Osmosis Engineering
- 1st Edition - April 28, 2021
- Editors: Nidal Hilal, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Mohamed Khayet Souhaimi, Daniel Johnson
- Language: English
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 0 1 6 - 1
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 3 1 8 8 - 3
Osmosis Engineering provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art surrounding osmosis-based research and industrial applications. The book covers the underpinn… Read more
Osmosis Engineering provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art surrounding osmosis-based research and industrial applications. The book covers the underpinning theories, technology developments and commercial applications. Sections discuss innovative and advanced membranes and modules for osmosis separation processes (e.g., reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, pressure retarded osmosis, osmotic membrane distillation), different application of these osmosis separation processes for energy and water separation, such as the treatment of radioactive waste, oily wastewater and heavy metal removal, draw solutions, pretreatment technologies, fouling effects, the use of renewable energy driven osmotic processes, computational, environmental and economic studies, and more.
- Covers state-of-the-art osmotic engineering technologies and applications
- Presents multidisciplinary topics in engineered osmosis, including both fundamental and applied EO concepts
- Includes major challenges such as fouling mitigation, membrane development, pre-treatment and energy usage
Water treatment technologists, Chemical Engineers, Material Scientists, Chemistry. Researchers, technologists and industrial practitioners working within the desalination, water resource and energy production fields
Chapter 1: Basic Principles of Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What is Osmotic Pressure?
1.3 Relation of Osmotic Pressure to Other Colligative Properties1.3.1 Freezing Point Depression
1.3.2 Boiling Point Elevation1.4 Origins of Osmotic Pressure in Solution
1.5 Osmotic Flow
1.6 Reflection Coefficient
Chapter 2: Fundamentals and application of reverse osmosis membrane processes
21.1 Introduction
2.22. Principles of RO2.2.1. Definition of osmotic pressure and RO2.2.2. Theoretical minimum energy for separation from osmotic pressure
2.2.3. Permeation mechanism and equations in the RO process2.2.4 Concentration polarization
2.2.5. Mass balance and pressure drop equations in the RO process
2.2.6. Energy consumption in the RO process2.3. RO system and design
2.3.1. Single-stage/pass BWRO
2.3.2. Two/multistage BWRO
2.3.3. Single-stage/pass SWRO
2.3.4. Two-stage SWRO
2.3.5. Two-pass SWRO
2.3.5.1 Full two pass
2.3.5.2 Partial second pass
2.3.5.3 Split partial second pass
2.3.6. Internally staged design (ISD)
2.3.7. Pressure-center design2.4. RO fouling
2.4.1. Particulate/colloidal fouling
2.4.2. Organic fouling
2.4.3. Biofouling
2.4.4. Scaling2.5. Detection of RO fouling potential
2.5.1. Silt density index (SDI)
2.5.2. Modified fouling index (MFI)2.6. Mitigation of RO fouling
2.6.1. Pretreatment processes
2.6.2. Membrane maintenance
Chapter 3: Principles of Nanofiltration Membrane Processes3.1. Introduction
3.2. Basic Principle of NF Membrane Separation Process3.2.1 Steric Effect
3.2.2 Donnan Effect
3.2.3 Dielectric Effect
3.2.4 Transport Effect
3.2.5 Adsorption Effect3.3. Synthesis and Modification of NF Membrane
3.3.1 Phase inversion
3.3.2 Interfacial Polymerization
3.3.2.1 Monomer
3.2.2.2 Additives
3.3.2.3 Others
3.3.3 Grafting Polymerization
3.3.3.1 UV/ photo-grafting
3.3.3.2 EB irradiation
3.3.3.3 Plasma treatment
3.3.3.4 LBL3.4. Design and Operation of NF Process
3.4.1 Module Design
3.4.2 Operation3.5. Limitation of the NF Membrane Applications
3.5.1 Concentration Polarization and Membrane Fouling
3.5.2 Factors Affectingof Membrane Fouling
3.5.3 Fouling Mitigation
3.5.3.1 Passive Fouling Control
3.5.3.2 Active Fouling Control3.6 Conclusions
Chapter 4. Recent Development in Nanofiltration Process Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Applications of Nanofiltration Membrane Process4.2.1 Water and Wastewater
4.2.2 Desalination
4.2.3 Food Industry
4.2.4 Biorefinery Applications
4.2.5 Organic Solvent Nanofiltration
4.3 Conclusions
Chapter 5: Principles of Forward Osmosis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Water flux in FO
5.3 Practical challenges in FO process5.3.1 Concentration polarization
5.3.1.1 External concentration polarization (ECP)
5.3.1.2 Internal concentration polarization (ICP)
5.3.2 Reverse solute flux
Chapter 6: Recent developments in forward osmosis (FO) and its implication in expanding applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Forward osmosis (FO)6.2.1 Theoretical background
6.2.2. Process description6.3 Technological Factors
6.3.1 FO membrane
6.3.2. Draw solution6.4. Understanding of fouling in FO
6.4.1. Operation without hydraulic pressure
6.4.2. Bidirectional diffusion
6.4.3 Fouling control and cleaning in FO6.5. Exploiting advantages of FO in its applications
6.5.1. Feed concentration process with high water recovery
6.5.1.1. High-quality product
6.5.1.2. Effective resource recovery
6.5.1.3. Minimal environmental impact
6.5.2. Draw dilution process with lower energy consumption
6.5.2.1. Standalone FO system: direct use
6.5.2.2. Hybrid FO systems
6.5.2.2.1. Indirect desalting process along with wastewater reclamation
6.5.2.2.1. Direct desalting process for draw solute recovery6.6 Conclusions and perspectives
Chapter 7: Principle and theoretical background of pressure retarded osmosis process
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory and modelling of osmotic pressure 7.2.1 Pitzer model for osmotic pressure
7.2.2 Laar’s model for osmotic pressure
7.2.3 Water and solute activities
7.2.4 Newton– Raphson method for osmotic pressure7.3 Osmotic power generation
7.3.1 Van’t Hoff model for Gibbs free energy
7.3.2 Piston model for Gibbs energy and energy density7.4 Dual- and Multi-stage PRO process
Chapter 8: Application of PRO process for seawater and wastewater treatment: Assessment of membrane performance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Modelling PRO process 8.2.1 Water flux and extractable power
8.2.2 Reverse solute flux
8.2.3 Concentration polarization
8.2.3.1 Internal concentration polarization
8.2.3.2 External concentration polarization8.3. Membrane Development
8.3.1 Performance of RO flat sheet membranes
8.3.2 Performance of FO flat sheet membranes
8.3.3 Performance of TFC flat sheet membranes
8.3.4 Performance of nanofibre supported flat sheet membranes
8.3.5 Performance of hollow fibre membranes8.4 Applications in seawater and wastewater treatment
8.4.1 Individual PRO pilot plant
8.4.2 Hybrid PRO processes
8.4.2.1 RO-PRO system
8.4.2.2 PRO-FO system
8.4.2.3 PRO-MD system
8.4.2.4 NF-PRO system8.5 Conclusions and future research needs
Chapter 9: Osmotic distillation and osmotic membrane distillation for the treatment of different feed solutions
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Membranes used in OD & OMD processes
9.3 Osmotic solutions used in OD & OMD processes
9.4 Mechanism of transport in OD and OMD: Temperature polarization, concentration polarization and theoretical models9.4.1. Mass transfer through the membrane
9.4.2. Heat transfer in OD and OMD
9.4.3. Heat and mass transfer boundary layers: Temperature and concentration polarization effects in OD and OMD9.5. OD & OMD Applications and effects of different involved operating parameters
9.5.1. Temperature effect
9.5.2 Flowrate Effect
9.5.3 Osmotic solution effect9.6. Conclusions
Chapter 10: Thermo-osmosis (TO)
10.1 Introduction and a brief historical review
10.2. Membranes for TO10.3. Electrolyte solutions used in TO
10.4. Theoretical studies developed for TO10.4.1. TO and linear irreversible thermodynamics processes (ITP)
10.4.2. TO using intermolecular interactions
10.4.3. TO for energy conversion
10.5 Applications of TO process
Chapter 11: The Applications of Integrated Osmosis Processes for Desalination and Wastewater Treatment
11.1 Introduction11.2 Osmosis Processes11.2.1 Integration of Osmosis Processes
11.3 Integrated osmosis process for desalination11.3.1 Integration of RO process
11.3.1.1 RO-AD and RO-NF
11.3.1.2 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO
11.3.1.3 RO-PRO
11.3.2 Integration of FO process
11.3.2.1 FO-RO
11.3.2.2 FO-MD
11.3.2.3 FO-UF and FO-NF
11.3.3 Integration of PRO process
11.3.3.1 PRO-RO
11.3.3.2 PRO-MD
11.4 Integrated osmosis process for wastewater treatment11.4.1 Integration of RO process
11.4.1.1 MF-RO, UF-RO, NF-RO
11.4.2 Integration of FO process
11.4.2.1 FO-RO
11.4.2.2 FO-MD
11.4.4.3 FO-NF
11.4.3 Integration of PRO process
11.4.3.1 PRO-RO
11.4.3.2 UF-PRO, NF-PRO 11.5 Future Outlook and Conclusions
Chapter 12: Development and Implementations of Integrated Osmosis System
12.1 Introduction 12.2 Development of Integrated Osmosis System12.2.1 Reverse Osmosis-Forward Osmosis (FO-RO)
12.2.2 Reverse Osmosis – Membrane Distillation (RO-MD)
12.2.3 Forward Osmosis – Membrane Distillation (FO-MD)
12.3 Implementation of Integrated Osmosis System12.3.1 Integrated FO-RO system
12.3.2 Integrated RO-MD system
12.3.3 Integrated FO-MD system
12.4 Conclusion and Future Research DirectionsConclusions
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 28, 2021
- Language: English
NH
Nidal Hilal
Dr. Nidal Hilal is a Professor of Engineering and Director of NYU Abu Dhabi Water Research Center. He is a Chartered Engineer in the United Kingdom (CEng), a registered European Engineer (Euro Ing), an elected Fellow of both the Institution of Chemical Engineers (FIChemE), and the Learned Society of Wales (FLSW). He received his bachelor's degree in chemical engineering in 1981 followed by a master's degree in advanced chemical engineering from Swansea University in 1986. He received his PhD degree from Swansea University in 1988. In 2005 he was awarded a Senior Doctorate, Doctor of Science degree (DSc), from the University of Wales in recognition of an outstanding research contribution in the fields Water Processing including Desalination and Membrane Science and Technology. He was also awarded, by the Emir of Kuwait, the prestigious Kuwait Prize (Kuwait Medal) of Applied Science for the year 2005 and Menelaus Medal 2020, by the Learned Society of Wales, for excellence in engineering and technology. His research interests lie broadly in the identification of innovative and cost-effective solutions within the fields of nano-water, membrane technology, and water treatment, including desalination, colloid engineering and the nano-engineering applications of AFM. He has published 8 handbooks, 82 invited book chapters, and around 500 articles in the refereed scientific literature. He has chaired and delivered lectures at numerous international conferences and prestigious organizations around the world. Nidal sits on the editorial boards of a number of international journals, is an advisory board member of several multinational organizations, and has served on/consulted for industry, government departments, research councils, and universities on an international basis.
Affiliations and expertise
NYUAD Water Research Center, New York University - Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesAI
Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
Dr. A.F. Ismail is a Professor at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), where he is the Founding Director of the Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC). He has also served as Dean of Research for the Materials and Manufacturing Alliance at UTM and was the 7th Vice Chancellor of UTM from 2021 to 2024. Dr. Ismail’s research interests encompass membrane formation, membranes for wastewaster treatment and gas separation, and nanofibers and nanostructured materials for energy applications. Dr. Ismail has received several awards, including the ASEAN Young Scientist and Technologist Award in 2001 (the first Malaysian to receive this award), the Malaysian Young Scientist Award in 2000, the Malaysian Intellectual Property Award in the Patent Category, the Merdeka Award for Scholastic Achievements in 2014, and the highly coveted Mustafa Prize (2023) — often referred to as the “Muslim Nobel Prize.” A highly cited researcher in "Separation and Purification Technology" (Elsevier), Professor Fauzi has made several contributions to membrane science, particularly in polymeric, inorganic, and mixed matrix membranes for applications such as water treatment, desalination, gas separation, hemodialysis, fuel cells, and palm oil refining. With an impressive Scopus h-index of 120 and more than 71,000 citations (as of June 2025), he has authored more than 1,500 refereed journal articles, more than 50 book chapters, 6 authored books, and 20 edited volumes. Dr. Ismail also plays active roles in the scientific community, serving as Chairman of the Malaysia Membrane Society (MyMembrane) and Vice President of the Aseanian Membrane Society (AMS).
Affiliations and expertise
Advanced Membrane Technology Research Center (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.MK
Mohamed Khayet Souhaimi
Professor Mohamed Khayett is a world leading expert on membrane science and technology (membrane design and fabrication, membrane processes, emerging technologies), renewable energy applications (solar thermal and photovoltaic energy), nanocomposites, nanofibres and nanofluids among others. He is a co-editor of Journal Desalination.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Structure of Matter, Thermal Physics and Electronics, Faculty of Physics, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, SpainDJ
Daniel Johnson
Dr. Daniel Johnson is a researcher in the characterisation and development of membranes for water treatment, surface forces, osmometry and water treatment using membrane osmosis based processes.
Affiliations and expertise
Researcher: characterisation and development of membranes for water treatment, surface forces, osmometry and water treatment using membrane osmosis based processesRead Osmosis Engineering on ScienceDirect