Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice

3rd Edition - September 21, 2022
Authors: M. S. Muthu, N Sivakumar
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 3 4 7 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 8 1 - 3 1 2 - 5 3 4 8 - 9

Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice, 3e is based on syllabi prescribed by Dental Council of India (DCI) and the book will help BDS IV year students in understanding the… Read more

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Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice, 3e is based on syllabi prescribed by Dental Council of India (DCI) and the book will help BDS IV year students in understanding the fundamental concepts and current practice trends in Pediatric Dentistry. The contents are well-structured and presented in a lucid manner making it easy for readers to comprehend the discussed text with clarity.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword I
Foreword II
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Section I: Fundamentals
1: Introduction to Pediatric Dentistry and Basics of Interacting With Children
Introduction
Pediatric Dentist's Role and Pediatric Dentistry
Aims and Objectives of Pediatric Dentistry
Scope of Pediatric Dentistry
Interdisciplinary Pediatric Dentistry
History of the International Association of Pediatric Dentistry (IAPD) (50-Year Perspective)
History of Pediatric Dentistry in India and the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry (ISPPD)
Comprehensive or Total Patient Care
Differences Between Pediatric Dentistry and Other Specialties
Differences Between Child and Adult Patients
Characteristics of an Ideal Pediatric Dentist
Psychological Ownership and Its Role in Pediatric Dentistry (Muthu et al., 2021)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
2: History Taking, Examination, Diagnosis, and Treatment Planning in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Initial Contact With Parents
History Taking (Fig. 2.1)
Examination
Diagnosis
Treatment Planning
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
3: Essential Pediatrics for the Pediatric Dentist
General Examination
Immunization Schedule in Children (Recommended by the Indian Academy of Pediatrics)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
4: Morphology of Primary and Permanent Teeth
Introduction
Morphology of Primary Teeth
Morphology of Individual Primary Teeth
Functions of Primary Teeth
Clinical Significance of Morphology of Primary Teeth
Recent Advances in the Contact Types of Primary Molars
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
5: Teeth Identification
Introduction
Teeth Numbering Systems (Table 5.1)
Other Systems
Teeth Identification Exercise
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
6: Fundamentals of Speech and Language Development
Introduction
Language Disorders in Children
Disorders of Speech
Voice Disorders in Children
Fluency Disorders in Children
Feeding Disorders in Children
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section II: Development of Dentition, Occlusion and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
7: Development of Dentition and Occlusion
Introduction
Development of Teeth
Developmental Anomalies of Teeth
Development of Occlusion
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
8: Chronology and Eruption of Primary and Permanent Teeth
Introduction
Chronology and Eruption of Human Dentition
Nolla’s Stages of Tooth Development (Nolla 1952)
Eruption and Shedding of Teeth
Factors Influencing Eruption/Delayed Eruption
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
9: Molar Incisor Hypomineralization
Introduction
Clinical Features
Ultrastructure of Tooth Affected by MIH
Management
Preventive Care
Restorative Care for Molars
Restorative Care for Incisors
Extraction of Hypomineralized FPM (First Permanent Molar)
Guidelines
Primary Molar Hypomineralization (PMH)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section III: Child Psychology and Basic Behavior Guidance
10: Child Psychology
Introduction
Importance of Child Psychology
Freud’s Psychodynamic Theory
Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory or Theory of Personality Development
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory (Fig. 10.5)
Classical Conditioning by Ivan Pavlov
Operant Conditioning by BF Skinner
Observational Learning by Albert Bandura
Separation–Individuation Theory by Margaret S Mahler
Theory of Hierarchy of Needs by Abraham Maslow (Fig. 10.9)
Anxiety and Fear
Mental and Emotional Development (Maturation) with Age and the Fears
Stone and Church Classification of Child Development
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
11: Basic Behavior Guidance
Introduction
Definitions
Behavior of Children in a Dental Setting
Factors/Variables Influencing Behavior of Children
Behavior Guidance
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
12: Nitrous Oxide-Inhalational Sedation
History
Physical Properties of Nitrous Oxide
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Stages of Anesthesia and Planes of Relative Analgesia
NOIS Equipment
Monitoring During NOIS
Technique of Administration
End of Sedation
Scavenging
Clinical Signs and Symptoms Suggestive of Adequate Sedation
Advantages of NOIS
Disadvantages of NOIS
Adverse Effects
Contraindications
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section IV: Advanced Behavior Guidance
13: Protective Stabilization and Hand Over the Mouth Exercise
Protective Stabilization
Hand Over Mouth Exercise (Fig. 13.6)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
14: General Guidelines for Sedation and General Anesthesia
History of Sedation and Anesthesia
Goals of Sedation and Anesthesia
Indications for Sedation
Classification of Sedation Techniques
General Guidelines
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
15: Oral and Parenteral Sedation
Oral Sedation
Parenteral Sedation
Other Routes of Sedation
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
16: General Anesthesia and Hospital Dentistry
General Anesthesia
Outpatient or Day-Care Anesthesia
Inpatient Anesthesia
Preanesthetic Evaluation
Informed Consent
Preanesthetic Preparation
Nonpharmacological Preparation
Pharmacological Preparation (Preanesthetic Medication)
Anxiolysis and Sedation
Preemptive (Preventive) Analgesia
Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting
Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonitis
Anesthetic Technique
Induction
Maintenance
Intraoperative Preprocedural Preparation of Patient
Dental Treatment Under GA
Recovery
Postoperative Care
Safety of GA in Children
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section V: Preventive Dentistry
Section Va: Preventive Dentistry: Fundamentals
17: First Dental Visit
Introduction
Viewpoints From Different Countries Regarding First Dental Visit
Goals of a First Dental Visit
Setting Up the First Dental Visit
Preparation of the Child for First Dental Visit by Parents
Setting for the First Dental Visit (Fig. 17.2)
Time of the Day to Schedule the First Dental Visit
First Dental Visit
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
18: Principles of Preventive Dentistry
Introduction
Definitions
Principles of Preventive Dentistry
Preventive Measures
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
19: Maternal Oral Health, Prenatal and Antenatal Issues
Introduction
Physiology
Dietary Needs in Pregnancy
Oral Complications and Manifestation
Habits During Pregnancy
Factors Influencing Fetal Growth and Development
Drug Administration
Teratogens
Radiation Considerations in Pregnancy
Dental Chair Positioning
Dental Management
Hindrances to Dental Care
High-Risk Patients
Oral Lesions in Neonates
Prenatal Counseling and Anticipatory Guidance
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
20: Infant Oral Health and Anticipatory Guidance
Introduction
Infant Oral Health
Caries Risk Assessment in Infants and Preschoolers
Caries-Risk Assessment Tools
Dental Home
Risk-Based Management Protocol
Responsibility of Nondental Professionals
Infant Oral Health: An Indian Perspective
Children With Special Healthcare Needs
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
21: Plaque Control Measures in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Current Hypotheses on the Role of Plaque Bacteria in the Etiology of Dental Diseases
Mechanical Plaque Control
Chemical Plaque Control
Additional Information from Other Relevant Articles (Table 21.7)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
22: Pit and Fissure Sealants
Introduction
Definitions
Etiopathogenesis of Pit and Fissure Caries (Fig. 22.3)
Patient and Tooth Selection for Sealing
Classifications (Fig. 22.5)
Resin-Based Sealants (RBS)
Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) Used as Sealants
Fissure Sealant Cycle (Fig. 22.6)
Clinical Procedures for Sealant Placement (Fig. 22.7)
Sealant Application and Curing
Evaluating the Sealant
Causes of Sealant Failure
Sealant on Longevity of Restoration
Clinical Consideration
Cost-Effectiveness
Estrogenicity
Recent Advancements in Pit and Fissure Sealants (Fig. 22.8)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
23: Dental Health Education and School Dental Health Programs
Introduction
Oral Health
Dental Health Education
Major Components of the Educational Process (Flowchart 23.1)
Methods of Approach (Flowchart 23.2)
Dental Problems and Relative Need for Health Education
Guiding Principles for Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Dental Health Education Activities and Programs
Training of Personnel for Dental Health Education
School Dental Health Programs/Comprehensive School Programs
Importance of School in Promoting Oral Health
Steps in Planning a School Dental Health Program
School-Based Preventive Programs
Learning and Teaching Aids for Oral Health Education
School Dental Health Programs in Different Countries
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section Vb: Fluorides in Pediatric Dentistry
24: Fluorides in the Community
Introduction
Chemistry and Occurrence
Fluoride Metabolism
History of Fluoride in Dentistry
Mechanism of Action of Fluorides
Systemic Fluorides
Defluoridation
School Water Fluoridation
Milk Fluoridation
Salt Fluoridation
Fluoridation of Flour
Fluoridation of Sugar
Fluoride Tablets
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
25: Topical Fluorides in Pediatric Dentistry
Definition
Silver Diamine Fluoride (Figs. 25.4)
Mechanism of Action (Flowchart 25.4 and 25.5)
Application Frequency
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section VI: Cariology
26: Pathology and Epidemiology of Dental Caries
Preview and Terminology
Etiopathogenesis
Role of Microbes
Role of Dietary Sugars
Role of Time
Role of Host
Role of Confounding Factors
Role of Mineral Homeostasis (Fig. 26.6)
Clinical Presentation
Classification
Epidemiology
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
27: Nonoperative Management in Dental Caries
Nonoperative Treatment
Fundamentals of Artificial Sweeteners
Approved Nutritive Sweeteners
Personalized Caries Management
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
28: Diet and Nutrition
Introduction
Concept of Balanced Diet
Role of Diet and Nutrition in Dental Development and Disease
Diet Counseling
AAPD Recommendations (Policy Statement on Infant Diet and Nutrition)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
29: Early Childhood Caries
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Currently Used Nomenclature and Drawbacks of the Previous Terminologies
Prevalence
Etiology of Early Childhood Caries
Associated Risk Factors
Dedicated Centers for Research on Early Childhood Caries
Clinical Features
Prevention of Early Childhood Caries
Management of Early Childhood Caries
Protocols From Pedo Planet Children Dental Centers and Centre for Early Childhood Caries Research
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section VII: Pediatric Operative Dentistry
Section VIIa: Fundamentals of Pediatric Operative Dentistry
30: Cavity Preparation and Isolation Methods
Introduction
Diagnosis of Child’s Treatment Needs and Planning by Visits
Purpose
Fundamentals of Cavity Preparation in Primary Teeth
Isolation Methods
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section VIIb: Pediatric Operative Dentistry - Techniques
31: Conservative Adhesive Restorations
Introduction
Classification
Placement Technique
Review of Literature
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
32: Atraumatic Restorative Treatment
Introduction
Definitions
History
Concept
Ideal Requirements
Armamentarium
Indications of ART
Contraindications of ART
Advantages of ART
Disadvantages of ART
ART Technique (Fig. 32.3A–G)
Success of ART
ART in Combination
Cost of ART
ART in Disabled Patients
Monitoring ART
Defective/Failed Restorations
Interim Therapeutic Restoration (ITR)
Indications
ITR Technique
ITR for Managing Early Childhood Caries (ECC)
ITR vs General Anesthesia (GA)
Success of ITR
ART vs ITR
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
33: Hall Technique
Introduction
Aim
Rationale
Historical Perspective
Indications of the Hall Technique
Contraindications of Hall Technique
Advantages of the Hall Technique
Clinical Steps of the Hall Technique
Steps for Hall Technique
Studies Showing Success Rate of Hall Technique
Concerns and Clarifications
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
34: Finishing and Polishing of Composite and GIC Restorations: Step-by-Step Approach
Introduction
Need for Finishing and Polishing
Timing of Finishing and Polishing
Constitutional vs Imparted Polish
Wet vs Waterless Finishing and Polishing
Technique for Finishing and Polishing a Direct Esthetic Restoration
Armamentarium
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section VIIc: Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry
35: Stainless Steel Crowns
Introduction
Classification
Clinical Availability
Armamentarium (Fig. 35.8)
Tooth Preparation (Fig. 35.9)
Crown Selection (Fig. 35.10)
Crown Seating
Adapting the Crown
Finishing
Cementation
Stainless Steel Crown for Bruxism Patients (Croll)
Stainless Steel Crowns for Anterior Teeth
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
36: Strip Crowns and Polycarbonate Crowns
Strip Crowns
Polycarbonate Crowns
Modification
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
37: Zirconia Crowns in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Overview of Zirconia
Dental Applications of Zirconia
Pediatric Primary Monolithic Zirconia Crowns (Figs. 37.1 and 37.2)
Challenging Clinical Situations
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section VIII: Pulp Therapy
38: Diagnosis of Pulpal Pathology in Children
Introduction
Attributes of Pain
Types of Pain
Clinical Examination
Pulp Tests
Radiographic Assessment
Need for Newer Tools
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
39: Pulp Capping, Pulpotomy, and Pulpectomy in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Pulp–Dentin Complex
Classification of Disease of Pulpal and Periapical Tissues
Bacterial Load In Infected Pulp
Pulp Therapy
Recent Advances
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
40: Management of Young Permanent Teeth and Regenerative Endodontics
Introduction
Prevalence
History
Principle
Apexogenesis
Apexification
Revascularization/Revitalization
Translational Research in Pulp Regeneration
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
41: Microscopic and Rotary Endodontics
Microscopic Pediatric Endodontics
Rotary Endodontics
Endodontic Motors
Preparation Techniques
Clinical Protocol
Instrument Failures
Advances in Rotary Endodontics
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section IX: Traumatic Injuries to the Teeth and Supporting Structures
42: Epidemiology and Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Introduction
Epidemiology of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Traumatic Dental Injuries as a Public Health Problem
Etiopathogenesis and Prognostic Determinants of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Classification of Traumatic Dental Injuries
International Association of Dental Traumatology, Indian Society of Dental Traumatology, and Clinical Decision Support Tool
Prevention of Dental Trauma
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
43: Diagnosis and Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Primary Dentition
Introduction
Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Patient Instructions
Adverse Prognostic Indicators and Healing Complications
Long-Term Sequelae to TDIs of Primary Dentition
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
44: Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries of Permanent Teeth
Introduction
Diagnosis of Traumatic Dental Injury
Management of Traumatic Dental Injuries
Patient Instructions
Splinting of Traumatized Teeth
Ideal Requisites of Flexible Splinting
Types of Splints
Splinting Periods
Splint Removal
Adverse Prognostic Indicators and Healing Complications
Combination TDIs: The Dental Trauma Triage
International Association of Dental Traumatology, Indian Society of Dental Traumatology, and Clinical Decision Support Tool
Prevention of TDI
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
45: Current Concepts in Management of Avulsion
Avulsion in Permanent Teeth
Avulsion of Primary Teeth
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
46: Sports Dentistry for Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Epidemiology and Prevalence of Sports-Related Traumatic Injuries
Discussion of Risk Factors for Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries in Young Athletes (Children and Adolescents)
Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries Prevention Programs in India and Other Foreign Countries
Protective Equipment for Prevention of Sports-Related Dentofacial Injuries
Management of Sport-Related Injuries
Roles of a General Dentist or Pediatric Dentist as a Sports Dentist
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section X: Pediatric Orthodontics
47: Growth and Development
Introduction
Definitions
Bones of the Craniofacial Region
Types of Ossification
Mechanisms of Bone Growth
Factors Affecting Growth and Development
Basic Concepts
Differential Growth
Craniofacial Growth Theories
Fundamentals of Growth and Development
Mandibular Growth Based on Functional Matrix Hypothesis
Methods of Assessing Maturity
Methods of Studying Bone Growth
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Question
48: Diagnosis of Orthodontic Problems in Children
Introduction to Orthodontics
Orthodontic Diagnosis in Growing Patient
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
49: Preventive and Interceptive Orthodontics
Introduction
Preventive and Interceptive Procedures During Primary Dentition and Early Mixed Dentition
Orthodontic Problems in Primary Dentition
Problems Encountered in Mixed Dentition
Orthodontic Problems in Mixed Dentition—Dental Problems
Choice of Removable or Fixed Treatment Therapy for Interceptive Orthodontics
Skeletal Problems in Mixed Dentition (Flowchart 49.5)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
50: Space Maintainers and Regainers
Introduction
Space Maintainer Armamentarium
Fabrication of a Space Maintainers
Recent Advances
Bonded Space Maintainers
Instructions to Child Following Placement of a Space Maintainer
Try-in and Cementation
Space Regainers
Contributing Factors to Space Loss
Considerations for Space Regainers
Diagnostic Aids
Recent Advances in Diagnostic Aids
Classification of Space Regainers
Space Regainer Devices
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
51: Oral Habits
Introduction
Definitions
Classification of Habits
Normal and Abnormal Habits
General Etiology of Oral Habits
Fundamentals in Management of Oral Habits
Management
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
52: Myofunctional Therapy and Orthotropics
Orofacial Musculature
Development of Orofacial Functions
Development of Malfunctions
Clinical Evaluation and Diagnosis of Orofacial Functions
Orofacial Functional Myotherapy (OFM)
Oral Exercises
Appliance Therapy
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
53: Newer Orthodontic Treatments
Introduction to Newer Concepts
New Appliances—Biobloc, RAMPA, and Kahn-Bow
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XI: Children With Special Health Care Needs and Medical Emergencies
Section XIa: Children With Special Health Care Needs
54: Dental Care for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Introduction
Design of Dental Office (Fig. 54.1)
Fundamentals of Management
Protective Stabilization (Physical Restraints or Treatment Immobilization)
Intellectual and Developmental Disability (IDD)
Vision Impairment
Hearing Loss
Autism Spectrum Disorders
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Children With Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) and Dental General Anesthesia (DGA)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
55: Management of Medically Compromised Children
Introduction
Respiratory Diseases
Heart Diseases
Rheumatic Fever
Renal Disorders
Seizures
Endocrine Disorders
Hemoglobinopathies
Hemophilia
Von Willebrand Disease
Platelet Disorders
Hepatitis
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Malignancies in Children
Fragile X Syndrome
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
56: Cleft Lip and Palate Management
Introduction
Incidence and Prevalence
Presence of a Syndrome and CLP
Etiology and Risk Factors
Facial Growth in Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP)
Classification of Cleft Lip and Palate (Table 56.1)
Comparison of Classification (Table 56.2)
Responsibilities of a Pediatric Dentist Toward Cleft Care in Children
Birth to 3 Months
3 Months to 3 Years
3–6 Years (The Golden Period of Speech and Dental Care)
6–9 Years
9–12 Years
12 Years Onward
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
57: Presurgical Nasoalveolar Moulding (PNAM)
Introduction
Pathologic Anatomy of Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Background of PNAM
Objectives of PNAM
Specific Treatment and Techniques
Complications With PNAM
Outcomes of PNAM
Benefits and Limitations of PNAM
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIb: Medical Emergencies
58: Medical and Dental Emergencies in the Dental Office
Introduction
Basic Life Support
Common Emergencies Encountered in Dental Clinics
Management During an Emergency
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XII: Interdisciplinary Pediatric Dentistry
Section XIIa: Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
59: Introduction to Local Anesthesia
Introduction
Fundamentals of Nerve Supply to Primary Teeth
Fundamentals of Local Anesthetics (LAs)
Alternative Local Anesthetic Techniques
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
60: TeDiE Technique—Injecting the Innocent
Introduction
Procedures in the TeDiE Technique
Discussion
Overcoming the Fear of the Word “Injection”
Overcoming the Fear of the “Sight” of Syringes or Needles (Flowchart 60.1)
Overcoming the Child’s Fear of the Injection Process
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
61: Tooth Extraction Techniques in Children
Definition of Extraction
Types
Steps in Pediatric Tooth Extraction
Extraction Technique of Erupted Teeth
Management of Unerupted and Impacted Teeth (Also Refer Chapter 62)
Management of Supernumerary, Natal, and Neonatal Teeth (Also Refer Chapter 62)
Postoperative Instructions and Medications
Complications
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
62: Minor Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Assessing a Child for a Surgical Procedure Including an Extraction
Removal of Fractured Primary Teeth (in the Presence of Succeeding Adult Teeth)
Management of Ankylosed Primary Teeth
Surgical Exposure of the Teeth/Canines
Removal of the Supernumerary Teeth
Tongue-Tie
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIIb: Prosthodontics
63: Prosthodontic Considerations for Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Consequences of Premature Tooth Loss
Benefits of Restoration of Missing Teeth
Restoration of Single Tooth
Tooth Preparation (Flowchart 63.1)
Restoration of Multiple Teeth
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
64: Dental Implants in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Definition
Classification
Advantages of Implants in Children and Adolescents
Concerns Regarding Growth and Development in a Growing Patient
Factors to Be Considered
Application of Implants in Pediatric Dentistry
Future Prospects
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIIc: Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
65: Pediatric Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Treatment Considerations
Introduction
Reactive Lesions
Cysts
Soft Tissue Pathology
Benign Tumors
Malignant Tumors
Bone Pathology
Salivary Gland Pathology
Salivary Gland Neoplasms
Miscellaneous Pathology
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIId: Periodontology
66: Gingival and Periodontal Diseases in Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Normal Gingiva and Periodontium
Physiologic Gingival Changes in Children
Dental Plaque-Induced Gingival Diseases
Acute Gingival Disease
Gingival Disease Modified by Systemic Factors
Allergy and Gingival Inflammation
Periodontal Diseases
Systemic Disorders Associated With Periodontitis
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIIe: Forensic Odontology and Child Abuse
67: Forensic Odontology
Introduction
Role of Forensic Odontology
Identification
Age Estimation
Bite Marks
Cheiloscopy
Rugoscopy
Disaster Victim Identification
Tongue Prints
Tooth Prints
Role of Pedodontist in Forensic Odontology
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
68: Child Abuse and Neglect
Introduction
Terminologies
Prevalence
Risk Factors
Types of Child Maltreatment
Sexual Abuse
Bite Mark
Emotional or Psychological Abuse
Neglect
Identification and Assessment of Child Maltreatment in the Dental Office
Assessment of an Abused Child
Barriers to Reporting
Background of Existing Child Protection Services in India
Prevention of Child Maltreatment
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIII: Research Methodology
69: Fundamental of Biostatistics
Definitions of Biostatistics
What Is Data?
Types of Data
Collection of Data
Presentation of Data
Reliability, Validity, and Reproducibility
Measures of Central Tendency
Measures of Dispersion/Measures of Variability/Measures of Variation or Scatter
Normal Distribution and Normal Curve (Fig. 69.10)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
70: Study Designs
Introduction
What Is Epidemiology?
Getting to Know the Research Designs
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
71: Tests of Significance
Introduction
Definition
Hypothesis
Type of Hypothesis
Testing of Hypothesis
Types of Errors
Fixation of Level of Significance
Critical Region or Rejection Region
Two-Tailed and One-Tailed Test
Standard Error
Degree of Freedom
P Value
Different Tests of Significance
Nonparametric Tests
Correlation
Regression
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
72: Introduction to Systematic Reviews
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
What is a Systematic Review?
Cochrane Reviews
How to Carry Out a Systematic Review?
Appraisal of the Systematic Review
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XIV: Advanced Pediatric Dentistry
73: Dental Bleaching for Children and Adolescents
Introduction
Rationale for Primary Teeth Whitening
Reasons for Tooth Discoloration
Safety Considerations
Contraindications for Bleaching
Bleaching Modalities for Children and Adolescents
Vital Bleaching
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Products
Nonvital Bleaching
Bleaching and Restorations
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
74: Temporomandibular Disorders in Children
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Definition and Classification of TMDs
Prevalence of TMDs in Children
Examination of a Child With TMD
Diagnostic Aids
Management Strategies for TMJ Disorders
Recent Trends
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
75: Stem Cells in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Types of Stem Cells
Dental Stem Cells
Properties of Stem Cells
Tissue Engineering
Clinical Applications
Stem Cell Banking
Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
76: Fundamentals of Dental Photography
Introduction
Parts of a DSLR Camera
Basic DSLR Settings for Dental Photography
Armamentarium for Clinical Photography
Visualization
Photographing Small Objects/Specimens
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
77: Lasers in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
History and Background
Laser–Tissue Interactions
Modes of Laser Use
Erbium Laser Family
Nd:YAG Laser
Diode Lasers
Design of Diode Lasers
Surgical Delivery System
Surgical Applications of Soft Tissue Lasers
Low-Level Laser Therapy (LLLT)
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Section XV: Miscellaneous
78: Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Zinc Oxide Eugenol
Calcium Hydroxide
Silver Amalgam
Glass Ionomer Cements
Composite Resins
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
79: Radiology in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Introduction to Radiation Physics
Other Techniques
Object Localization Procedures (Fig. 79.11A and B)
Digital Radiography
Specialized Radiographic Techniques
Modified Projection Techniques
Guidelines for Prescribing Radiographs (Nowak et al.)
Objectives While Taking Radiographs for Children
General Guidelines for X-ray Hazard Reduction
Basic Principles of Radiographic Interpretation
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
80: Indices Used in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Definitions
Rationale/Objective of Indices
Prerequisites for an Ideal Index
Criteria for Ideal Index
Application of Indices
Classification of Indices
Choosing an Index
Indices
Indices Used for Oral Hygiene Assessment
Indices Used to Measure Plaque and Debris
Indices Used for Assessment of Gingival Diseases
Indices Used for Assessment of Dental Caries
Pulpal Involvement–Roots–Sepsis Index
The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment Index
Significant Caries Index (SiC Index)
Indexes Used for Dental Fluorosis
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
81: Genetics in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
Fundamentals of Genetics
Human Genome Project
International HapMap Project
Twin Studies
Genes Regulating Tooth Development
Genes Regulating Tooth Eruption
Genes Affecting Susceptibility to Early Childhood Caries
Genes Affecting Susceptibility to Periodontal Disease
Genes Affecting Malocclusion
Genes Affecting Oral Clefting
Precision Medicine and Precision Dentistry
Genome Editing and Gene Therapy
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
82: Adolescence and Adolescent Dentistry
Introduction
Puberty and Sexuality
The Myth of Adolescent Turmoil
Social Relations
Occupational Choice
Adulthood
Family Preparation for Adolescence Health Supervision
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-Assessment Questions
83: Drugs Used in Pediatric Dentistry
Introduction
Principles of Drug Therapy in Children
Antibiotics
Analgesics
Prescription Writing
Abbreviations Used in Prescription Writing
Prescribing Guidance
Calculation of Drug Dosage
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
84: Practice Management in Pediatric Dentistry
Need for Practice Management
Introduction
SWOT Analysis
Name
Location
Hoarding/Display
Finances
Team
Dental Practices
Space and Layout
Ambience
Working Hours
Professional Ethics
Dental Practice Management Software and Applications (apps)
Time Management
Marketing
Communication Skills
Willingness to Change and the Pursuit of Constant Innovation
First Mover Concept
Segmentation
Keeping It Simple and Fun
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
85: Dental Auxiliaries and Ergonomics
Introduction
Dental Auxiliaries
Ergonomics
Recommendations
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
86: Infection Control
Introduction
Rationale
Infection Control Practices
Sterilization Techniques and Monitoring
Chemicals Used for Disinfection
Infection Control Team
Record Keeping and Manual for Infection Control
Conclusion
Suggested Reading
Self-assessment Questions
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Pediatric Dentistry: Principles and Practice

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