Digestive And Absorption Of Lipids
- Unique Aspects of Digestion and Absorption in Infants
- Digestion and Absorption of Vitamins and Minerals
- Minerals and Trace Elements
- 3. Bile Acid Physiology and Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Introduction
- Biosynthesis
- Enterohepatic Circulation
- Maturation of the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Alterations in the Enterohepatic Circulation
- Alteration of Primary Bile Acid Biosynthesis
- Alteration of Hepatic Bile Acid Transport
- Mechanism of Bile Acid–Induced Diarrhea
- Summary
- 4. The Gut Microbiome in Pediatrics
- Introduction
- 5. Gastrointestinal Mucosal Immunology and Mechanisms of Inflammation
- The Components of gut Immune Responses
- The Generation of Inflammation
- Mechanisms That Prevent Inflammatory Reactions to gut Luminal Contents
- Organization of the Mucosal Immune System
- Components of the Mucosal Immune System
- The Establishment and Maintenance of Oral Tolerance to Antigens and the Flora
- Patterns of Inflammatory Response Within the Intestine
- Conclusions
- Section 2. Clinical Problems
- 6. Chronic Abdominal Pain of Childhood and Adolescence
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Evaluation
- Management
- Prognosis
- Conclusion
- 7. Approach to the Child with a Functional Gastrointestinal Disorder
- Biomedical Model
- Biopsychosocial Model
- Early Learning: Developmental Aspects of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Effective Reassurance
- Biomedical Versus Biopsychosocial Models
- Treatment
- Approach to the Child or Adolescent With Pain-Associated Disability Syndrome
- What Should a Pediatric Gastroenterology Consultation Accomplish?
- Pediatric Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
- Conclusion
- 8. Vomiting and Nausea
- Vomiting Event
- Clinical Aspects of Vomiting
- Nausea
- Specific Vomiting Disorders
- 9. Diarrhea
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Physiology of Stool Formation
- Classification of Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Secretory Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Osmotic Diarrhea
- Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Diarrhea
- Evaluation of a Child with Diarrhea
- Further Evaluation
- Evaluation of a Child with Acute Diarrhea
- Diagnostic Testing in a Child with Chronic Diarrhea
- Differential Diagnosis
- Malabsorptive Diarrheas (See Box 9.5)
- Congenital Diarrheal Diseases
- Chronic Inflammatory Diarrhea
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome
- Intestinal Failure (Short Bowel Syndrome)
- Medication-Induced Diarrhea
- Neurohormonal Causes of Diarrhea
- Summary
- 10. Colic and Gastrointestinal Gas
- Gastrointestinal Gas
- Colic
- Conclusions
- 11. Functional Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Quality of Life
- Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis
- Treatment for Constipation
- Treatment of Fnrfi
- Follow-Up and Prognosis
- 12. Failure to Thrive/Growth Faltering
- What is Failure to Thrive?
- Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
- Pitfalls in Diagnosing Failure to Thrive
- Importance of Early Identification of Failure to Thrive
- Causes and Evaluation of Failure to Thrive
- Behavioral Concerns
- Laboratory Testing
- Treatment of Failure to Thrive
- 13. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Initial Interventions
- Causes and Differential Diagnosis
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Toddler and School Aged Children (Box 13.10)
- Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Adolescents and Young Adults (See Box 13.10)
- Summary
- 14. Obesity
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Etiology and Pathogenesis
- Assessment of the Child with Obesity
- Treatment
- Summary
- 15. Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- Updated Definitions: What did DSM-5 Actually Change?
- Recognizing Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents
- How can you Tell? Predictive Factors for Eating Disorders
- Taking a History
- Medical Complications From a Restricted Energy Intake
- Refeeding Syndrome: What it is and How to Prevent it
- Medical Complications From Purging
- Effects of Vomiting as a Means of Purging
- Medical Complications of Bingeing
- Prognosis: Bone, Brain, and Babies (or Future Fertility)
- Prevention: How it can be Done Better
- Conclusions
- 16. Jaundice: Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
- Bilirubin Metabolism
- Assessment of Jaundice
- Neonatal Jaundice
- 17. Ascites
- Overview
- Pathophysiology
- Etiology
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Complications
- 18. Caustic Ingestion and Foreign Bodies
- Ingestion of Caustic Agents
- Ingestion of Foreign Bodies
- Acute Management of Foreign Bodies
- Conclusion
- Section 3. The Esophagus
- 19. Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Esophagus
- Developmental Anatomy of the Foregut/Esophagus
- Genetic and Molecular Aspects of Tracheoesophageal Development
- Anatomy of the Esophagus
- Physiology of the Esophagus
- Fetal and Neonatal Swallowing
- Swallowing in the Normal Infant and Child
- Summary
- 20. Congenital Malformations of the Esophagus
- Congenital Lesions of the Esophagus
- congenital esophageal stenosis
- Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula
- Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts
- 21. Gastroesophageal Reflux
- Abbreviations
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Prevalence and Environmental/Genetic Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Symptoms and Signs
- 22. Achalasia and Other Motor Disorders
- Disorders of the Proximal Esophagus
- Disorders of the Distal Esophagus
- New Treatments
- 23. Other Diseases of the Esophagus
- Esophageal Symptoms
- Infections
- Other Inflammatory Causes of “Esophageal Symptoms”
- Esophageal Tumors
- Section 4. The Stomach
- 24. Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Stomach
- Histology
- Neuromuscular Functions
- Gastric Secretions
- Gastric Acid Secretion
- Pepsinogen
- Mucus and Bicarbonate Secretion
- Gastric Lipase
- Intrinsic Factor
- 25. Congenital Anomalies and Surgical Disorders of the Stomach
- Embryology
- Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
- Foveolar Hyperplasia
- Congenital Gastric Outlet Obstruction
- Gastric Volvulus
- Congenital Microgastria
- Gastric Perforation
- Gastric and Duodenal Duplications
- Polyps
- Tumors
- Gastric Foreign Bodies
- 26. Gastritis, Gastropathy, and Ulcer Disease
- Incidence
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnostic Testing
- Etiology and Types of Gastritis, Gastropathies, and Ulcer Disease
- Medications
- Vascular Gastropathies
- 27. Helicobacter pylori in Childhood
- Epidemiology
- Host Factors and Responses
- Bacterial Factors and Adaptations
- Disease Associations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- 28. Gastric Motility Disorders
- Introduction
- Physiology of Gastric Motility and Sensation
- Evaluation of Gastric Motility and Sensation
- Gastroparesis
- Functional Dyspepsia
- Rumination Syndrome
- Dumping Syndrome
- Conclusion
- 29. Bezoars
- Definitions
- Epidemiology
- Classification and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Section 5. The Small and Large Intestine
- 30. Anatomy and Physiology of the Small and Large Intestines
- Intestinal Anatomy
- Physiology of Water and ion Transport
- 31. Maldigestion and Malabsorption
- Maldigestion and Malabsorption
- Lipids
- Proteins and Amino Acids
- Carbohydrates
- Functional and Structural Aspects of the Enterocyte
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Special Situations
- Diagnostic Considerations
- Conclusion
- 32. Protracted Diarrhea
- Introduction
- Definition and Epidemiology
- Classification of Protracted Diarrhea
- Assessment of the Patient With Protracted Diarrhea
- Congenital Diarrheal Disorders
- Structural Abnormalities
- Neonatal Diarrhea With Normal Crypt-Villus Structure
- 33. Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Definition
- Lymph Formation and Composition
- Pathophysiology and Etiologies of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Diagnosis of Protein-Losing Enteropathy
- Management
- 34. Celiac Disease
- Definition
- Historical Background
- Cereal Proteins and Other Environmental Factors
- Genetics
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Laboratory and Pathology Findings
- HLA
- Diagnosis
- Therapy
- 35. Short Bowel Syndrome
- Definition and Historical Perspective
- Etiology and Prevalence
- Pathophysiology of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Clinical Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Pharmacologic Management of Short Bowel Syndrome
- Outcomes and Costs in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome
- Summary
- 36. Intestinal and Multivisceral Transplantation: Recent Advances
- Pathophysiology of Gut Failure
- Principles of Gut Rehabilitation
- Current Clinical Practice
- Advances in Immunosuppression
- Postoperative Management
- Graft-Versus-Host Disease
- Discharge Planning
- Long-Term Outcome
- Quality of Life
- Summary
- 37. Allergic and Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
- Overview
- Food Allergy or Hypersensitivity
- Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disease
- Eosinophilic Esophagitis
- Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis
- Eosinophilic Proctocolitis
- Other Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Allergy
- Conclusion
- 38. Infectious Diarrhea
- Multiplex Molecular Testing, an Introduction
- Viral Gastroenteritis
- Rotavirus
- Virology
- Epidemiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Small Round Structured Viruses
- Other Viruses
- Bacterial Gastroenteritis
- Microbiology
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis and Treatment
- Pathogenesis
- Yersinia
- Cholera
- Potential Diarrheagenic Organisms
- Probiotics and Diarrhea
- Conclusion
- 39. Enteric Parasites
- Epidemiology
- Host Factors
- Clinical Presentations
- Diagnosis
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Benefits of Parasites
- Medication Difficulty
- Pathogenic Organisms
- 40. Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Immunodeficiency
- Introduction
- Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
- Components of the Adaptive Immune Response
- Humoral Immunodeficiencies
- Cellular Immunodeficiencies
- Combined Cellular–Humoral Immunodeficiencies
- Disorders of Phagocyte Function
- Other Primary Immunodeficiencies
- Immune Dysfunction, Polyendocrinopathy, Enteropathy, X-Linked
- Interleukin-10 Receptor Mutations
- Approach to the Evaluation and Treatment of Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Secondary Immunodeficiencies
- 41. Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes
- Introduction
- The Single Hamartomatous Polyp (the Juvenile Polyp)
- Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
- Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
- Other Polyposis Syndromes
- Summary
- 42. Crohn Disease
- Epidemiology of Crohn Disease
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis of Crohn Disease
- Diagnostic Workup of Children With Suspected Crohn Disease
- Disease Classification
- Classification of Crohn Disease
- Very Early Onset Crohn Disease
- Assessing Disease Activity and Outcomes in Crohn Disease
- Therapy
- Adjunctive Therapy
- Transition to Adult Crohn Disease Services
- Psychological Functioning and Support
- Future
- 43. Ulcerative Colitis in Children and Adolescents
- Epidemiology
- Genetics
- Etiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Features
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Medical Therapies
- Surgery
- Course and Prognosis
- 44. Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
- Clinical Presentation
- Pathophysiology
- Diagnosis and Evaluation
- Treatment
- Nutrition
- Medications
- Surgery
- Outcomes
- 45. Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis
- Epidemiology
- Pathology
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Prevention
- Management
- Outcome
- 46. Disorders of the Anorectum: Fissures, Fistulas, Prolapse, Hemorrhoids, Tags
- Anal Fissure
- Rectal Prolapse
- FistulaS
- Hemorrhoids
- Tags and Miscellaneous Conditions
- Summary
- 47. Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Neoplasms of the Luminal Gastrointestinal Tract
- Neoplasms of Lymphoid Origin
- Lymphonodular Hyperplasia
- Lymphoma
- Neoplasms of Epithelial Origin
- Carcinoma of the Colon
- Carcinoma of the Stomach
- Neuroendocrine (Carcinoid) Tumors
- Neoplasms of Mesenchymal Origin
- Smooth Muscle Origin
- Stromal Cell Origin
- 48. Neoplasms of the Liver
- Benign Masses
- Malignant Masses
- 49. Other Diseases of the Small Intestine and Colon
- Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
- Microscopic Colitis
- Celiac Crisis
- Diverticular Disease
- Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome
- Hidradenitis Suppurativa
- Typhlitis
- Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
- Mesenteric Adenitis
- Henoch-Schönlein Purpura
- 50. Appendicitis
- Introduction
- Embryology and Anatomy
- Pathophysiology
- Pathology
- Clinical Presentation
- Patient Evaluation
- Diagnostic Tests
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management Options
- Complications
- Discharge and Follow-Up Care
- Chronic Appendiceal Pain
- Section 6. Pediatric Surgical Disorders
- 51. Intussusception in Infants and Children
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Special Considerations
- 52. Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles
- Embryology
- Clinical Presentation
- Management
- Complications
- 53. Meckel Diverticula and Other Omphalomesenteric Duct Remnants
- Introduction
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Summary
- 54. Hirschsprung Disease
- Etiology and Genetics
- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
- Surgical Management of Hirschsprung Disease
- Postoperative Outcomes
- “Variant” Hirschsprung Disease
- Future Directions
- 55. Imperforate Anus
- Classification and Description of Defects
- Associated Defects
- Early Management and Diagnosis
- Main Repair
- Functional Sequelae
- 56. Abnormal Rotation and Fixation of the Intestine
- Embryology
- Anatomy
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Complications, Results, Outcome
- Summary
- 57. Small and Large Bowel Stenosis and Atresias
- Duodenum
- Jejunoileum
- Colon
- Summary
- 58. Newborn Abdominal Wall Defects
- Historical Background
- Embryogenesis
- Etiology
- The Evolution of Epidemiology
- Anatomic Considerations
- Prenatal Management
- Obstetric Delivery
- Immediate Postnatal Management
- Surgical Management
- Postoperative Complications
- outcomes
- Cost of Treatment
- 59. Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
- Introduction
- Ileostomies
- Surgical Techniques
- Complications
- Colostomies
- Stomas for Feeding Purposes
- Conclusions
- Section 7. Gastrointestinal Procedures
- 60. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and Related Techniques
- Personnel
- Facilities
- Equipment
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Preparation
- Sedation and Monitoring
- Anatomy
- Technique
- Biopsy Technique
- Stomach
- Therapeutic Endoscopy
- Injection
- Thermocoagulation
- Heater Probe
- Electrocoagulation
- Stricture Dilation
- Small Bowel Enteroscopy
- Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
- Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
- Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy
- Polypectomy
- Special Endoscopic Techniques
- Endoscopic Ultrasonography
- Chromoendoscopy and Narrow Band Imaging
- Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
- Additional Techniques
- Complications
- Overall Complication Rates and Sedation Related Complications
- 61. Colonoscopy, Polypectomy, and Related Techniques
- Personnel, Sedation, and Antibiotic Prophylaxis
- Equipment
- Indications
- Contraindications
- Preparation
- Flexible Proctosigmoidoscopy
- Anoscopy and Rigid Proctosigmoidoscopy
- Biopsy Technique
- Therapeutic Colonoscopy
- Injection
- Thermocoagulation: Heater Probe, Multipolar Probes
- Argon Plasma Coagulation
- Endoscopic Hemostatic Devices Including Bands and Clips
- Laser Photocoagulation
- Special Endoscopic Techniques and Equipment
- Carbon Dioxide Insufflation
- Water-Immersion Colonoscopy
- Advanced Imaging Techniques
- Complications
- 62. Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Pancreaticobiliary Imaging Methods
- Indications for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Contraindications to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Preparation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Technique of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Biliary Disorders
- Choledocholithiasis
- Choledochal Cyst
- Biliary Strictures
- Biliary Leaks
- Unusual Biliary Infections
- Biliary Dyskinesia
- Pancreatic Disorders
- Complications of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
- Summary
- 63. Capsule Endoscopy and Small Bowel Enteroscopy
- Equipment
- Performance of Video Capsule Endoscopy Study
- Indications
- Limitations
- Contraindications and Complications
- Enteroscopy
- Complications
- Intraoperative Enteroscopy
- Conclusion
- 64. Gastrointestinal Motility Procedures
- Gastrointestinal Motility Studies
- Esophageal Manometry
- Antroduodenal Manometry
- Colonic Manometry
- Anorectal Manometry
- Summary
- 65. Gastrointestinal Pathology
- Esophageal Biopsy
- Stomach Biopsy
- Small Intestinal Biopsy
- Interpretation of Colonic Mucosal Biopsy Specimens
- Evaluation of Resection Specimens in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Disorders of Intestinal Motility
- Gastrointestinal Polyps and Polyposis Syndromes
- 66. Liver Pathology
- Functional Anatomy and Histology of the Liver
- Neonatal Cholestasis
- Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction Pattern
- Giant Cell Hepatitis Pattern
- Bland Cholestasis Pattern
- Ductopenia Pattern
- Chronic Liver Disease in Older Children
- Miscellaneous Conditions Leading to Liver Biopsy
- Liver Transplant Pathology
- Summary
- Liver Tumors in Children
- Section 8. The Liver and Bile Ducts
- 67. Structural and Functional Development of the Hepatobiliary System
- Introduction
- Principles of Hepatobiliary Development In Humans and Other Model Organisms
- Structural Development of the Hepatobiliary System
- Functional Development of the Liver
- Stem Cells and Liver Regeneration
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- 68. Neonatal Hepatitis
- Approach to the Infant With Cholestasis
- Cholestasis Associated With Infection
- Systemic Conditions Associated With Neonatal Hepatitis
- Idiopathic Neonatal Hepatitis
- Management of Neonatal Cholestasis
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- 69. Biliary Atresia and Neonatal Disorders of the Bile Ducts
- Surgically Correctable Disorders
- Non–Surgically Correctable Disorders
- 70. Pediatric Cholestatic Liver Disease
- Defects in Bile Acid Production
- Other Inherited Cholestatic Disorders
- Disorders of Embryogenesis: Alagille Syndrome
- Disorders of Mitochondrial Function
- α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
- Diagnosis of Genetic Cholestasis
- Cholestatic Liver Conditions Without Genetic Explanations
- 71. Mitochondrial Hepatopathies: Disorders of Fatty Acid Oxidation and the Respiratory Chain
- Defects In Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Fatty Acid Transport Defects
- Carnitine Transporter Deficiency
- Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 1 Deficiency
- Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Translocase Deficiency
- Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase 2 Deficiency
- Very-Long-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Long-Chain 3-Hydroxyacyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase and Mitochondrial Trifunctional Protein Deficiencies
- Medium-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Short-Chain Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase Deficiency
- Acyl-Coenzyme a Dehydrogenase 9 Deficiency
- Multiple Acyl-Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Deficiency (Glutaric Acidemia Type 2)
- Clinical Phenotypes
- 72. Abnormalities of Hepatic Protein Metabolism
- α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
- Tyrosinemia
- Treatment
- Chronic Management and Laboratory Monitoring
- 73. Abnormalities of Carbohydrate Metabolism and the Liver
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Galactosemia
- Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
- Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphatase Deficiency
- Glycogen Storage Disease
- 74. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Introduction
- Natural History
- Liver Biopsy
- Routine Laboratory Tests and Novel Biomarkers
- Imaging Techniques
- Insulin-Sensitizing Agents
- Conclusions
- 75. Acute and Chronic Hepatitis
- Evaluation of the Child with Hepatitis
- Hepatotropic Viruses
- Autoimmune Hepatitis
- Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
- Treatment of Hepatitis
- Summary
- 76. Portal Hypertension
- Pathogenesis of Portal Hypertension
- Disorders Associated With Portal Hypertension
- Clinical Features
- Summary
- Acknowledgment
- 77. Liver Failure
- Chronic Liver Failure
- Acute Liver Failure
- Summary
- 78. Liver Transplantation in Children
- Indications for Liver Transplantation
- General Contraindications for Liver Transplantation in Children
- Evaluation of Pediatric Liver Transplantation Candidates
- Preparation for Liver Transplantation
- Organ Allocation
- Liver Transplantation Surgery
- Donor Operation
- Recipient Operation
- Posttransplant Management and Complications
- Growth, Development, and Quality of Life
- Nonadherence With Immunosuppression
- Survival After Liver Transplantation
- Liver Transplantation in Special Groups
- Withdrawal of Immunosuppression and Tolerance
- Conclusion
- 79. Diseases of the Gallbladder
- Epidemiology of Gallstone Disease
- Pathophysiology of Gallstone Disease
- Cholesterol Stones
- Pigment Stones
- Gallstones in Infants
- Total Parenteral Nutrition—Associated Stones
- Cystic Fibrosis—Associated Gallstones
- Ileal Disease and Ileal Resection—Associated Stones
- Drug-Associated Stones
- Diagnosis of Gallstone Disease
- Treatment of Gallstone Disease
- Cholecystitis
- Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stones)
- Acalculous Cholecystitis
- Acute Hydrops of the Gallbladder
- Unusual Diseases of the Gallbladder
- Acknowledgments
- Section 9. The Pancreas
- 80. Pancreatic Development
- Buds Form and Fuse
- Ductal System Forms
- Differentiation of Pancreatic Progenitors
- Programmed Development by Hierarchical Signals
- Regenerative Capacity of the Pancreas
- Summary on Pancreatic Development
- Pancreatic Secretion and Exocrine Function
- 81. Cystic Fibrosis and Congenital Anomalies of the Exocrine Pancreas
- Cystic Fibrosis
- Gastrointestinal Malignancies
- Structural Abnormalities of the Pancreas
- Functional Abnormalities of the Pancreas
- 82. Pancreatitis
- Pediatric Pancreatitis
- Definition and Classification
- Acute Pancreatitis
- Chronic Pancreatitis
- Acknowledgment
- 83. Total Pancreatectomy With Islet Autotransplantation
- Total Pancreatectomy with Islet Autotransplantation
- Surgical Procedure of Total Pancreatectomy
- Islet Isolation and Reintroduction
- 84. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Embryologic Origin of Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Classification of Pnets—Functional and Nonfunctional, Sporadic and Hereditary
- Grading and Staging
- Inherited Syndromes
- Nesidioblastosis
- Insulinoma
- Gastrinoma
- Rare Functional Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Locally Advanced/Metastatic Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
- Conclusion
- 85. Infant and Toddler Nutrition
- Introduction
- Growth
- Breastfeeding
- Formula Feeding
- Complementary Feeding
- Supplements
- Toddlers
- Descriptive Information
- Nutrient Information
- Specific Nutrient Deficits
- Eating the Right Amount of the Right Foods
- Toddlers’ Nutrition and Stooling
- Conclusion
- Section 10. Nutrition
- 86. Nutritional Assessment
- Normal Growth and Body Composition in Children
- Prevalence and Classification of Malnutrition in Pediatric Patients
- Indications for Nutrition Assessment
- Management of Severe Malnutrition
- Summary
- 87. Tubes for Enteric Access
- Tubes to Remove Contents (Suction Tubes)
- Tubes to add Content (Feeding Tubes)
- Evaluation
- Considerations for Short-Term Access
- Considerations for Long-Term Access
- Gastroesophageal Reflux and Feeding Tubes
- Summary
- 88. Parenteral Nutrition
- Indications
- Route of Administration
- Parenteral Nutrition Components and Requirements
- Shortages
- Monitoring
- Complications
- Total Nutrient Admixtures
- Cyclic Parenteral Nutrition
- Home Parenteral Nutrition
- Monitoring The Home Parenteral Nutrition Patient
- Summary
- 89. Enteral Nutrition
- Background
- Metabolic Implications of Enteral Versus Parenteral Route
- Steps Preceding Initiation of Enteral Feeding
- An Approach to Selecting the Type of Enteral Feeding
- FAT
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Vitamins and Minerals
- Administration of Formula Feedings
- Initiation of Feeds
- Home Tube Feeding
- Families of Children With Special Behavioral Issues
- Discontinuing Enteral Feedings
- Summary
- 90. Management of Diarrhea
- Management of Acute Diarrhea
- Pharmacologic Treatments
- Management of Chronic Diarrhea
- Conclusion
- 91. Effects of Digestive Diseases on Bone Metabolism
- Introduction
- Accretion of Bone Mass and Maintenance of Bone Mass
- Bone Structure
- Peak Bone Mass
- Measurement of Bone Mass in Children
- Definition of Osteoporosis in Children
- Common Mechanisms by Which Digestive Diseases Affect Bone Mass
- Selected Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Associated with Decreased Bone Mass
- Treatment
- 92. Nutrition and Feeding for Children With Developmental Disabilities
- Cerebral Palsy
- Growth Failure and Malnutrition
- Causes of Malnutrition
- Laboratory Evaluation
- Nutritional Goals
- Obesity
- Oral Feeding Evaluation
- Conclusion
- 93. Fecal Transplant
- Introduction
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for rCDI
- Investigational Uses of Fecal Microbiota
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- Index
- No. of pages: 1218
- Language: English
- Edition: 6
- Published: October 6, 2020
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323672931
RW
Robert Wyllie
Affiliations and expertise
Chief of Medical Operations, Associate Chief of Staff, Cleveland Clinic, Professor of Pediatrics, Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OhioJH
Jeffrey S. Hyams
Affiliations and expertise
Head, Division of Digestive Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, ConnecticutMK
Marsha Kay
Affiliations and expertise
Chair, Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Director, Pediatric Endoscopy, Cleveland Clinic Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio