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Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice
- 3rd Edition - September 21, 2022
- Authors: M. S. Muthu, N Sivakumar
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 3 4 7 - 2
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 3 4 8 - 9
Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice, 3e is based on syllabi prescribed by Dental Council of India (DCI) and the book will help BDS IV year students in understanding the… Read more
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Request a sales quotePediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice, 3e is based on syllabi prescribed by Dental Council of India (DCI) and the book will help BDS IV year students in understanding the fundamental concepts and current practice trends in Pediatric Dentistry. The contents are well-structured and presented in a lucid manner making it easy for readers to comprehend the discussed text with clarity.
• Completely revised and updated, this edition is clinically oriented, supported with visual representation of step-by-step procedures that provide strong foundation of pediatric dentistry for UG dentistry students
• Comprehensive coverage of the subject for undergraduates, keeping in view the curriculum and also the latest guidelines and terminology
• Chapters on Teeth Identification, unique for this textbook, and Chronology and Morphology of Primary and Permanent Teeth will help the student in identifying dentition easily, that in turn will help in decision making process.
• Provides a thorough understanding through illustrations and explanations of problem areas on various concepts.
• Every effort has been made to make this book comprehensive for undergraduates and a platform for postgraduate students, given the changing trends in Pediatric dentistry.
• Contributors are from across the globe, including contributions from experts in each topic. The content in all the chapters is updated to help an aspiring student in current knowledge
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Foreword I
- Foreword II
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Section I: Fundamentals
- 1: Introduction to Pediatric Dentistry and Basics of Interacting With Children
- Introduction
- Pediatric Dentist's Role and Pediatric Dentistry
- Aims and Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry
- Scope of Pediatric Dentistry
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Dentistry
- History of the International Association of Pediatric Dentistry (IAPD) (50-Year Perspective)
- History of Pediatric Dentistry in India and the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry (ISPPD)
- Comprehensive or Total Patient Care
- Differences Between Pediatric Dentistry and Other Specialties
- Differences Between Child and Adult Patients
- Characteristics of an Ideal Pediatric Dentist
- Psychological Ownership and Its Role in Pediatric Dentistry (Muthu et al., 2021)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 2: History Taking, Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Initial Contact With Parents
- History Taking (Fig. 2.1)
- Examination
- Diagnosis
- Treatment Planning
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 3: Essential Pediatrics for the Pediatric Dentist
- General Examination
- Immunization Schedule in Children (Recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 4: Morphology of Primary and Permanent Teeth
- Introduction
- Morphology of Primary Teeth
- Morphology of Individual Primary Teeth
- Functions of Primary Teeth
- Clinical Significance of Morphology of Primary Teeth
- Recent Advances in the Contact Types of Primary Molars
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 5: Teeth Identification
- Introduction
- Teeth Numbering Systems (Table 5.1)
- Other Systems
- Teeth Identification Exercise
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 6: Fundamentals of Speech and Language Development
- Introduction
- Language Disorders in Children
- Disorders of Speech
- Voice Disorders in Children
- Fluency Disorders in Children
- Feeding Disorders in Children
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section II: Development of Dentition, Occlusion and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
- 7: Development of Dentition and Occlusion
- Introduction
- Development of Teeth
- Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
- Development of Occlusion
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 8: Chronology and Eruption of Primary and Permanent Teeth
- Introduction
- Chronology and Eruption of Human Dentition
- Nolla’s Stages of Tooth Development (Nolla 1952)
- Eruption and Shedding of Teeth
- Factors Influencing Eruption/Delayed Eruption
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 9: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
- Introduction
- Clinical Features
- Ultrastructure of Tooth Affected by MIH
- Management
- Preventive Care
- Restorative Care for Molars
- Restorative Care for Incisors
- Extraction of Hypomineralized FPM (First Permanent Molar)
- Guidelines
- Primary Molar Hypomineralization (PMH)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section III: Child Psychology and Basic Behavior Guidance
- 10: Child Psychology
- Introduction
- Importance of Child Psychology
- Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
- Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory or Theory of Personality Development
- Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory (Fig. 10.5)
- Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
- Operant Conditioning by BF Skinner
- Observational Learning by Albert Bandura
- Separation–Individuation Theory by Margaret S Mahler
- Theory of Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow (Fig. 10.9)
- Anxiety and Fear
- Mental and Emotional Development (Maturation) with Age and the Fears
- Stone and Church Classification of Child Development
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 11: Basic Behavior Guidance
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Behavior of Children in a Dental Setting
- Factors/Variables Influencing Behavior of Children
- Behavior Guidance
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 12: Nitrous Oxide-Inhalational Sedation
- History
- Physical Properties of Nitrous Oxide
- Pharmacokinetics
- Pharmacodynamics
- Stages of Anesthesia and Planes of Relative Analgesia
- NOIS Equipment
- Monitoring During NOIS
- Technique of Administration
- End of Sedation
- Scavenging
- Clinical Signs and Symptoms Suggestive of Adequate Sedation
- Advantages of NOIS
- Disadvantages of NOIS
- Adverse Effects
- Contraindications
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section IV: Advanced Behavior Guidance
- 13: Protective Stabilization and Hand Over the Mouth Exercise
- Protective Stabilization
- Hand Over Mouth Exercise (Fig. 13.6)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 14: General Guidelines for Sedation and General Anesthesia
- History of Sedation and Anesthesia
- Goals of Sedation and Anesthesia
- Indications for Sedation
- Classification of Sedation Techniques
- General Guidelines
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 15: Oral and Parenteral Sedation
- Oral Sedation
- Parenteral Sedation
- Other Routes of Sedation
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 16: General Anesthesia and Hospital Dentistry
- General Anesthesia
- Outpatient or Day-Care Anesthesia
- Inpatient Anesthesia
- Preanesthetic Evaluation
- Informed Consent
- Preanesthetic Preparation
- Nonpharmacological Preparation
- Pharmacological Preparation (Preanesthetic Medication)
- Anxiolysis and Sedation
- Preemptive (Preventive) Analgesia
- Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting
- Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonitis
- Anesthetic Technique
- Induction
- Maintenance
- Intraoperative Preprocedural Preparation of Patient
- Dental Treatment Under GA
- Recovery
- Postoperative Care
- Safety of GA in Children
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section V: Preventive Dentistry
- Section Va: Preventive Dentistry: Fundamentals
- 17: First Dental Visit
- Introduction
- Viewpoints From Different Countries Regarding First Dental Visit
- Goals of a First Dental Visit
- Setting Up the First Dental Visit
- Preparation of the Child for First Dental Visit by Parents
- Setting for the First Dental Visit (Fig. 17.2)
- Time of the Day to Schedule the First Dental Visit
- First Dental Visit
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 18: Principles of Preventive Dentistry
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Principles of Preventive Dentistry
- Preventive Measures
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 19: Maternal Oral Health, Prenatal and Antenatal Issues
- Introduction
- Physiology
- Dietary Needs in Pregnancy
- Oral Complications and Manifestation
- Habits During Pregnancy
- Factors Influencing Fetal Growth and Development
- Drug Administration
- Teratogens
- Radiation Considerations in Pregnancy
- Dental Chair Positioning
- Dental Management
- Hindrances to Dental Care
- High-Risk Patients
- Oral Lesions in Neonates
- Prenatal Counseling and Anticipatory Guidance
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 20: Infant Oral Health and Anticipatory Guidance
- Introduction
- Infant Oral Health
- Caries Risk Assessment in Infants and Preschoolers
- Caries-Risk Assessment Tools
- Dental Home
- Risk-Based Management Protocol
- Responsibility of Nondental Professionals
- Infant Oral Health: An Indian Perspective
- Children With Special Healthcare Needs
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 21: Plaque Control Measures in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Current Hypotheses on the Role of Plaque Bacteria in the Etiology of Dental Diseases
- Mechanical Plaque Control
- Chemical Plaque Control
- Additional Information from Other Relevant Articles (Table 21.7)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 22: Pit and Fissure Sealants
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Etiopathogenesis of Pit and Fissure Caries (Fig. 22.3)
- Patient and Tooth Selection for Sealing
- Classifications (Fig. 22.5)
- Resin-Based Sealants (RBS)
- Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) Used as Sealants
- Fissure Sealant Cycle (Fig. 22.6)
- Clinical Procedures for Sealant Placement (Fig. 22.7)
- Sealant Application and Curing
- Evaluating the Sealant
- Causes of Sealant Failure
- Sealant on Longevity of Restoration
- Clinical Consideration
- Cost-Effectiveness
- Estrogenicity
- Recent Advancements in Pit and Fissure Sealants (Fig. 22.8)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 23: Dental Health Education and School Dental Health Programs
- Introduction
- Oral Health
- Dental Health Education
- Major Components of the Educational Process (Flowchart 23.1)
- Methods of Approach (Flowchart 23.2)
- Dental Problems and Relative Need for Health Education
- Guiding Principles for Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Dental Health Education Activities and Programs
- Training of Personnel for Dental Health Education
- School Dental Health Programs/Comprehensive School Programs
- Importance of School in Promoting Oral Health
- Steps in Planning a School Dental Health Program
- School-Based Preventive Programs
- Learning and Teaching Aids for Oral Health Education
- School Dental Health Programs in Different Countries
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section Vb: Fluorides in Pediatric Dentistry
- 24: Fluorides in the Community
- Introduction
- Chemistry and Occurrence
- Fluoride Metabolism
- History of Fluoride in Dentistry
- Mechanism of Action of Fluorides
- Systemic Fluorides
- Defluoridation
- School Water Fluoridation
- Milk Fluoridation
- Salt Fluoridation
- Fluoridation of Flour
- Fluoridation of Sugar
- Fluoride Tablets
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 25: Topical Fluorides in Pediatric Dentistry
- Definition
- Silver Diamine Fluoride (Figs. 25.4)
- Mechanism of Action (Flowchart 25.4 and 25.5)
- Application Frequency
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VI: Cariology
- 26: Pathology and Epidemiology of Dental Caries
- Preview and Terminology
- Etiopathogenesis
- Role of Microbes
- Role of Dietary Sugars
- Role of Time
- Role of Host
- Role of Confounding Factors
- Role of Mineral Homeostasis (Fig. 26.6)
- Clinical Presentation
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 27: Nonoperative Management in Dental Caries
- Nonoperative Treatment
- Fundamentals of Artificial Sweeteners
- Approved Nutritive Sweeteners
- Personalized Caries Management
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 28: Diet and Nutrition
- Introduction
- Concept of Balanced Diet
- Role of Diet and Nutrition in Dental Development and Disease
- Diet Counseling
- AAPD Recommendations (Policy Statement on Infant Diet and Nutrition)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 29: Early Childhood Caries
- Introduction
- Historical Perspectives
- Currently Used Nomenclature and Drawbacks of the Previous Terminologies
- Prevalence
- Etiology of Early Childhood Caries
- Associated Risk Factors
- Dedicated Centers for Research on Early Childhood Caries
- Clinical Features
- Prevention of Early Childhood Caries
- Management of Early Childhood Caries
- Protocols From Pedo Planet Children Dental Centers and Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VII: Pediatric Operative Dentistry
- Section VIIa: Fundamentals of Pediatric Operative Dentistry
- 30: Cavity Preparation and Isolation Methods
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of Child’s Treatment Needs and Planning by Visits
- Purpose
- Fundamentals of Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
- Isolation Methods
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VIIb: Pediatric Operative Dentistry - Techniques
- 31: Conservative Adhesive Restorations
- Introduction
- Classification
- Placement Technique
- Review of Literature
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 32: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment
- Introduction
- Definitions
- History
- Concept
- Ideal Requirements
- Armamentarium
- Indications of ART
- Contraindications of ART
- Advantages of ART
- Disadvantages of ART
- ART Technique (Fig. 32.3A–G)
- Success of ART
- ART in Combination
- Cost of ART
- ART in Disabled Patients
- Monitoring ART
- Defective/Failed Restorations
- Interim Therapeutic Restoration (ITR)
- Indications
- ITR Technique
- ITR for Managing Early Childhood Caries (ECC)
- ITR vs General Anesthesia (GA)
- Success of ITR
- ART vs ITR
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 33: Hall Technique
- Introduction
- Aim
- Rationale
- Historical Perspective
- Indications of the Hall Technique
- Contraindications of Hall Technique
- Advantages of the Hall Technique
- Clinical Steps of the Hall Technique
- Steps for Hall Technique
- Studies Showing Success Rate of Hall Technique
- Concerns and Clarifications
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 34: Finishing and Polishing of Composite and GIC Restorations: Step-by-Step Approach
- Introduction
- Need for Finishing and Polishing
- Timing of Finishing and Polishing
- Constitutional vs Imparted Polish
- Wet vs Waterless Finishing and Polishing
- Technique for Finishing and Polishing a Direct Esthetic Restoration
- Armamentarium
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VIIc: Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry
- 35: Stainless Steel Crowns
- Introduction
- Classification
- Clinical Availability
- Armamentarium (Fig. 35.8)
- Tooth Preparation (Fig. 35.9)
- Crown Selection (Fig. 35.10)
- Crown Seating
- Adapting the Crown
- Finishing
- Cementation
- Stainless Steel Crown for Bruxism Patients (Croll)
- Stainless Steel Crowns for Anterior Teeth
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 36: Strip Crowns and Polycarbonate Crowns
- Strip Crowns
- Polycarbonate Crowns
- Modification
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 37: Zirconia Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Overview of Zirconia
- Dental Applications of Zirconia
- Pediatric Primary Monolithic Zirconia Crowns (Figs. 37.1 and 37.2)
- Challenging Clinical Situations
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section VIII: Pulp Therapy
- 38: Diagnosis of Pulpal Pathology in Children
- Introduction
- Attributes of Pain
- Types of Pain
- Clinical Examination
- Pulp Tests
- Radiographic Assessment
- Need for Newer Tools
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 39: Pulp Capping, Pulpotomy, and Pulpectomy in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Pulp–Dentin Complex
- Classification of Disease of Pulpal and Periapical Tissues
- Bacterial Load In Infected Pulp
- Pulp Therapy
- Recent Advances
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 40: Management of Young Permanent Teeth and Regenerative Endodontics
- Introduction
- Prevalence
- History
- Principle
- Apexogenesis
- Apexification
- Revascularization/Revitalization
- Translational Research in Pulp Regeneration
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 41: Microscopic and Rotary Endodontics
- Microscopic Pediatric Endodontics
- Rotary Endodontics
- Endodontic Motors
- Preparation Techniques
- Clinical Protocol
- Instrument Failures
- Advances in Rotary Endodontics
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section IX: Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth and Supporting Structures
- 42: Epidemiology and Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Traumatic Dental Injuries as a Public Health Problem
- Etiopathogenesis and Prognostic Determinants of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- International Association of Dental Traumatology, Indian Society of Dental Traumatology, and Clinical Decision Support Tool
- Prevention of Dental Trauma
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 43: Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Patient Instructions
- Adverse Prognostic Indicators and Healing Complications
- Long-Term Sequelae to TDIs of Primary Dentition
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 44: Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries of Permanent Teeth
- Introduction
- Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injury
- Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
- Patient Instructions
- Splinting of Traumatized Teeth
- Ideal Requisites of Flexible Splinting
- Types of Splints
- Splinting Periods
- Splint Removal
- Adverse Prognostic Indicators and Healing Complications
- Combination TDIs: The Dental Trauma Triage
- International Association of Dental Traumatology, Indian Society of Dental Traumatology, and Clinical Decision Support Tool
- Prevention of TDI
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 45: Current Concepts in Management of Avulsion
- Avulsion in Permanent Teeth
- Avulsion of Primary Teeth
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 46: Sports Dentistry for Children and Adolescents
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Prevalence of Sports-Related Traumatic Injuries
- Discussion of Risk Factors for Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries in Young Athletes (Children and Adolescents)
- Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries Prevention Programs in India and Other Foreign Countries
- Protective Equipment for Prevention of Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries
- Management of Sport-Related Injuries
- Roles of a General Dentist or Pediatric Dentist as a Sports Dentist
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section X: Pediatric Orthodontics
- 47: Growth and Development
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Bones of the Craniofacial Region
- Types of Ossification
- Mechanisms of Bone Growth
- Factors Affecting Growth and Development
- Basic Concepts
- Differential Growth
- Craniofacial Growth Theories
- Fundamentals of Growth and Development
- Mandibular Growth Based on Functional Matrix Hypothesis
- Methods of Assessing Maturity
- Methods of Studying Bone Growth
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Question
- 48: Diagnosis of Orthodontic Problems in Children
- Introduction to Orthodontics
- Orthodontic Diagnosis in Growing Patient
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 49: Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics
- Introduction
- Preventive and Interceptive Procedures During Primary Dentition and Early Mixed Dentition
- Orthodontic Problems in Primary Dentition
- Problems Encountered in Mixed Dentition
- Orthodontic Problems in Mixed Dentition—Dental Problems
- Choice of Removable or Fixed Treatment Therapy for Interceptive Orthodontics
- Skeletal Problems in Mixed Dentition (Flowchart 49.5)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 50: Space Maintainers and Regainers
- Introduction
- Space Maintainer Armamentarium
- Fabrication of a Space Maintainers
- Recent Advances
- Bonded Space Maintainers
- Instructions to Child Following Placement of a Space Maintainer
- Try-in and Cementation
- Space Regainers
- Contributing Factors to Space Loss
- Considerations for Space Regainers
- Diagnostic Aids
- Recent Advances in Diagnostic Aids
- Classification of Space Regainers
- Space Regainer Devices
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 51: Oral Habits
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Classification of Habits
- Normal and Abnormal Habits
- General Etiology of Oral Habits
- Fundamentals in Management of Oral Habits
- Management
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 52: Myofunctional Therapy and Orthotropics
- Orofacial Musculature
- Development of Orofacial Functions
- Development of Malfunctions
- Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis of Orofacial Functions
- Orofacial Functional Myotherapy (OFM)
- Oral Exercises
- Appliance Therapy
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 53: Newer Orthodontic Treatments
- Introduction to Newer Concepts
- New Appliances—Biobloc, RAMPA, and Kahn-Bow
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XI: Children With Special Health Care Needs and Medical Emergencies
- Section XIa: Children With Special Health Care Needs
- 54: Dental Care for Children With Special Health Care Needs
- Introduction
- Design of Dental Office (Fig. 54.1)
- Fundamentals of Management
- Protective Stabilization (Physical Restraints or Treatment Immobilization)
- Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD)
- Vision Impairment
- Hearing Loss
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Cerebral Palsy (CP)
- Children With Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) and Dental General Anesthesia (DGA)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 55: Management of Medically Compromised Children
- Introduction
- Respiratory Diseases
- Heart Diseases
- Rheumatic Fever
- Renal Disorders
- Seizures
- Endocrine Disorders
- Hemoglobinopathies
- Hemophilia
- Von Willebrand Disease
- Platelet Disorders
- Hepatitis
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
- Malignancies in Children
- Fragile X Syndrome
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 56: Cleft Lip and Palate Management
- Introduction
- Incidence and Prevalence
- Presence of a Syndrome and CLP
- Etiology and Risk Factors
- Facial Growth in Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP)
- Classification of Cleft Lip and Palate (Table 56.1)
- Comparison of Classification (Table 56.2)
- Responsibilities of a Pediatric Dentist Toward Cleft Care in Children
- Birth to 3 Months
- 3 Months to 3 Years
- 3–6 Years (The Golden Period of Speech and Dental Care)
- 6–9 Years
- 9–12 Years
- 12 Years Onward
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 57: Presurgical Nasoalveolar Moulding (PNAM)
- Introduction
- Pathologic Anatomy of Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
- Background of PNAM
- Objectives of PNAM
- Specific Treatment and Techniques
- Complications With PNAM
- Outcomes of PNAM
- Benefits and Limitations of PNAM
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIb: Medical Emergencies
- 58: Medical and Dental Emergencies in the Dental Office
- Introduction
- Basic Life Support
- Common Emergencies Encountered in Dental Clinics
- Management During an Emergency
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XII: Interdisciplinary Pediatric Dentistry
- Section XIIa: Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- 59: Introduction to Local Anesthesia
- Introduction
- Fundamentals of Nerve Supply to Primary Teeth
- Fundamentals of Local Anesthetics (LAs)
- Alternative Local Anesthetic Techniques
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 60: TeDiE Technique—Injecting the Innocent
- Introduction
- Procedures in the TeDiE Technique
- Discussion
- Overcoming the Fear of the Word “Injection”
- Overcoming the Fear of the “Sight” of Syringes or Needles (Flowchart 60.1)
- Overcoming the Child’s Fear of the Injection Process
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 61: Tooth Extraction Techniques in Children
- Definition of Extraction
- Types
- Steps in Pediatric Tooth Extraction
- Extraction Technique of Erupted Teeth
- Management of Unerupted and Impacted Teeth (Also Refer Chapter 62)
- Management of Supernumerary, Natal, and Neonatal Teeth (Also Refer Chapter 62)
- Postoperative Instructions and Medications
- Complications
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 62: Minor Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Assessing a Child for a Surgical Procedure Including an Extraction
- Removal of Fractured Primary Teeth (in the Presence of Succeeding Adult Teeth)
- Management of Ankylosed Primary Teeth
- Surgical Exposure of the Teeth/Canines
- Removal of the Supernumerary Teeth
- Tongue-Tie
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIIb: Prosthodontics
- 63: Prosthodontic Considerations for Children and Adolescents
- Introduction
- Consequences of Premature Tooth Loss
- Benefits of Restoration of Missing Teeth
- Restoration of Single Tooth
- Tooth Preparation (Flowchart 63.1)
- Restoration of Multiple Teeth
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 64: Dental Implants in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Definition
- Classification
- Advantages of Implants in Children and Adolescents
- Concerns Regarding Growth and Development in a Growing Patient
- Factors to Be Considered
- Application of Implants in Pediatric Dentistry
- Future Prospects
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIIc: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
- 65: Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Treatment Considerations
- Introduction
- Reactive Lesions
- Cysts
- Soft Tissue Pathology
- Benign Tumors
- Malignant Tumors
- Bone Pathology
- Salivary Gland Pathology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms
- Miscellaneous Pathology
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIId: Periodontology
- 66: Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children and Adolescents
- Introduction
- Normal Gingiva and Periodontium
- Physiologic Gingival Changes in Children
- Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases
- Acute Gingival Disease
- Gingival Disease Modified by Systemic Factors
- Allergy and Gingival Inflammation
- Periodontal Diseases
- Systemic Disorders Associated With Periodontitis
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIIe: Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse
- 67: Forensic Odontology
- Introduction
- Role of Forensic Odontology
- Identification
- Age Estimation
- Bite Marks
- Cheiloscopy
- Rugoscopy
- Disaster Victim Identification
- Tongue Prints
- Tooth Prints
- Role of Pedodontist in Forensic Odontology
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 68: Child Abuse and Neglect
- Introduction
- Terminologies
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Types of Child Maltreatment
- Sexual Abuse
- Bite Mark
- Emotional or Psychological Abuse
- Neglect
- Identification and Assessment of Child Maltreatment in the Dental Office
- Assessment of an Abused Child
- Barriers to Reporting
- Background of Existing Child Protection Services in India
- Prevention of Child Maltreatment
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIII: Research Methodology
- 69: Fundamental of Biostatistics
- Definitions of Biostatistics
- What Is Data?
- Types of Data
- Collection of Data
- Presentation of Data
- Reliability, Validity, and Reproducibility
- Measures of Central Tendency
- Measures of Dispersion/Measures of Variability/Measures of Variation or Scatter
- Normal Distribution and Normal Curve (Fig. 69.10)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 70: Study Designs
- Introduction
- What Is Epidemiology?
- Getting to Know the Research Designs
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 71: Tests of Significance
- Introduction
- Definition
- Hypothesis
- Type of Hypothesis
- Testing of Hypothesis
- Types of Errors
- Fixation of Level of Significance
- Critical Region or Rejection Region
- Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Test
- Standard Error
- Degree of Freedom
- P Value
- Different Tests of Significance
- Nonparametric Tests
- Correlation
- Regression
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 72: Introduction to Systematic Reviews
- Introduction
- Historical Perspectives
- What is a Systematic Review?
- Cochrane Reviews
- How to Carry Out a Systematic Review?
- Appraisal of the Systematic Review
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XIV: Advanced Pediatric Dentistry
- 73: Dental Bleaching for Children and Adolescents
- Introduction
- Rationale for Primary Teeth Whitening
- Reasons for Tooth Discoloration
- Safety Considerations
- Contraindications for Bleaching
- Bleaching Modalities for Children and Adolescents
- Vital Bleaching
- Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products
- Nonvital Bleaching
- Bleaching and Restorations
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 74: Temporomandibular Disorders in Children
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Definition and Classification of TMDs
- Prevalence of TMDs in Children
- Examination of a Child With TMD
- Diagnostic Aids
- Management Strategies for TMJ Disorders
- Recent Trends
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 75: Stem Cells in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Types of Stem Cells
- Dental Stem Cells
- Properties of Stem Cells
- Tissue Engineering
- Clinical Applications
- Stem Cell Banking
- Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 76: Fundamentals of Dental Photography
- Introduction
- Parts of a DSLR Camera
- Basic DSLR Settings for Dental Photography
- Armamentarium for Clinical Photography
- Visualization
- Photographing Small Objects/Specimens
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 77: Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- History and Background
- Laser–Tissue Interactions
- Modes of Laser Use
- Erbium Laser Family
- Nd:YAG Laser
- Diode Lasers
- Design of Diode Lasers
- Surgical Delivery System
- Surgical Applications of Soft Tissue Lasers
- Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Section XV: Miscellaneous
- 78: Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Zinc Oxide Eugenol
- Calcium Hydroxide
- Silver Amalgam
- Glass Ionomer Cements
- Composite Resins
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 79: Radiology in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Introduction to Radiation Physics
- Other Techniques
- Object Localization Procedures (Fig. 79.11A and B)
- Digital Radiography
- Specialized Radiographic Techniques
- Modified Projection Techniques
- Guidelines for Prescribing Radiographs (Nowak et al.)
- Objectives While Taking Radiographs for Children
- General Guidelines for X-ray Hazard Reduction
- Basic Principles of Radiographic Interpretation
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 80: Indices Used in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Definitions
- Rationale/Objective of Indices
- Prerequisites for an Ideal Index
- Criteria for Ideal Index
- Application of Indices
- Classification of Indices
- Choosing an Index
- Indices
- Indices Used for Oral Hygiene Assessment
- Indices Used to Measure Plaque and Debris
- Indices Used for Assessment of Gingival Diseases
- Indices Used for Assessment of Dental Caries
- Pulpal Involvement–Roots–Sepsis Index
- The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment Index
- Significant Caries Index (SiC Index)
- Indexes Used for Dental Fluorosis
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 81: Genetics in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- Fundamentals of Genetics
- Human Genome Project
- International HapMap Project
- Twin Studies
- Genes Regulating Tooth Development
- Genes Regulating Tooth Eruption
- Genes Affecting Susceptibility to Early Childhood Caries
- Genes Affecting Susceptibility to Periodontal Disease
- Genes Affecting Malocclusion
- Genes Affecting Oral Clefting
- Precision Medicine and Precision Dentistry
- Genome Editing and Gene Therapy
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 82: Adolescence and Adolescent Dentistry
- Introduction
- Puberty and Sexuality
- The Myth of Adolescent Turmoil
- Social Relations
- Occupational Choice
- Adulthood
- Family Preparation for Adolescence Health Supervision
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-Assessment Questions
- 83: Drugs Used in Pediatric Dentistry
- Introduction
- Principles of Drug Therapy in Children
- Antibiotics
- Analgesics
- Prescription Writing
- Abbreviations Used in Prescription Writing
- Prescribing Guidance
- Calculation of Drug Dosage
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 84: Practice Management in Pediatric Dentistry
- Need for Practice Management
- Introduction
- SWOT Analysis
- Name
- Location
- Hoarding/Display
- Finances
- Team
- Dental Practices
- Space and Layout
- Ambience
- Working Hours
- Professional Ethics
- Dental Practice Management Software and Applications (apps)
- Time Management
- Marketing
- Communication Skills
- Willingness to Change and the Pursuit of Constant Innovation
- First Mover Concept
- Segmentation
- Keeping It Simple and Fun
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 85: Dental Auxiliaries and Ergonomics
- Introduction
- Dental Auxiliaries
- Ergonomics
- Recommendations
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- 86: Infection Control
- Introduction
- Rationale
- Infection Control Practices
- Sterilization Techniques and Monitoring
- Chemicals Used for Disinfection
- Infection Control Team
- Record Keeping and Manual for Infection Control
- Conclusion
- Suggested Reading
- Self-assessment Questions
- Index
- No. of pages: 1122
- Language: English
- Edition: 3
- Published: September 21, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier India
- Paperback ISBN: 9788131253472
- eBook ISBN: 9788131253489