Organic Chemistry

Part I—Introductory Material 1 Introduction Scope of the Subject Characteristics of Organic Substances Organic Chemistry and Modern Living Practical Work Summary 2 The Architecture of Atoms and Molecules Concept of Atoms and Molecules Structure of Atoms Valence and Chemical Bond Different Types of Valence Electronic Interpretation of Valence Electrovalence Covalence Dative Covalence The Periodic Table The Carbon Atom Polar and Non-polar Molecules Qualitative Analysis of Organic Compounds Quantitative Analysis Determination of Empirical and Molecular Formula Isomerism Homologous Series Summary Problem Set No. 1Part II—Alipathic Compounds 3 Hydrocarbons Alkanes Isomerism of Hydrocarbons Petroleum Cracking Petrochemicals Alkenes Alkynes or Acetylenes Summary Problem Set No. 2 4 Halogen Derivatives of the Paraffins Alkyl Halides Polyhalogen Derivatives Summary Problem Set No. 3 5 Alcohols and Ethers Classification of Alcohols Methanol Ethanol Butanol Dihydric Alcohols Trihydric Alcohols Polyhydric Alcohols Ethers Summary Problem Set No. 4 6 Aldehydes and Ketones Nomenclature Preparation Reactions Oxidation Reduction Auto-oxidation and Reduction Substitution at the Alpha Position Addition to the >CO Group Addition of Grignard Reagents to the Carbonyl Group Condensation reactions Aldol 'Condensation' Polymerization Acetals and Ketals Summary Problem Set No. 5 7 Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives Fatty Acids Formic Acid Acetic Acid Derivatives of Carboxylic Acids Soaps and Detergents Dibasic Acids Malonic Ester Halogenated Acids Hydroxy Acids Lactic Acid Optical Isomerism Resolution of Racemic Forms Aldehydo and Ketonic Acids Amino Acids, Polypeptides, and Proteins Unsaturated Acids—Geometrical Isomerism Summary Problem Set No. 6 8 Organic Compounds of Nitrogen and Sulphur Amines Aliphatic Nitro Compounds Sulphur Compounds Summary Problem Set No. 7 9 Carbohydrates Classification Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides Summary Problem Set No. 8 10 Alicyclic Compounds Baeyer's Strain Theory Terpenes Summary 11 Reactivity and Structure—Some Aspects Electronic Structure of Carbon and its Covalence Inductive Effect Delocalization Addition to Conjugated Systems Resonance Steric Hindrance SummaryPart III—Aromatic Compounds 12 Benzene and its Derivatives Coal—Source of Aromatic Compounds Benzene—Its Structure Reactions of Benzene Mechanism of Aromatic Substitution Bromination Nitration and Sulphonation The Friedel-Crafts Reaction Orientation of Aromatic Substitution Homologues of Benzene and Polynuclear Hydrocarbons Aromatic Halogen Compounds Aromatic Sulphonic Acids Aromatic Nitro Compounds Summary Problem Set No. 9 13 Aromatic Amines, Diazo Compounds, and Dytes Aniline Other Common Aromatic Amines Diazotization Dyes Summary Problem Set No. 10 14 Phenols and Aromatic Alcohols Preparation Properties and Reactions of Phenol Substitution Reactions of Phenol Other Specific Phenols Polyhydric Phenols Aromatic Alcohols Summary Problem Set No. 11 15 Aromatic Aldehydes, Ketones, and Quinones Preparations of Aromatic Aldehydes Reactions Ketones Preparation Stereochemistry of the Oximes Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes Quinones Summary Problem Set No. 12 16 Aromatic Carboxylic Acids Preparation Properties and Reactions Other Specific Acids Dibasic Acids Acids Containing the Carboxyl Group in the Side Chain Summary Problem Set No. 13Part IV—Heterocyclic Compounds, Physiologically Active Compounds, and Polymers 17 Heterocyclic Compounds and Alkaloids Preparation of Furan, Pyrrole, Thiophene, and Derivatives Properties and Reactions Pyridine Quinoline and Isoquinoline Alkaloids Summary 18 Drugs, Hormones, Vitamins, and Enzymes Drugs Hormones, Vitamins, and Enzymes Summary 19 Giant Molecules or Polymers Addition Polymerization Condensation Polymerization Natural and Synthetic Rubber Synthetic Fibers Synthetic Plastics and Resins Silicones SummaryAppendix A—Experiments and Preparations Reactions Requiring Heat 1. Preparation of Hydrocarbons 2. Preparation of Soap 3. Separation of Salt and Benzoic Acid 4. Separation of Aniline from Water 5. Purification of Acetanilide 6. Separation of Cinnamic and Benzoic Acids 7. Purification of p-Quinone 8. Separation of Benzene and Nitrobenzene 9. Fractionation of a Mixture of Petrol and Paraffin 10. Purification of Aniline 11. Calibration of a Thermometer 12. Preparation of Iodoform 13. Preparation of Thiokol (A Synthetic Rubber) 14. Formation of OsazonesAppendix B—Essential Items for ExperimentsAppendix C—Suggested Further ReadingsAppendix D—Answers to Problem SetsAppendix E—Glossary of Some Common Organic CompoundsIndex