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Ophthalmology
- 6th Edition - November 6, 2022
- Editors: Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 6 - 6
- Hardback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 5 - 9
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 7 - 3
Through five highly regarded editions, Ophthalmology, by Drs. Myron Yanoff and Jay S. Duker, has remained one of the premier texts in the field, providing authoritative guidance on… Read more
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Request a sales quoteOffers truly comprehensive coverage, including basic foundations through diagnosis and treatment advances across all subspecialties: genetics, optics, refractive surgery, lens and cataract, cornea, retina, uveitis, tumors, glaucoma, neuro-ophthalmology, pediatric and adult strabismus, and oculoplastics.
Features streamlined, templated chapters, a user-friendly visual layout, and key features boxes for quick access to clinically relevant information and rapid understanding of any topic.
Contains four new chapters covering Phototherapeutic Keratectomy; IOL Optics; Bag-in-the-lens Cataract Surgery; and Capsulectomy: Modern devices apart from FLACS.
Includes a fully revised and updated chapter on refractive surgery screening and corneal imaging, as well as an expanded chapter on corneal cross-linking.
Provides up-to-date information on the latest advances in the field, including new therapies for retinoblastoma, such as intravenous and intraarterial chemotherapy; less common retinal tumor simulators of retinoblastoma; OCT-Angiography; glaucoma stents; new drug delivery platforms; IOL optics; phototherapeutic keratectomy; intraocular pressure monitoring; and more.
Includes more than 2,000 high-quality illustrations and an expanded video library with more than 60 clips of diagnostic and surgical techniques, including new videos of nystagmus.
Contains updated management guidelines for central retinal artery occlusions (CRAO).
Provides fresh perspectives from new section editors Drs. Carol Shields and Sumit (Sam) Garg.
Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
- Instructions for online access
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
- Copyright
- User Guide
- Color Coding
- Elsevier eBooks+ Version
- Video Table of Contents
- Preface
- Preface to First Edition
- Contributors
- In Memory of Emanuel S. Rosen, MD, FRCSE
- Acknowledgments
- Dedication
- Dedication
- Part 1: Genetics
- 1.1. Fundamentals of Human Genetics
- Abstract
- Dna and the Central Dogma of Human Genetics
- Human Genome
- Basic Mendelian Principles
- Mutations
- Genes and Phenotypes
- Patterns of Human Inheritance
- Molecular Mechanisms of Disease
- Gene Therapy
- Key References
- References
- 1.2. Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular Disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Dominant Corneal Dystrophies
- Aniridia, Peters’ Anomaly, and Autosomal Dominant Keratitis
- Rieger’s Syndrome
- Juvenile Glaucoma
- Congenital Glaucoma
- Nonsyndromic Congenital Cataract
- Retinitis Pigmentosa
- Stargardt Disease
- X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
- Norrie’s Disease
- Sorsby’s Macular Dystrophy
- Gyrate Atrophy
- Color Vision
- Retinoblastoma
- Albinism
- Leber's Optic Neuropathy
- Congenital Fibrosis Syndromes and Disorders of Axon Guidance
- Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
- Complex Traits
- Key References
- References
- 1.3. Genetic Testing and Genetic Counseling
- Abstract
- Genetic Testing
- Genetic Counseling
- Key References
- References
- Part 2: Optics and Refraction
- 2.1. Light
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Geometrical Optics
- Basic Stigmatic Optics
- Astigmatic Optics
- Wave Properties of Light
- Key References
- References
- 2.2. Optics of the Human Eye
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cornea
- Pupil
- Lens
- Accommodation
- Retina
- Refractive Errors
- Key References
- References
- 2.3. Clinical Refraction
- Introduction
- Visual Acuity
- Spherical Equivalent
- Detecting Astigmatism
- Refracting at Near
- Additional Subjective Techniques
- Retinoscopy
- Key References
- References
- 2.4. Correction of Refractive Errors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Spectacle Correction
- Contact Lenses
- Intraocular Lenses
- Keratorefractive Surgery
- Key References
- References
- 2.5. Ophthalmic Instruments
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Direct Ophthalmoscope
- Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope
- Fundus Camera
- Optos Wide-Field Fundus Imaging
- Optical Coherence Tomography
- OCT Angiography
- Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope
- Slit-Lamp Fundus Lenses
- Goldmann Applanation Tonometer
- Specular Microscope
- Operating Microscope
- Keratometer and Corneal Topographer
- Lensmeter
- Automated Refractor
- Magnifying Devices
- Key References
- References
- 2.6. Wavefront Optics and Aberrations of the Eye
- Introduction
- Ray Aberrations
- The Wavefront Approach To Aberrations
- Spherical Aberration
- Coma
- Distortion
- Field Curvature
- Oblique Astigmatism
- Higher-Order Aberrations
- Chromatic Aberration
- Measurement Of Ocular Aberrations
- An Overall Perspective On Aberration Theory
- Key References
- References
- Part 3: Refractive Surgery
- 3.1. Current Concepts, Classification, and History of Refractive Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Classification of Refractive Procedures
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 3.2. Preoperative Evaluation for Refractive Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ophthalmic Examination
- Ancillary Testing
- Counseling
- Key References
- References
- 3.3. Excimer Laser Surface Ablation: Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK) and Epi-LASIK
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ablation Profiles
- Indications
- Preoperative Evaluation
- PRK Surgical Technique
- Results
- Complications
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 3.4. Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
- Abstract
- What is Lasik?
- Indications
- General Principles
- Patient Selection
- Exclusion Criteria
- Patient Evaluation
- Surgical Technique
- Complications
- Outcomes
- Future Directions
- Considerations After Lasik
- Key References
- References
- 3.5. Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Femtosecond Laser System
- Treatment Range for Smile
- Patient Evaluation
- Surgical Procedure
- Complications
- Higher-Order Aberrations
- Biomechanical Stability
- Refractive and Visual Outcome
- Retreatments
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 3.6. Wavefront and Topography-Based Excimer Laser Refractive Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Lower- and Higher-Order Aberrations
- Wavefront Optics
- Measuring Wavefront Aberrations
- Wavefront-Optimized Treatments
- Wavefront-Guided Treatments
- Topography-Guided Treatments
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 3.7. Phakic Intraocular Lenses
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Posterior Chamber
- IRIS Fixated
- Indications
- Advantages Over Keratorefractive Surgery
- Advantages Over Refractive Lens Exchange
- Preoperative Evaluation
- Surgical Technique
- Postoperative Evaluation
- Outcomes
- Potential Complications
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 3.8. Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments: Synthetic and CAIRS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Principle of Action
- Types of ICRS
- Indications for ICRS
- Contraindications for ICRS
- Surgical Techniques
- Nomograms, Incision Placements, and ICRS Selection
- Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments
- Complications
- ICRS With Corneal Cross-Linking
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 3.9. Surgical Treatment of Presbyopia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Optical Considerations for Treating Presbyopia
- Surgical Procedures
- Key References
- References
- 3.10. Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Indications and Contraindications
- Preoperative Evaluation
- Surgical Technique
- Postoperative Care
- Outcomes
- Complications
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 3.11. Corneal Cross-linking
- Abstract
- Corneal Cross-Linking is a Photochemical Reaction
- Indication for CXL
- Biological Interactions and Morphological Changes in CXL
- Wound Healing and Keratocyte Cytotoxicity in CXL
- Creating Reactive Oxygen Species at Deeper Levels with CXL
- Biological Differences Associated with Changes in Irradiation Time in CXL
- Role of the Riboflavin Carrier in CXL
- The Role of LYSYL Oxidase Enzyme in the Biology of CXL
- CXL in Thin Corneas
- Photoactivated Chromophore Treatment for Corneal Cross-Linked Infectious Keratitis
- Corneal Cross-Linking Combined with Refractive Surgical Procedures
- Corneal Haze and Infiltrates After CXL
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases
- Section 1: Basic Principles
- 4.1. Corneal Anatomy, Physiology, and Wound Healing
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Corneal Wound Healing
- Key References
- References
- 4.2. Anterior Segment Imaging Modalities
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
- Specular Microscopy
- Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
- Meibography
- In Vivo Confocal Microscopy
- Topography And Tomography
- Wavefront Analysis
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Congenital Abnormalities
- 4.3. Congenital Corneal Anomalies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Size And Shape Anomalies
- Anomalies Of Corneal Clarity
- Acknowledgment
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: External Diseases
- 4.4. Blepharitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 4.5. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
- Abstract
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus In Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prevention
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Conjunctival Diseases
- 4.6. Infectious Conjunctivitis
- Abstract
- Infectious Conjunctivitis
- Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
- Key References
- References
- 4.7. Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Abstract
- Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis: Seasonal/Perennial
- Chronic Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
- Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
- Treatment Of Allergic/Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
- Allergic Dermatoconjunctivitis
- Microbial Allergic Conjunctivitis
- Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
- Dupilumab-Associated Conjunctivitis
- Key References
- References
- 4.8. Tumors of the Conjunctiva
- Abstract
- Tumors of the Conjunctiva
- Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
- Key References
- References
- 4.9. Pterygium and Conjunctival Degenerations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pinguecula
- Pterygium
- Senile Scleral Plaques
- Conjunctival Amyloid
- Conjunctival Melanosis
- Key References
- References
- 4.10. Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid/Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Findings
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- Section 5: Scleral and Episcleral Diseases
- 4.11. Episcleritis and Scleritis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Inflammatory Diseases
- Key References
- References
- Section 6: Corneal Diseases
- 4.12. Bacterial Keratitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 4.13. Fungal Keratitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 4.14. Parasitic Keratitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Acanthamoeba Keratitis
- Microsporidiosis
- Onchocerciasis
- Key References
- References
- 4.15. Herpes Simplex Keratitis
- Abstract
- Epidemiology
- Herpes Simplex Virus
- Primary HSV Infection
- Recurrent HSV Infections
- Diagnosis
- Herpetic Eye Disease Study
- Treatment
- Future Directions
- Key References
- References
- 4.16. Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Systemic Associations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 4.17. Noninfectious Keratitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Thygeson’s Superficial Punctate Keratitis
- Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis of Theodore
- Mooren’s Ulcer
- Neurotrophic Keratitis
- Terrien’s Marginal Degeneration
- Floppy Eyelid Syndrome, Eyelid Laxity And Palpebral Hypermobility Syndrome
- Treatment
- Keratopathy Associated With Antibody–Drug Conjugates
- Key References
- References
- 4.18. Keratoconus and Other Ectasias
- Abstract
- Keratoconus
- Keratoglobus
- Posterior Keratoconus
- Post–Refractive Surgery Corneal Ectasia
- Key References
- References
- 4.19. Anterior Corneal Dystrophies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anterior Basement Membrane Dystrophy
- Meesmann’s Epithelial Dystrophy
- Reis–Bückler Corneal Dystrophy
- Thiel–Behnke Corneal Dystrophy
- Key References
- References
- 4.20. Stromal Corneal Dystrophies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Lattice Dystrophy Type I
- Systemic Amyloidosis With Corneal Lattice
- Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type I
- Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2
- Pathology
- Macular Corneal Dystrophy
- Schnyder’s Corneal Dystrophy
- Central Cloudy Dystrophy
- Fleck Corneal Dystrophy
- Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy
- Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy
- Pre-Descemet’s Corneal Dystrophy
- Key References
- References
- 4.21. Diseases of the Corneal Endothelium
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Fuchs’ Dystrophy
- Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
- Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy
- Key References
- References
- 4.22. Corneal Degenerations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Corneal Arcus (Arcus Senilis)
- Lipid Keratopathy
- Vogt’s White Limbal Girdle
- Senile Corneal Furrow Degeneration
- Terrien’s Marginal Corneal Degeneration
- Peripheral Corneal Guttae
- Calcific Band Keratopathy
- Spheroidal Degeneration
- Iron Deposition
- Crocodile Shagreen
- Cornea Farinata
- Salzmann’s Corneal Degeneration
- Corneal Keloids
- Corneal Amyloid Degeneration
- Key References
- References
- 4.23. Dry Eye Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- Section 7: Miscellaneous Conditions
- 4.24. Complications of Contact Lens Wear
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Toxic, Allergic, and Mechanical Reactions
- Conditions Reflecting Metabolic Challenge
- Corneal Inflammatory Events and Microbial Keratitis
- Unsupervised Lens Wear/Colored Cosmetic Contact Lenses
- FDA and CDC Recommendations
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 4.25. Corneal and External Eye Manifestations of Systemic Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Congenital Disorders
- Chromosomal Disorders
- Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
- Metabolic Disorders
- Other Oculosystemic Disorders
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- Key References
- References
- Section 8: Trauma
- 4.26. Acid and Alkali Burns
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Alkali Injuries
- Acid Injuries
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Course
- Therapy
- Conclusion
- References
- Key References
- Section 9: Surgery
- 4.27. Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Evolution Of EK Techniques
- Indications
- Surgical Technique
- Combined Procedures
- Outcomes
- Outlook
- Key References
- References
- 4.28. Penetrating Keratoplasty
- Abstract
- Keratoplasty
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 4.29. Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
- Abstract
- Historical Review
- Indications For Dalk
- Contraindications For Dalk
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 4.30. Superficial Corneal Procedures and Corneal Collagen Cross-linking
- Abstract
- Superficial Corneal Procedures
- Key References
- References
- 4.31. Artificial Cornea (Keratoprosthesis)
- Abstract
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Design
- Boston Kpro Type I
- Keratoprosthesis In End-Stage Ocular Surface Disease
- Newer Artificial Cornea Devices
- Key References
- References
- 4.32. Conjunctival Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Anesthesia
- Key References
- References
- 4.33. Surgical Ocular Surface Reconstruction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Perspectives
- Preoperative Considerations
- Operative Procedures
- Special Considerations In Ocular Surface Reconstruction
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 4.34. Management of Corneal Thinning, Melting, and Perforation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Corneal Thinning From Noninflammatory Disorders
- Corneal Thinning and Melting From Inflammatory Disorders
- Surgical Treatment of Corneal Perforations
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- Part 5: The Lens
- 5.1. Basic Science of the Lens
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy of the Lens
- Physiology of the Lens
- Biophysics
- Biochemistry
- Lens Crystallins
- Age Changes
- Secondary Cataract
- Key References
- References
- 5.2. Evolution of Intraocular Lens Implantation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Lens Design and Fixation
- Recent Advances
- Key References
- References
- 5.3. Intraocular Lens Optics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Monofocal Iols
- Toric Iols
- Presbyopia-Correcting Iols
- Key References
- References
- 5.4. Bag-in-the-Lens Cataract Surgery
- NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
- Introducing a New Intraocular Lens Design that Eradicates Posterior Capsule Opacification
- New Insights About the Anatomy Behind the Crystalline Lens: The Anterior Interface
- Surgical Training
- The Toric Version of the Bil
- Pathophysiology of Implanted Bil Iols
- New Adds to Be Used in Difficult Cataract Surgery Procedures
- Postoperative Cystoid Macular Edema, Retinal Detachment, and Glaucoma After Bil
- Key References
- References
- 5.5. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology, and Visual Effects of Cataract
- Abstract
- Epidemiology of Cataracts
- Pathophysiology of Cataracts
- Cataract Causes, Associations, and Prevention
- Prevention of Cataracts
- Morphology and Visual Effects of Cataract
- Visual Effects of Cataracts
- Anomalies of Lens Growth
- Key References
- References
- 5.6. Patient Workup for Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Medical History and Current Therapeutic Regimen
- General Ophthalmic History and Examination
- Assessment of Lens Opacities
- Investigations for Further Surgical Refinement
- Good Clinical Practice (Social and Legal Aspects)
- Key References
- References
- 5.7. Intraocular Lens Power Calculations
- Abstract
- Ocular Biometry
- Iol Power Formulas
- Iol Calculations in Special Eyes
- Toric Iol Calculation
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 5.8. Indications for Lens Surgery/Indications for Application of Different Lens Surgery Techniques
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Medical Indications for Lens Surgery
- Refractive Indications for Lens Surgery
- Indications for Different Lens Surgery Techniques
- Key References
- References
- 5.9. The Pharmacotherapy of Cataract Surgery
- Introduction
- Preoperative Medications
- Anesthetics
- Intraoperative Medications
- Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices
- Postoperative Medications
- Late Postoperative Medications
- Key References
- References
- 5.10. Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Medical Aspects of Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
- Local Anesthesia
- Sedative Agents
- Postoperative Care
- Key References
- References
- 5.11. Phacoemulsification Fluidics
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Handpieces and Tips
- Power Modulation
- Pumps and Fluidics
- Postocclusion Surge
- Key References
- References
- 5.12. Refractive Aspects of Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Planning
- Intraoperative Techniques
- Toric Lenses
- Intraoperative Aberrometry and Heads-Up Technologies
- Postoperative Management of Residual Or Induced Corneal Astigmatism
- Post–Cataract Surgery Piggyback Iols
- Light-Adjustable Iol Implant
- IOL Explantation
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 5.13. Small-Incision and Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Incision Construction and Architecture
- Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis
- Hydrodissection and Hydrodelineation
- Nucleofractis Techniques
- Power Modulations
- Biaxial Microincision Cataract Surgery
- B-Mics Vertical Chop Technique
- Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 5.14. Capsulectomy: Modern Devices Apart From FLACS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Selective Laser CAPSULECTOMY
- Precision Pulse CAPSULECTOMY
- Key References
- References
- 5.15. Manual Cataract Extraction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Manual (Large-Incision) Cataract Surgery
- Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
- Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
- Complications
- Discussion
- Key References
- References
- 5.16. Combined Procedures
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Combined Glaucoma Surgery
- Lens Surgery Combined With Keratoplasty
- Combined Phacovitrectomy
- Key References
- References
- 5.17. Cataract Surgery in Complex Eyes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Zonular Instability
- Uveitis
- Compromised Endothelium
- Key References
- References
- 5.18. Pediatric Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Alternatives to Surgery
- Anesthesia
- General Techniques and Considerations
- Specific Technique
- Choices for Aphakia Correction in Children
- Complications
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 5.19. Complications of Cataract Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Intraoperative Complications
- Postoperative Complications
- Key References
- References
- 5.20. Secondary Cataract
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Treatment and Prevention
- Iols Maintaining the Capsular Bag Open Or Expanded
- Key References
- References
- 5.21. Outcomes of Cataract Surgery
- NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
- Introduction
- Evaluation of Outcomes
- Five Parameters that Describe Visual Function
- Objective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes
- Subjective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes
- Cataract Surgery of One or Both Eyes
- Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Ocular Comorbidity
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- Part 6: Retina and Vitreous
- Section 1: Anatomy
- 6.1. Structure of the Neural Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Center of the Macula: Umbo
- Foveola
- Fovea
- Parafovea
- Perifovea
- Macula, Or Central Area
- Extra-Areal Periphery
- Layers of the Neural Retina
- The Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Key References
- References
- 6.2. Retinal and Choroidal Circulation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Posterior Segment Vascular Anatomy
- Blood–Retinal Barrier
- Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow
- Retina and Choroidal Circulation Evaluated by OCTA
- Regulation of Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flows
- Acknowledgment
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Ancillary Tests
- 6.3. Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Devices
- Technique of Examination
- Concepts of B-Scan Interpretation
- Display Presentation/Registration and Documentation
- Anterior Segment High-Frequency Ultrasonography
- Digital Contact Ultrasonography
- What's New?
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 6.4. Camera-Based Ancillary Retinal Testing: Autofluorescence, Fluorescein, and Indocyanine Green Angiography
- Abstract
- Fluorescein Angiography
- Interpretation of Results
- Indocyanine Green Angiography
- Fundus Autofluorescence
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- 6.5. Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Oct Technology Platforms
- Representation of Ocular Anatomy
- Image Optimization
- Oct Image Interpretation
- Key References
- References
- 6.6. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Biological Basis of OCTA
- Octa Versus Dye-Based Angiography Methods
- Key Applications of OCTA
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 6.7. Retinal Electrophysiology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Full-Field ERG
- Multifocal ERG
- Electrooculography
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: Basic Principles of Retinal Surgery
- 6.8. Light and Laser Injury
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Light Interaction with the Retina
- Photic Retinopathy
- Light Exposure and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- Laser Injury
- Laser Pointers
- Complications of Therapeutic Retinal Laser PhotocoAgulation
- Key References
- References
- 6.9. Scleral Buckling Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Differential Diagnosis
- Alternatives to Scleral Buckling
- Anesthesia
- General Techniques
- Complications
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.10. Vitrectomy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Indications and Alternatives to Surgery
- Anesthesia
- General Techniques
- Specific Techniques
- Complications
- Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- 6.11. Intravitreal Injections and Medication Implants
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preinjection Preparation
- Injection
- Postinjection
- Complications
- Other Considerations
- Implants
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Dystrophies
- 6.12. Progressive and “Stationary” Inherited Retinal Degenerations
- Abstract
- Progressive Diffuse/Panretinal Degenerations
- “Stationary” Retinal Disorders
- Female Carriers of X-Linked Retinal Degenerations
- Treatment of Retinal Degenerations
- Key References
- References
- 6.13. Inherited Retinal Diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Macular Dystrophies
- Stargardt Disease, Fundus Flavimaculatus, and Stargardt-Like Diseases
- Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Or Best Disease
- Pattern Dystrophies and Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy/Adult-Onset Foveomacular Dystrophy
- Dominant Drusen/ Doyne’s Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy/Malattia Leventinese
- Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy
- North Carolina Macular Dystrophy
- Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
- Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophies
- Chorioretinal Dystrophies
- Choroideremia
- Gyrate Atrophy
- Hereditary Vitreoretinopathies
- Stickler's Syndrome
- X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
- Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy
- Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
- Norrie's Disease
- Key References
- References
- Section 5: Vascular Disorders
- 6.14. Hypertensive Retinopathy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Treatment and Future Directions
- Key References
- References
- 6.15. Retinal Arterial Obstruction
- Abstract
- Central Retinal Artery Obstruction
- Branch Retinal Artery Obstruction
- Key References
- References
- 6.16. Venous Occlusive Disease of the Retina
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
- Key References
- References
- 6.17. Retinopathy of Prematurity
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Features and Classification
- Diagnosis and Screening
- Role of Telemedicine in ROP Screening
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Ablation of Peripheral Avascular Retina
- Anti–Vegf Therapy in ROP Treatment
- Surgery in ROP Treatment
- Late Complications of ROP
- Key References
- References
- 6.18. Diabetic Retinopathy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
- Diabetic Macular Edema
- Other Ocular Manifestations of Diabetes
- Diagnostics and Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Screening
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 6.19. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment, Course, and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.20. Hemoglobinopathies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.21. Coats’ Disease and Macular Telangiectasia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management of Coats’ Disease
- Complications of Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.22. Radiation Retinopathy and Papillopathy
- NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
- Radiation Retinopathy
- Radiation Papillopathy
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 6.23. Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment, Course, and Outcome
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- Section 6: Macular Disorders
- 6.24. Age-Related Macular Degeneration
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Natural History and Prognosis
- Treatment and Prevention
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 6.25. Secondary Causes of Choroidal Neovascularization
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathological Myopia
- Angioid Streaks
- Trauma
- Inflammatory Causes
- Other Causes
- Key References
- References
- 6.26. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.27. Full-Thickness Macular Hole
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.28. Epiretinal Membrane
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- 6.29. Vitreomacular Traction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Natural History of Vmt
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 6.30. Cystoid Macular Edema
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathogenesis and Etiology
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Treatment
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- Section 7: Retinal Detachment
- 6.31. Peripheral Retinal Lesions and Retinal Breaks
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology of Retinal Breaks
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Treatment of Retinal Breaks
- Course and Outcome
- Ocular Manifestations of Selected Other Peripheral Retinal Lesions
- Key References
- References
- 6.32. Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.33. Serous Detachments of the Neural Retina
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Alterations in Choroidal Flow
- Poor Scleral Outflow
- Breakdown of the RPE and Retina
- Miscellaneous
- Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.34. Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Risk Factors
- Pathophysiology
- Clinical Manifestations
- Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management
- Key references
- References
- 6.35. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- Section 8: Trauma
- 6.36. Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Examination
- Nonpenetrating Trauma
- Penetrating Trauma
- Intraocular Foreign Bodies
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 6.37. Distant Trauma With Posterior Segment Effects
- Abstract
- Terson’s Syndrome
- Purtscher Retinopathy
- Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Terson’s Syndrome
- Purtscher Retinopathy
- Shaken Baby Syndrome
- Miscellaneous Conditions
- Key References
- References
- 6.38. Retinal Toxicity of Systemically Administered Drugs
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
- Pentosan
- Thioridazine
- Deferoxamine
- Didanosine
- Niacin
- Fingolimod
- Paclitaxel
- Thiazolidinediones
- Imatinib
- Canthaxanthin
- Tamoxifen
- Interferon
- Cisplatin and Carmustine
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
- Sildenafil and Tadalafil
- Key References
- References
- Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations
- Section 1: Basic Principles
- 7.1. Anatomy of the Uvea
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Iris
- Ciliary Body
- Choroid
- Key References
- References
- 7.2. General Approach to the Uveitis Patient and Treatment Strategies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Classification
- Epidemiology
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Viral
- 7.3. Herpetic Viral Uveitis
- Abstract
- Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster
- Herpes Simples Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epstein–Barr Virus
- Key References
- References
- 7.4. Nonherpetic Viral Infections: West Nile, Chikungunya, Zika, Ebola, HTLV-1, Measles, Rubella
- Abstract
- West Nile Virus
- Chikungunya
- Zika
- Ebola
- Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
- Measles Virus
- Rubella Virus
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Bacterial
- 7.5. Syphilitic and Other Spirochetal Uveitis
- Abstract
- Syphilitic Uveitis
- Lyme Disease
- Leptospirosis
- Key References
- References
- 7.6. Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Brucellosis
- Abstract
- Tuberculosis
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Leprosy
- Epidemiology
- Systemic Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Ocular Disease
- Clinical Presentation
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Brucellosis
- Systemic Manifestations
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- 7.7. Bartonella-Related Infectious Uveitis (Cat Scratch Disease) and Whipple’s Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cat Scratch Disease: Bartonella Henselae–Associated Uveitis
- Whipple’s Disease: Tropheryma Whipplei–Associated Uveitis
- Key References
- References
- 7.8. Infectious Endophthalmitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Fungal
- 7.9. Histoplasmosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 7.10. Fungal Endophthalmitis
- Abstract
- Candida
- Aspergillus
- Fusarium
- Coccidioides Immitis—Ocular Coccidioidomycosis
- Cryptococcal Endophthalmitis
- Histoplasma Endophthalmitis
- Key References
- References
- Section 5: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Protozoal and Parasitic
- 7.11. Ocular Toxoplasmosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Organism and Life Cycle
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Clinical Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Therapy
- Course and Prognosis
- Key References
- References
- 7.12. Posterior Parasitic Uveitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ocular Cysticercosis
- Ocular Toxocariasis
- Onchocerciasis
- Gnathostomiasis
- Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis
- Amebiasis
- Giardiasis
- Malaria
- Leishmaniasis
- Pediatric Presumed Trematode Infection
- Ophthalmomyiasis
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- Section 6: Uveitis Associated with Systemic Disease
- 7.13. Uveitis Related to HLA-B27 and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis
- Abstract
- Uveitis Related to Hla-B27
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis
- Uveitis Related to Hla-B27
- Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
- Key References
- References
- 7.14. Sarcoidosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Corse and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 7.15. Behçet’s Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 7.16. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- Section 7: Traumatic Uveitis
- 7.17. Phacogenic Uveitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Key References
- References
- 7.18. Sympathetic Uveitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Prevention
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- Section 8: Uveitis of Unknown Causes
- 7.19. Idiopathic and Other Anterior Uveitis Syndromes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Infectious Anterior Uveitis
- Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis/Fuchs’ Uveitis Syndrome
- Posner–Schlossman Syndrome
- Drug-Induced Anterior Uveitis
- Schwartz–Matsuo Syndrome
- Ellingson Syndrome (Ugh Syndrome)
- Tattoo-Related Uveitis
- Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Juvenile Xanthogranuloma and Rosai–Dorfman Disease
- Key References
- References
- 7.20. Pars Planitis and Other Intermediate Uveitides
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Pathology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Complications
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Prognosis
- Key References
- References
- 7.21. Posterior Uveitis of Unknown Cause—White Spot Syndromes
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Birdshot Chorioretinopathy
- Placoid Diseases
- Multifocal Choroiditis/Punctate Inner Choroidopathy
- Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- Section 9: Masquerade Syndromes
- 7.22. Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Primary Neoplasms
- Secondary Neoplasms and Metastases
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- Part 8: Intraocular Tumors
- 8.1. Tumors of the Retina and Optic Disc
- Abstract
- Retinal Tumors
- Intraocular Retinoblastoma
- 2. Retinal Glial Tumors
- Optic Disc Tumors
- Key References
- References
- 8.2. Tumors of the Uvea
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea
- Key References
- References
- 8.3. Tumors (Solid and Cystic) of the Pigmented and Nonpigmented Epithelium
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Cyst of the IRIS Pigment Epithelium
- Adenoma of the IRIS Pigment Epithelium
- Medulloepithelioma
- Adenoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Solitary Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE)
- Pigmented Ocular Fundus Lesions Associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Gardner Syndrome
- Unilateral Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dysgenesis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Torpedo Maculopathy
- Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- Key References
- References
- 8.4. Phakomatoses
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Definition of Hamartia, Hamartoma, Chorista, Choristoma
- Neurofibromatosis
- Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Bourneville Syndrome), Tuberous Sclerosis 1 (Omim #191100), Tuberous Sclerosis 2 (Omim #613254)
- Retinocerebellar Hemangiomatosis (Von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome) (Omim #193300)
- Encephalofacial Hemangiomatosis (Sturge–Weber Syndrome) (Omim #185300)
- Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome (Angioosteohypertrophy Syndrome) (Omim #149000)
- Racemose Hemangiomatosis (Wyburn–Mason Syndrome) (Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc Syndrome) (Omim Not Listed)
- Retinal Cavernous Hemangiomatosis (Omim #116860)
- Organoid Nevus Syndrome (Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims Syndrome) (Omim #163200)
- Oculo(Dermal) Melanocytosis (Nevus Fuscoceruleus Ophthalmomaxillaris) (Omim Not Listed)
- Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis (Omim Not Listed)
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology
- Section 1: Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology
- 9.1. Principles of Imaging in Neuro-ophthalmology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Computed Tomography
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging
- Angiography
- Functional Imaging
- Imaging Strategies In Neuro-Ophthalmology
- Key References
- References
- 9.2. Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuro-ophthalmology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Oct Interpretation
- Optic Disc Abnormalities Detectable Using OCT
- Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Alzheimer’s Disease
- Inflammatory Diseases
- Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
- Dominant Optic Atrophy
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: The Afferent Visual System
- 9.3. Anatomy and Physiology
- Abstract
- Historical Review
- General Anatomy
- Constituent Elements
- Four Portions of the Optic Nerve
- Circulation of the Optic Nerve
- Key References
- References
- 9.4. Differentiation of Optic Nerve From Macular Retinal Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Ocular Features
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Key References
- References
- 9.5. Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
- Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
- Optic Disc Coloboma
- Optic Pit
- Megalopapilla
- Congenital Tilted Disc Syndrome
- Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation
- Aicardi Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- 9.6. Papilledema and Raised Intracranial Pressure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Pathology
- Symptoms
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 9.7. Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies and Neuroretinitis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
- Diagnosis
- Association With Multiple Sclerosis
- Pathology
- Management
- Course and Outcome
- References
- Key References
- 9.8. Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
- Diabetic Papillopathy
- Key References
- References
- 9.9. Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies
- Abstract
- Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
- Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
- Dominant Optic Atrophy
- Nutritional And Toxic Optic Neuropathies
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations (Eye Findings Similar To Lhon)
- Differential Diagnosis (Same As For Lhon)
- Key References
- References
- 9.10. Prechiasmal Pathways—Compression by Optic Nerve and Sheath Tumors
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
- Treatment
- Optic Nerve Compression By Optic Nerve And Sheath Tumors
- Gliomas And Malignant Gliomas
- Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course And Outcome
- Other Intracanalicular And Intracranial Compressive Lesions
- Key References
- References
- 9.11. Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 9.12. Lesions of the Optic Chiasm, Parasellar Region, and Pituitary Fossa
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment, Course, and Outcome
- Optic Gliomas
- Key References
- References
- 9.13. Lesions of Retrochiasmal Pathways, Higher Cortical Function, and Nonorganic Visual Loss
- Abstract
- Retrochiasmal Pathways And Higher Cortical Function
- Lateral Geniculate Bodies
- Optic Radiations
- Higher Cortical Function
- Topographical Diagnosis of Retrochiasmal Disease
- Cortical Representation of Vision
- Object Identification And Memory
- Reading And Dyslexia
- Color Perception
- Integration of Visual–Auditory Space
- Motion Detection
- Nonorganic Visual Loss
- Visual Snow Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: The Efferent Visual System
- 9.14. Disorders of Supranuclear Control of Ocular Motility
- Introduction
- Anatomy of Eye Movement
- Diagnostic Testing
- Disorders of Supranuclear Ocular Motility
- Ocular Motility Disorders and the Cerebellum
- Ocular Motility Disorders and the Vestibular System
- Vergence Disorders
- Development of the Ocular Motor System
- Key References
- References
- 9.15. Nuclear and Fascicular Disorders of Eye Movement
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Treatment, Course, And Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 9.16. Paresis of Isolated and Multiple Cranial Nerves and Painful Ophthalmoplegia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 9.17. SECTION 3The Efferent Visual SystemDisorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
- Abstract
- Myasthenia Gravis
- Botulism
- Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- 9.18 SECTION 3 The Efferent Visual System. Ocular Myopathies
- NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
- Introduction
- Mitochondrial Myopathies
- Dystrophic Myopathies
- Inflammatory And Infiltrative Myopathies
- Key References
- References
- 9.19. Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 9.20. Pupillary Signs of Neuro-ophthalmic Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Relative Afferent Pupillary Defects
- Efferent Pupillary Defects
- Light-Near Dissociation
- Poor Pupil Dilation
- Retinal Origin Of The Pupil Light Reflex: The Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cell
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: The Brain
- 9.21. Headache and Facial Pain
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Differential Diagnosis Of Headache Syndromes
- Facial Pain
- Key References
- References
- 9.22. Tumors, Infections, Inflammations, and Neurodegenerations
- Abstract
- Tumors
- Infections
- Inflammations
- Neurodegenerations
- Key References
- References
- Section 5: Neuro-Ophthalmologic Emergencies
- 9.23. Urgent Neuro-ophthalmic Disorders
- Introduction
- Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course And Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- 9.24. Trauma, Drugs, and Toxins
- Abstract
- Trauma And The Brain
- Drugs, Toxins, And The Brain
- Key References
- References
- 9.25. Vascular Disorders
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Aneurysms
- Carotid–Cavernous Sinus Fistulas
- Transient Visual Loss
- Type Of Visual Loss
- Transient Isolated Bilateral Loss Of Vision
- Strokes
- Key References
- References
- 9.26. Electrophysiology
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Nonorganic Vision Loss
- Optic Nerve Disease
- Key References
- References
- Part 10: Glaucoma
- Section 1: Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Glaucoma
- 10.1. Epidemiology of Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Prevalence and Rates of Associated Blindness
- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
- Secondary Glaucomas
- Ocular Hypertension
- Glaucoma Suspects
- Key References
- References
- 10.2. Screening for Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Purpose of the Test
- Utility of the Test and Interpretation of Results
- Procedure
- Complications
- Alternative Tests
- Future Direction of Glaucoma Screening
- Key References
- References
- 10.3. Mechanisms of Glaucoma
- Introduction
- Physiology of Aqueous Production
- The Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway
- Pathophysiology of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
- Central Visual Pathway Degeneration in Glaucoma
- Conclusions and Future Directions
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis
- 10.4. Clinical Examination of Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Obtaining History
- Clinical Evaluation
- Clinical Examination
- Key References
- References
- 10.5. Visual Fields
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Platforms for Accessing Visual Fields
- Visual Field and Glaucoma Diagnosis
- Visual Field and Glaucoma Severity
- Visual Field and Assessing Progression in Glaucoma
- Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning
- Visual Fields in Community Screening and Telehealth
- References
- 10.6. Diagnostic Technologies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Normal Anatomy
- Clinical Examination: Glaucomatous Features
- Imaging
- Optic Disc Photographs
- Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
- Optical Coherence Tomography
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 10.7. Optic Nerve Blood Flow Measurement
- Abstract
- Statement of Disclosure
- Funding
- Introduction
- Applied Anatomy
- Physiology
- Experimental Investigations
- Clinical Studies
- Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
- Retinal Oximetry
- Pharmacology
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 10.8. Ocular Hypertension
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology
- Diagnosis
- Course and Outcome
- References
- Section 3: Specific Types of Glaucoma
- 10.9. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Definition and Classification
- Intraocular Pressure, Risk Factors, and Aspects of Molecular Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Nature of Progressive Visual Loss
- Treatment and Monitoring
- Key References
- References
- 10.10. Normal-Tension Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 10.11. Angle-Closure Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Management of Acute Angle Closure
- Management of Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma
- Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma
- Prognosis
- Acknowledgments
- Key References
- References
- 10.12. Glaucoma Associated With (Pseudo)Exfoliation Syndrome
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Genetics
- Clinical Presentation and Ocular Manifestations
- Glaucoma in Exfoliation Syndrome
- Systemic Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Key References
- References
- 10.13. Pigmentary Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 10.14. Neovascular Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Emerging Treatments
- Key References
- References
- 10.15. Inflammatory and Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology
- Mechanisms of Elevated Iop
- Principles of Management
- Uveitis
- Glaucoma
- Specific Entities
- Key References
- References
- 10.16. Glaucoma Associated With Ocular Trauma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Immediate or Early-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma
- Late-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma
- Key References
- References
- 10.17. Glaucoma With Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Systemic Associations
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 10.18. Malignant Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 10.19. Glaucomas Secondary to Abnormalities of the Cornea, Iris, Retina, and Intraocular Tumors
- Abstract
- Ghost Cell Hemolytic Glaucoma
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Schwartz–Matsuo Syndrome
- Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Epithelial Downgrowth and Fibrous Ingrowth (Proliferation)
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Aniridia
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Systemic Associations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Tumors and Glaucoma
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Penetrating Keratoplasty
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Treatment
- Alkali Chemical Trauma
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 10.20. Congenital Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
- Ocular Manifestations
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
- Differential Diagnosis
- Classification Schemes
- Pathology
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Therapy
- 10.21. When to Treat Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Analysis of Risk Factors
- Risk Factors
- Principles of Initiation of therapy
- Initiation of Therapy in the Patient with Glaucoma
- Initiation of Therapy in the Glaucoma Suspect
- Artificial Intelligence
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 10.22. Current Medical Management of Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Drugs that Decrease Aqueous Production
- Drugs that Increase Aqueous Outflow
- Fixed Combination Medications
- The Medical Armamentarium for Glaucoma Treatment
- Key References
- References
- 10.23. Laser Trabeculoplasty and Laser Peripheral Iridectomy
- Abstract
- Laser Trabeculoplasty
- Laser Peripheral Iridectomy
- Laser Iridoplasty
- Key References
- References
- 10.24. Cyclodestructive Procedures in Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Mechanism of Action
- Alternatives to Cyclodestruction
- Anesthesia
- Specific Techniques
- Endoscopic Laser Cyclophotocoagulation
- Complications
- Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- 10.25. Goniotomy and Trabeculotomy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Indications
- Preoperative Care
- Examination Under Anesthesia
- Instruments
- Procedures
- Postoperative Care
- Results
- Complications
- Key References
- References
- 10.26. Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgeries
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Patient Selection
- Options
- Endoscopic Laser Photocoagulation
- Subconjunctival Microshunts
- Innfocus/Preserflo Microshunt
- Suprachoroidal Drainage Devices
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 10.27. Trabeculectomy
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Indications
- Surgical Planning
- Preoperative Factors to Consider
- Patient Counseling
- Surgical Techniques
- Postoperative Care
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- 10.28. Antifibrotic Agents in Glaucoma Surgery
- Abstract
- Types of Antifibrotic Agent
- Indications for Antimetabolite Use
- Application Techniques
- Position of Drainage Area Under Eyelid
- Closure of Scleral Flap and Associated Surgical Techniques
- Postoperative Injections
- Complications
- Future Strategies to Prevent Fibrosis
- Key References
- References
- 10.29. Drainage Implants
- Abstract
- Historical Perspective
- Basic Concept
- Indications
- Preoperative Considerations
- Implant Selection
- Surgical Technique
- Postoperative Management
- Complications
- Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- 10.30. Complications of Glaucoma Surgery and Their Management
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Trabeculectomy
- Glaucoma Drainage Implants
- Key References
- References
- 10.31. Genes Associated With Human Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Congenital Glaucoma
- Developmental Glaucoma
- Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Juvenile Onset
- Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Glaucoma
- Adult-Onset Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
- Normal-Tension Glaucoma
- Exfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma
- Angle-Closure Glaucoma
- Key References
- References
- 10.32. Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Peer-Reviewed Articles Comprise Evidence-Based Medicine
- Evaluation of Diagnostic Testing in Glaucoma
- Examples of Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma Therapy
- Barriers to the Practice of Evidence-Based Medicine
- Future Directions
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus
- Section 1: Basic Science
- 11.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Extraocular Muscles and Surrounding Tissues
- Abstract
- Embryology
- General Structure of Extraocular Muscles
- Gross Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
- The Orbital Infrastructure and Anatomy
- Clinical Correlates
- Extraocular Muscle Physiology
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis
- 11.2. Evaluating Vision in Preverbal and Preliterate Infants and Children
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical and Observational Techniques
- Fixation Targets
- Optokinetic Nystagmus
- Visual Evoked Potentials
- Forced-Choice Preferential Looking
- Graded Optotypes
- Maturation of Visual Acuity
- Key References
- References
- 11.3. Examination of Ocular Alignment and Eye Movements
- Abstract
- Evaluation of Ocular Alignment
- Eye Movement Examinations
- Key References
- References
- 11.4. Sensory Status in Strabismus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Retinal Elements
- Sensory Fusion
- Motor Fusion
- Stereopsis
- Clinical Testing of Binocular Vision
- Testing for Sensory Fusion
- Testing for Motor Fusion
- Stereopsis Tests
- Retinal Correspondence Testing
- Key References
- References
- 11.5. Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus
- Abstract
- Diplopia and Visual Confusion
- Suppression and Anomalous Retinal Correspondence
- Monofixation Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: Ocular Manifestations
- 11.6. Esotropia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Infantile Esotropia
- Accommodative Esotropia
- Cyclic Esotropia
- Möbius’ (Or Moebius) Sequence
- Duane’s Syndrome
- Strabismus Fixus
- Esotropia in the Neurologically Impaired
- Esotropia Associated With Visual Deficit (Sensory Esotropia)
- “Heavy Eye Syndrome” and “Sagging Eye Syndrome”
- Key References
- References
- 11.7. Exotropia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Intermittent Exotropia
- Ocular Manifestations of Intermittent Exotropia
- Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing for Exotropia
- Differential Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Course and Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 11.8. Torsional Strabismus
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Clinical Observations
- Etiology
- Management
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 11.9. Paralytic Strabismus
- NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
- Introduction
- Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor)
- Fourth Nerve Palsy (Trochlear)
- Sixth Nerve Palsy
- Summary
- Key References
- References
- 11.10. Other Vertical Strabismus Forms
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Dissociated Vertical Divergence
- Primary Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction
- Monocular Elevation Deficiency (Previously Termed Double Elevator Palsy)
- Brown’s Syndrome
- Congenital Fibrosis
- Fractures of the Orbital Floor
- Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (Dysthyroid Orbitopathy)
- Heavy Eye Syndrome
- Key References
- References
- 11.11. Amblyopia
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Pathophysiology of Amblyopia
- Screening and Diagnosis
- Traditional Treatments
- Adherence
- Paradigm Shifts in Amblyopia
- Knock-On Effects of Amblyopia
- What’s on the Horizon?
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Treatment
- 11.12. Forms of Nonsurgical Strabismus Management
- Abstract
- Orthoptics
- Prisms
- Botulinum Toxin
- New Medications
- Occlusion
- Key References
- References
- 11.13. Techniques of Strabismus Surgery
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Historical Review
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Anesthesia
- Visualization
- General Techniques
- Specific Techniques
- Complications
- Muscle Rupture or Pulled-In-Two Syndrome
- Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics
- Section 1: Orbital Anatomy and Imaging
- 12.1. Clinical Anatomy of the Eyelids
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy of the Eyelids
- Key References
- References
- 12.2. Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Organization
- Osteology of the Orbit
- Connective Tissue System
- Muscles of Ocular Motility
- Motor Nerves of the Orbit
- Sensory Nerves of the Orbit
- Arterial Supply to the Orbit
- Venous Drainage from the Orbit
- Key References
- References
- 12.3. Orbital Imaging
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Axial Plane
- Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Coronal Plane
- Key References
- References
- Section 2: Eyelids
- 12.4. Blepharoptosis
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Foundation: A Simplified Classification of Ptosis
- Differential Diagnosis
- Clinical Evaluation and Preoperative Considerations
- Surgical Correction of Ptosis
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 12.5. Entropion
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Differential Diagnosis
- Alternatives to Surgery
- Quickert Everting Sutures
- Anesthesia
- General Technique
- Specific Techniques
- Lateral Tarsal Strip Procedure
- Complications
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 12.6. Ectropion
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Differential Diagnosis
- Alternatives to Surgery
- Anesthesia
- General Techniques
- Specific Techniques
- Complications
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 12.7. Benign Eyelid Lesions
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epithelial Tumors
- Adnexal Tumors
- Vascular Tumors
- Tumors of Neural Origin
- Xanthomatous Lesions
- Pigmented Lesions of Melanocytic Origin
- Inflammatory Lesions
- Infectious Lesions
- Conclusion
- Outcomes
- Key References
- References
- 12.8. Eyelid Malignancies
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Basal Cell Carcinoma
- Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma
- Malignant Melanoma
- Key References
- References
- 12.9. Evaluation and Management of Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Anesthesia
- Treatment
- Common Patterns of Eyelid Injury
- Conclusions
- Key References
- References
- Section 3: Orbit and Lacrimal Gland
- 12.10. Orbital Diseases
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Metastatic Tumors
- Lacrimal Gland Lesions
- Mesenchymal Tumors
- Neurogenic Tumors
- Lymphoproliferative Diseases
- Histiocytic Tumors
- Inflammation and Infections
- Thyroid Eye Disease
- Cystic Lesions
- Vascular Neoplastic and Structural Lesions
- Secondary Tumors
- Key References
- References
- 12.11. Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
- Anesthesia
- Specific Techniques
- Complications
- Key References
- References
- 12.12. The Lacrimal Drainage System
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomy and Physiology
- Evaluation of Epiphora
- Obstructions of the Lacrimal Sac and Duct
- Treatment of Lacrimal Sac and Duct Obstruction
- Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
- Diseases of the Canaliculi
- Punctal Stenosis
- Useful Lacrimal Tips
- Key References
- References
- 12.13. Thyroid Eye Disease
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Associated Conditions
- Pathogenesis
- Clinical Presentation: Disease Severity and Activity
- Diagnosis
- Evaluation of Disease Severity and Activity
- Quality of Life
- Basic Management
- Medical Therapy
- Orbital Radiotherapy
- Surgical Therapy
- Management Plan Using the Visa Classification
- Key References
- References
- 12.14. Orbital Infection and Inflammation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Assessment
- Key References
- References
- Section 4: Periorbital Aesthetic Procedures
- 12.15. Cosmetic Blepharoplasty and Browplasty
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Anatomical Considerations
- Blepharoplasty
- Brow Malposition
- Outcome
- Key References
- References
- 12.16. Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Approach to Periorbital Rejuvenation
- Anatomical Considerations
- The Brow and Temple
- The Eye
- Adjunctive Therapies
- Precautions
- Conclusion
- Key References
- References
- Index
- Confidence is ClinicalKey
- No. of pages: 1360
- Language: English
- Edition: 6
- Published: November 6, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323795166
- Hardback ISBN: 9780323795159
- eBook ISBN: 9780323795173
MY
Myron Yanoff
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