Ophthalmology

6th Edition - November 6, 2022
Editors: Myron Yanoff, Jay S. Duker
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 6 - 6
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 5 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 5 1 7 - 3

Through five highly regarded editions, Ophthalmology, by Drs. Myron Yanoff and Jay S. Duker, has remained one of the premier texts in the field, providing authoritative guidance on… Read more

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Through five highly regarded editions, Ophthalmology, by Drs. Myron Yanoff and Jay S. Duker, has remained one of the premier texts in the field, providing authoritative guidance on virtually any ophthalmic condition and procedure you may encounter. The fully revised, 6th edition of this award-winning title continues to offer detailed, superbly illustrated content from cover to cover, with extensive updates throughout to keep you current with the latest advancements and fundamentals throughout every subspecialty area in the field. An easy-to-follow, templated format, convenient single volume, and coverage of both common and rare disorders make this title a must-have resource no matter what your level of experience.

Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
User Guide
Color Coding
Elsevier eBooks+ Version
Video Table of Contents
Preface
Preface to First Edition
Contributors
In Memory of Emanuel S. Rosen, MD, FRCSE
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Dedication
Part 1: Genetics
1.1. Fundamentals of Human Genetics
Abstract
Dna and the Central Dogma of Human Genetics
Human Genome
Basic Mendelian Principles
Mutations
Genes and Phenotypes
Patterns of Human Inheritance
Molecular Mechanisms of Disease
Gene Therapy
Key References
References
1.2. Molecular Genetics of Selected Ocular Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Dominant Corneal Dystrophies
Aniridia, Peters’ Anomaly, and Autosomal Dominant Keratitis
Rieger’s Syndrome
Juvenile Glaucoma
Congenital Glaucoma
Nonsyndromic Congenital Cataract
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Stargardt Disease
X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
Norrie’s Disease
Sorsby’s Macular Dystrophy
Gyrate Atrophy
Color Vision
Retinoblastoma
Albinism
Leber's Optic Neuropathy
Congenital Fibrosis Syndromes and Disorders of Axon Guidance
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy
Complex Traits
Key References
References
1.3. Genetic Testing and Genetic Counseling
Abstract
Genetic Testing
Genetic Counseling
Key References
References
Part 2: Optics and Refraction
2.1. Light
Abstract
Introduction
Geometrical Optics
Basic Stigmatic Optics
Astigmatic Optics
Wave Properties of Light
Key References
References
2.2. Optics of the Human Eye
Abstract
Introduction
Cornea
Pupil
Lens
Accommodation
Retina
Refractive Errors
Key References
References
2.3. Clinical Refraction
Introduction
Visual Acuity
Spherical Equivalent
Detecting Astigmatism
Refracting at Near
Additional Subjective Techniques
Retinoscopy
Key References
References
2.4. Correction of Refractive Errors
Abstract
Introduction
Spectacle Correction
Contact Lenses
Intraocular Lenses
Keratorefractive Surgery
Key References
References
2.5. Ophthalmic Instruments
Abstract
Introduction
Direct Ophthalmoscope
Binocular Indirect Ophthalmoscope
Fundus Camera
Optos Wide-Field Fundus Imaging
Optical Coherence Tomography
OCT Angiography
Slit-Lamp Biomicroscope
Slit-Lamp Fundus Lenses
Goldmann Applanation Tonometer
Specular Microscope
Operating Microscope
Keratometer and Corneal Topographer
Lensmeter
Automated Refractor
Magnifying Devices
Key References
References
2.6. Wavefront Optics and Aberrations of the Eye
Introduction
Ray Aberrations
The Wavefront Approach To Aberrations
Spherical Aberration
Coma
Distortion
Field Curvature
Oblique Astigmatism
Higher-Order Aberrations
Chromatic Aberration
Measurement Of Ocular Aberrations
An Overall Perspective On Aberration Theory
Key References
References
Part 3: Refractive Surgery
3.1. Current Concepts, Classification, and History of Refractive Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Classification of Refractive Procedures
Summary
Key References
References
3.2. Preoperative Evaluation for Refractive Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Ophthalmic Examination
Ancillary Testing
Counseling
Key References
References
3.3. Excimer Laser Surface Ablation: Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK), Laser-Assisted Subepithelial Keratomileusis (LASEK) and Epi-LASIK
Abstract
Introduction
Ablation Profiles
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
PRK Surgical Technique
Results
Complications
Conclusions
Key References
References
3.4. Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK)
Abstract
What is Lasik?
Indications
General Principles
Patient Selection
Exclusion Criteria
Patient Evaluation
Surgical Technique
Complications
Outcomes
Future Directions
Considerations After Lasik
Key References
References
3.5. Small Incision Lenticule Extraction
Abstract
Introduction
Femtosecond Laser System
Treatment Range for Smile
Patient Evaluation
Surgical Procedure
Complications
Higher-Order Aberrations
Biomechanical Stability
Refractive and Visual Outcome
Retreatments
Conclusion
Key References
References
3.6. Wavefront and Topography-Based Excimer Laser Refractive Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Lower- and Higher-Order Aberrations
Wavefront Optics
Measuring Wavefront Aberrations
Wavefront-Optimized Treatments
Wavefront-Guided Treatments
Topography-Guided Treatments
Conclusions
Key References
References
3.7. Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Abstract
Introduction
Posterior Chamber
IRIS Fixated
Indications
Advantages Over Keratorefractive Surgery
Advantages Over Refractive Lens Exchange
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Evaluation
Outcomes
Potential Complications
Conclusion
Key References
References
3.8. Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments: Synthetic and CAIRS
Abstract
Introduction
Principle of Action
Types of ICRS
Indications for ICRS
Contraindications for ICRS
Surgical Techniques
Nomograms, Incision Placements, and ICRS Selection
Corneal Allogenic Intrastromal Ring Segments
Complications
ICRS With Corneal Cross-Linking
Conclusion
Key References
References
3.9. Surgical Treatment of Presbyopia
Abstract
Introduction
Optical Considerations for Treating Presbyopia
Surgical Procedures
Key References
References
3.10. Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
Abstract
Introduction
Indications and Contraindications
Preoperative Evaluation
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Care
Outcomes
Complications
Conclusions
Key References
References
3.11. Corneal Cross-linking
Abstract
Corneal Cross-Linking is a Photochemical Reaction
Indication for CXL
Biological Interactions and Morphological Changes in CXL
Wound Healing and Keratocyte Cytotoxicity in CXL
Creating Reactive Oxygen Species at Deeper Levels with CXL
Biological Differences Associated with Changes in Irradiation Time in CXL
Role of the Riboflavin Carrier in CXL
The Role of LYSYL Oxidase Enzyme in the Biology of CXL
CXL in Thin Corneas
Photoactivated Chromophore Treatment for Corneal Cross-Linked Infectious Keratitis
Corneal Cross-Linking Combined with Refractive Surgical Procedures
Corneal Haze and Infiltrates After CXL
Conclusion
Key References
References
Part 4: Cornea and Ocular Surface Diseases
Section 1: Basic Principles
4.1. Corneal Anatomy, Physiology, and Wound Healing
Abstract
Introduction
Corneal Wound Healing
Key References
References
4.2. Anterior Segment Imaging Modalities
Abstract
Introduction
Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Specular Microscopy
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy
Meibography
In Vivo Confocal Microscopy
Topography And Tomography
Wavefront Analysis
Summary
Key References
References
Section 2: Congenital Abnormalities
4.3. Congenital Corneal Anomalies
Abstract
Introduction
Size And Shape Anomalies
Anomalies Of Corneal Clarity
Acknowledgment
Key References
References
Section 3: External Diseases
4.4. Blepharitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
Treatment
Key References
References
4.5. Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
Abstract
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus In Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Key References
References
Section 4: Conjunctival Diseases
4.6. Infectious Conjunctivitis
Abstract
Infectious Conjunctivitis
Noninfectious Conjunctivitis
Key References
References
4.7. Allergic Conjunctivitis
Abstract
Acute Allergic Conjunctivitis: Seasonal/Perennial
Chronic Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis
Treatment Of Allergic/Atopic Keratoconjunctivitis
Allergic Dermatoconjunctivitis
Microbial Allergic Conjunctivitis
Giant Papillary Conjunctivitis
Dupilumab-Associated Conjunctivitis
Key References
References
4.8. Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Abstract
Tumors of the Conjunctiva
Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia
Key References
References
4.9. Pterygium and Conjunctival Degenerations
Abstract
Introduction
Pinguecula
Pterygium
Senile Scleral Plaques
Conjunctival Amyloid
Conjunctival Melanosis
Key References
References
4.10. Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid/Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusion
Key References
References
Section 5: Scleral and Episcleral Diseases
4.11. Episcleritis and Scleritis
Abstract
Introduction
Inflammatory Diseases
Key References
References
Section 6: Corneal Diseases
4.12. Bacterial Keratitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Outcome
Key References
References
4.13. Fungal Keratitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Outcome
Key References
References
4.14. Parasitic Keratitis
Abstract
Introduction
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
Microsporidiosis
Onchocerciasis
Key References
References
4.15. Herpes Simplex Keratitis
Abstract
Epidemiology
Herpes Simplex Virus
Primary HSV Infection
Recurrent HSV Infections
Diagnosis
Herpetic Eye Disease Study
Treatment
Future Directions
Key References
References
4.16. Peripheral Ulcerative Keratitis
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Systemic Associations
Differential Diagnosis
Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
4.17. Noninfectious Keratitis
Abstract
Introduction
Thygeson’s Superficial Punctate Keratitis
Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis of Theodore
Mooren’s Ulcer
Neurotrophic Keratitis
Terrien’s Marginal Degeneration
Floppy Eyelid Syndrome, Eyelid Laxity And Palpebral Hypermobility Syndrome
Treatment
Keratopathy Associated With Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Key References
References
4.18. Keratoconus and Other Ectasias
Abstract
Keratoconus
Keratoglobus
Posterior Keratoconus
Post–Refractive Surgery Corneal Ectasia
Key References
References
4.19. Anterior Corneal Dystrophies
Abstract
Introduction
Anterior Basement Membrane Dystrophy
Meesmann’s Epithelial Dystrophy
Reis–Bückler Corneal Dystrophy
Thiel–Behnke Corneal Dystrophy
Key References
References
4.20. Stromal Corneal Dystrophies
Abstract
Introduction
Lattice Dystrophy Type I
Systemic Amyloidosis With Corneal Lattice
Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type I
Granular Corneal Dystrophy Type 2
Pathology
Macular Corneal Dystrophy
Schnyder’s Corneal Dystrophy
Central Cloudy Dystrophy
Fleck Corneal Dystrophy
Posterior Amorphous Corneal Dystrophy
Congenital Stromal Corneal Dystrophy
Pre-Descemet’s Corneal Dystrophy
Key References
References
4.21. Diseases of the Corneal Endothelium
Abstract
Introduction
Fuchs’ Dystrophy
Congenital Hereditary Endothelial Dystrophy
Posterior Polymorphous Corneal Dystrophy
Key References
References
4.22. Corneal Degenerations
Abstract
Introduction
Corneal Arcus (Arcus Senilis)
Lipid Keratopathy
Vogt’s White Limbal Girdle
Senile Corneal Furrow Degeneration
Terrien’s Marginal Corneal Degeneration
Peripheral Corneal Guttae
Calcific Band Keratopathy
Spheroidal Degeneration
Iron Deposition
Crocodile Shagreen
Cornea Farinata
Salzmann’s Corneal Degeneration
Corneal Keloids
Corneal Amyloid Degeneration
Key References
References
4.23. Dry Eye Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
Treatment
Key References
References
Section 7: Miscellaneous Conditions
4.24. Complications of Contact Lens Wear
Abstract
Introduction
Toxic, Allergic, and Mechanical Reactions
Conditions Reflecting Metabolic Challenge
Corneal Inflammatory Events and Microbial Keratitis
Unsupervised Lens Wear/Colored Cosmetic Contact Lenses
FDA and CDC Recommendations
Conclusions
Key References
References
4.25. Corneal and External Eye Manifestations of Systemic Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Congenital Disorders
Chromosomal Disorders
Inherited Connective Tissue Disorders
Metabolic Disorders
Other Oculosystemic Disorders
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Key References
References
Section 8: Trauma
4.26. Acid and Alkali Burns
Abstract
Introduction
Alkali Injuries
Acid Injuries
Pathophysiology
Clinical Course
Therapy
Conclusion
References
Key References
Section 9: Surgery
4.27. Endothelial Keratoplasty: Targeted Treatment for Corneal Endothelial Dysfunction
Abstract
Introduction
Evolution Of EK Techniques
Indications
Surgical Technique
Combined Procedures
Outcomes
Outlook
Key References
References
4.28. Penetrating Keratoplasty
Abstract
Keratoplasty
Outcome
Key References
References
4.29. Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
Abstract
Historical Review
Indications For Dalk
Contraindications For Dalk
Conclusion
Key References
References
4.30. Superficial Corneal Procedures and Corneal Collagen Cross-linking
Abstract
Superficial Corneal Procedures
Key References
References
4.31. Artificial Cornea (Keratoprosthesis)
Abstract
Boston Keratoprosthesis Design
Boston Kpro Type I
Keratoprosthesis In End-Stage Ocular Surface Disease
Newer Artificial Cornea Devices
Key References
References
4.32. Conjunctival Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Anesthesia
Key References
References
4.33. Surgical Ocular Surface Reconstruction
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Perspectives
Preoperative Considerations
Operative Procedures
Special Considerations In Ocular Surface Reconstruction
Conclusion
Key References
References
4.34. Management of Corneal Thinning, Melting, and Perforation
Abstract
Introduction
Corneal Thinning From Noninflammatory Disorders
Corneal Thinning and Melting From Inflammatory Disorders
Surgical Treatment of Corneal Perforations
Conclusions
Key References
References
Part 5: The Lens
5.1. Basic Science of the Lens
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy of the Lens
Physiology of the Lens
Biophysics
Biochemistry
Lens Crystallins
Age Changes
Secondary Cataract
Key References
References
5.2. Evolution of Intraocular Lens Implantation
Abstract
Introduction
Lens Design and Fixation
Recent Advances
Key References
References
5.3. Intraocular Lens Optics
Abstract
Introduction
Monofocal Iols
Toric Iols
Presbyopia-Correcting Iols
Key References
References
5.4. Bag-in-the-Lens Cataract Surgery
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Introducing a New Intraocular Lens Design that Eradicates Posterior Capsule Opacification
New Insights About the Anatomy Behind the Crystalline Lens: The Anterior Interface
Surgical Training
The Toric Version of the Bil
Pathophysiology of Implanted Bil Iols
New Adds to Be Used in Difficult Cataract Surgery Procedures
Postoperative Cystoid Macular Edema, Retinal Detachment, and Glaucoma After Bil
Key References
References
5.5. Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Causes, Morphology, and Visual Effects of Cataract
Abstract
Epidemiology of Cataracts
Pathophysiology of Cataracts
Cataract Causes, Associations, and Prevention
Prevention of Cataracts
Morphology and Visual Effects of Cataract
Visual Effects of Cataracts
Anomalies of Lens Growth
Key References
References
5.6. Patient Workup for Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Medical History and Current Therapeutic Regimen
General Ophthalmic History and Examination
Assessment of Lens Opacities
Investigations for Further Surgical Refinement
Good Clinical Practice (Social and Legal Aspects)
Key References
References
5.7. Intraocular Lens Power Calculations
Abstract
Ocular Biometry
Iol Power Formulas
Iol Calculations in Special Eyes
Toric Iol Calculation
Conclusion
Key References
References
5.8. Indications for Lens Surgery/Indications for Application of Different Lens Surgery Techniques
Abstract
Introduction
Medical Indications for Lens Surgery
Refractive Indications for Lens Surgery
Indications for Different Lens Surgery Techniques
Key References
References
5.9. The Pharmacotherapy of Cataract Surgery
Introduction
Preoperative Medications
Anesthetics
Intraoperative Medications
Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Devices
Postoperative Medications
Late Postoperative Medications
Key References
References
5.10. Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Medical Aspects of Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
Local Anesthesia
Sedative Agents
Postoperative Care
Key References
References
5.11. Phacoemulsification Fluidics
Abstract
Introduction
Handpieces and Tips
Power Modulation
Pumps and Fluidics
Postocclusion Surge
Key References
References
5.12. Refractive Aspects of Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Planning
Intraoperative Techniques
Toric Lenses
Intraoperative Aberrometry and Heads-Up Technologies
Postoperative Management of Residual Or Induced Corneal Astigmatism
Post–Cataract Surgery Piggyback Iols
Light-Adjustable Iol Implant
IOL Explantation
Conclusion
Key References
References
5.13. Small-Incision and Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Incision Construction and Architecture
Continuous Curvilinear Capsulorrhexis
Hydrodissection and Hydrodelineation
Nucleofractis Techniques
Power Modulations
Biaxial Microincision Cataract Surgery
B-Mics Vertical Chop Technique
Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery
Conclusion
Key References
References
5.14. Capsulectomy: Modern Devices Apart From FLACS
Abstract
Introduction
Selective Laser CAPSULECTOMY
Precision Pulse CAPSULECTOMY
Key References
References
5.15. Manual Cataract Extraction
Abstract
Introduction
Manual (Large-Incision) Cataract Surgery
Intracapsular Cataract Extraction
Extracapsular Cataract Extraction
Complications
Discussion
Key References
References
5.16. Combined Procedures
Abstract
Introduction
Combined Glaucoma Surgery
Lens Surgery Combined With Keratoplasty
Combined Phacovitrectomy
Key References
References
5.17. Cataract Surgery in Complex Eyes
Abstract
Introduction
Zonular Instability
Uveitis
Compromised Endothelium
Key References
References
5.18. Pediatric Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Alternatives to Surgery
Anesthesia
General Techniques and Considerations
Specific Technique
Choices for Aphakia Correction in Children
Complications
Outcome
Key References
References
5.19. Complications of Cataract Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Intraoperative Complications
Postoperative Complications
Key References
References
5.20. Secondary Cataract
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Treatment and Prevention
Iols Maintaining the Capsular Bag Open Or Expanded
Key References
References
5.21. Outcomes of Cataract Surgery
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Introduction
Evaluation of Outcomes
Five Parameters that Describe Visual Function
Objective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes
Subjective Findings of Cataract Surgery Outcomes
Cataract Surgery of One or Both Eyes
Cataract Surgery in Eyes With Ocular Comorbidity
Summary
Key References
References
Part 6: Retina and Vitreous
Section 1: Anatomy
6.1. Structure of the Neural Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Abstract
Introduction
Center of the Macula: Umbo
Foveola
Fovea
Parafovea
Perifovea
Macula, Or Central Area
Extra-Areal Periphery
Layers of the Neural Retina
The Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Key References
References
6.2. Retinal and Choroidal Circulation
Abstract
Introduction
Posterior Segment Vascular Anatomy
Blood–Retinal Barrier
Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flow
Retina and Choroidal Circulation Evaluated by OCTA
Regulation of Retinal and Choroidal Blood Flows
Acknowledgment
Key References
References
Section 2: Ancillary Tests
6.3. Contact B-Scan Ultrasonography
Abstract
Introduction
Devices
Technique of Examination
Concepts of B-Scan Interpretation
Display Presentation/Registration and Documentation
Anterior Segment High-Frequency Ultrasonography
Digital Contact Ultrasonography
What's New?
Summary
Key References
References
6.4. Camera-Based Ancillary Retinal Testing: Autofluorescence, Fluorescein, and Indocyanine Green Angiography
Abstract
Fluorescein Angiography
Interpretation of Results
Indocyanine Green Angiography
Fundus Autofluorescence
Acknowledgments
Key References
References
6.5. Optical Coherence Tomography in Retinal Imaging
Abstract
Introduction
Oct Technology Platforms
Representation of Ocular Anatomy
Image Optimization
Oct Image Interpretation
Key References
References
6.6. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Abstract
Introduction
Biological Basis of OCTA
Octa Versus Dye-Based Angiography Methods
Key Applications of OCTA
Conclusions
Key References
References
6.7. Retinal Electrophysiology
Abstract
Introduction
Full-Field ERG
Multifocal ERG
Electrooculography
Key References
References
Section 3: Basic Principles of Retinal Surgery
6.8. Light and Laser Injury
Abstract
Introduction
Light Interaction with the Retina
Photic Retinopathy
Light Exposure and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Laser Injury
Laser Pointers
Complications of Therapeutic Retinal Laser PhotocoAgulation
Key References
References
6.9. Scleral Buckling Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Differential Diagnosis
Alternatives to Scleral Buckling
Anesthesia
General Techniques
Complications
Outcome
Key References
References
6.10. Vitrectomy
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Indications and Alternatives to Surgery
Anesthesia
General Techniques
Specific Techniques
Complications
Outcomes
Key References
References
6.11. Intravitreal Injections and Medication Implants
Abstract
Introduction
Preinjection Preparation
Injection
Postinjection
Complications
Other Considerations
Implants
Conclusions
Key References
References
Section 4: Dystrophies
6.12. Progressive and “Stationary” Inherited Retinal Degenerations
Abstract
Progressive Diffuse/Panretinal Degenerations
“Stationary” Retinal Disorders
Female Carriers of X-Linked Retinal Degenerations
Treatment of Retinal Degenerations
Key References
References
6.13. Inherited Retinal Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Macular Dystrophies
Stargardt Disease, Fundus Flavimaculatus, and Stargardt-Like Diseases
Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Or Best Disease
Pattern Dystrophies and Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy/Adult-Onset Foveomacular Dystrophy
Dominant Drusen/ Doyne’s Honeycomb Retinal Dystrophy/Malattia Leventinese
Sorsby Fundus Dystrophy
North Carolina Macular Dystrophy
Central Areolar Choroidal Dystrophy
Cone and Cone-Rod Dystrophies
Chorioretinal Dystrophies
Choroideremia
Gyrate Atrophy
Hereditary Vitreoretinopathies
Stickler's Syndrome
X-Linked Juvenile Retinoschisis
Autosomal Dominant Vitreoretinochoroidopathy
Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy
Norrie's Disease
Key References
References
Section 5: Vascular Disorders
6.14. Hypertensive Retinopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Treatment and Future Directions
Key References
References
6.15. Retinal Arterial Obstruction
Abstract
Central Retinal Artery Obstruction
Branch Retinal Artery Obstruction
Key References
References
6.16. Venous Occlusive Disease of the Retina
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Central Retinal Vein Occlusion
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion
Key References
References
6.17. Retinopathy of Prematurity
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Classification
Diagnosis and Screening
Role of Telemedicine in ROP Screening
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Ablation of Peripheral Avascular Retina
Anti–Vegf Therapy in ROP Treatment
Surgery in ROP Treatment
Late Complications of ROP
Key References
References
6.18. Diabetic Retinopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic Macular Edema
Other Ocular Manifestations of Diabetes
Diagnostics and Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Screening
Conclusion
Key References
References
6.19. Ocular Ischemic Syndrome
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment, Course, and Outcome
Key References
References
6.20. Hemoglobinopathies
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.21. Coats’ Disease and Macular Telangiectasia
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Management of Coats’ Disease
Complications of Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.22. Radiation Retinopathy and Papillopathy
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Radiation Retinopathy
Radiation Papillopathy
Summary
Key References
References
6.23. Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment, Course, and Outcome
Summary
Key References
References
Section 6: Macular Disorders
6.24. Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment and Prevention
Conclusion
Key References
References
6.25. Secondary Causes of Choroidal Neovascularization
Abstract
Introduction
Pathological Myopia
Angioid Streaks
Trauma
Inflammatory Causes
Other Causes
Key References
References
6.26. Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.27. Full-Thickness Macular Hole
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.28. Epiretinal Membrane
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcomes
Key References
References
6.29. Vitreomacular Traction
Abstract
Introduction
Natural History of Vmt
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Conclusion
Key References
References
6.30. Cystoid Macular Edema
Abstract
Introduction
Pathogenesis and Etiology
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Treatment
Conclusions
Key References
References
Section 7: Retinal Detachment
6.31. Peripheral Retinal Lesions and Retinal Breaks
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology of Retinal Breaks
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Treatment of Retinal Breaks
Course and Outcome
Ocular Manifestations of Selected Other Peripheral Retinal Lesions
Key References
References
6.32. Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.33. Serous Detachments of the Neural Retina
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Alterations in Choroidal Flow
Poor Scleral Outflow
Breakdown of the RPE and Retina
Miscellaneous
Diagnostic and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.34. Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage
Abstract
Introduction
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Clinical Manifestations
Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Key references
References
6.35. Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
Section 8: Trauma
6.36. Posterior Segment Ocular Trauma
Abstract
Introduction
Ocular Manifestations and Clinical Examination
Nonpenetrating Trauma
Penetrating Trauma
Intraocular Foreign Bodies
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
6.37. Distant Trauma With Posterior Segment Effects
Abstract
Terson’s Syndrome
Purtscher Retinopathy
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Terson’s Syndrome
Purtscher Retinopathy
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Miscellaneous Conditions
Key References
References
6.38. Retinal Toxicity of Systemically Administered Drugs
Abstract
Introduction
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
Pentosan
Thioridazine
Deferoxamine
Didanosine
Niacin
Fingolimod
Paclitaxel
Thiazolidinediones
Imatinib
Canthaxanthin
Tamoxifen
Interferon
Cisplatin and Carmustine
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Sildenafil and Tadalafil
Key References
References
Part 7: Uveitis and Other Intraocular Inflammations
Section 1: Basic Principles
7.1. Anatomy of the Uvea
Abstract
Introduction
Iris
Ciliary Body
Choroid
Key References
References
7.2. General Approach to the Uveitis Patient and Treatment Strategies
Abstract
Introduction
Classification
Epidemiology
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
Section 2: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Viral
7.3. Herpetic Viral Uveitis
Abstract
Herpes Simplex and Varicella Zoster
Herpes Simples Virus and Varicella Zoster Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein–Barr Virus
Key References
References
7.4. Nonherpetic Viral Infections: West Nile, Chikungunya, Zika, Ebola, HTLV-1, Measles, Rubella
Abstract
West Nile Virus
Chikungunya
Zika
Ebola
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I
Measles Virus
Rubella Virus
Summary
Key References
References
Section 3: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Bacterial
7.5. Syphilitic and Other Spirochetal Uveitis
Abstract
Syphilitic Uveitis
Lyme Disease
Leptospirosis
Key References
References
7.6. Tuberculosis, Leprosy, and Brucellosis
Abstract
Tuberculosis
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Leprosy
Epidemiology
Systemic Manifestations and Pathogenesis of Ocular Disease
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Brucellosis
Systemic Manifestations
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Acknowledgments
Key References
References
7.7. Bartonella-Related Infectious Uveitis (Cat Scratch Disease) and Whipple’s Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Cat Scratch Disease: Bartonella Henselae–Associated Uveitis
Whipple’s Disease: Tropheryma Whipplei–Associated Uveitis
Key References
References
7.8. Infectious Endophthalmitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Key References
References
Section 4: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Fungal
7.9. Histoplasmosis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
7.10. Fungal Endophthalmitis
Abstract
Candida
Aspergillus
Fusarium
Coccidioides Immitis—Ocular Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcal Endophthalmitis
Histoplasma Endophthalmitis
Key References
References
Section 5: Infectious Causes of Uveitis–Protozoal and Parasitic
7.11. Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Abstract
Introduction
Organism and Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Therapy
Course and Prognosis
Key References
References
7.12. Posterior Parasitic Uveitis
Abstract
Introduction
Ocular Cysticercosis
Ocular Toxocariasis
Onchocerciasis
Gnathostomiasis
Diffuse Unilateral Subacute Neuroretinitis
Amebiasis
Giardiasis
Malaria
Leishmaniasis
Pediatric Presumed Trematode Infection
Ophthalmomyiasis
Acknowledgments
Key References
References
Section 6: Uveitis Associated with Systemic Disease
7.13. Uveitis Related to HLA-B27 and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis
Abstract
Uveitis Related to Hla-B27
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis–Associated Uveitis
Uveitis Related to Hla-B27
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Key References
References
7.14. Sarcoidosis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Corse and Outcome
Key References
References
7.15. Behçet’s Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
7.16. Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
Section 7: Traumatic Uveitis
7.17. Phacogenic Uveitis
Abstract
Introduction
Key References
References
7.18. Sympathetic Uveitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Prevention
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
Section 8: Uveitis of Unknown Causes
7.19. Idiopathic and Other Anterior Uveitis Syndromes
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Infectious Anterior Uveitis
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Fuchs’ Heterochromic Iridocyclitis/Fuchs’ Uveitis Syndrome
Posner–Schlossman Syndrome
Drug-Induced Anterior Uveitis
Schwartz–Matsuo Syndrome
Ellingson Syndrome (Ugh Syndrome)
Tattoo-Related Uveitis
Non-Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: Juvenile Xanthogranuloma and Rosai–Dorfman Disease
Key References
References
7.20. Pars Planitis and Other Intermediate Uveitides
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Pathology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Complications
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Key References
References
7.21. Posterior Uveitis of Unknown Cause—White Spot Syndromes
Abstract
Introduction
Birdshot Chorioretinopathy
Placoid Diseases
Multifocal Choroiditis/Punctate Inner Choroidopathy
Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome
Key References
References
Section 9: Masquerade Syndromes
7.22. Masquerade Syndromes: Neoplasms
Abstract
Introduction
Primary Neoplasms
Secondary Neoplasms and Metastases
Conclusions
Key References
References
Part 8: Intraocular Tumors
8.1. Tumors of the Retina and Optic Disc
Abstract
Retinal Tumors
Intraocular Retinoblastoma
2. Retinal Glial Tumors
Optic Disc Tumors
Key References
References
8.2. Tumors of the Uvea
Abstract
Introduction
Melanocytic Tumors of the Uvea
Key References
References
8.3. Tumors (Solid and Cystic) of the Pigmented and Nonpigmented Epithelium
Abstract
Introduction
Cyst of the IRIS Pigment Epithelium
Adenoma of the IRIS Pigment Epithelium
Medulloepithelioma
Adenoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Solitary Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (CHRPE)
Pigmented Ocular Fundus Lesions Associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Gardner Syndrome
Unilateral Retinal Pigment Epithelial Dysgenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Congenital Simple Hamartoma of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Torpedo Maculopathy
Combined Hamartoma of the Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Key References
References
8.4. Phakomatoses
Abstract
Introduction
Definition of Hamartia, Hamartoma, Chorista, Choristoma
Neurofibromatosis
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (Bourneville Syndrome), Tuberous Sclerosis 1 (Omim #191100), Tuberous Sclerosis 2 (Omim #613254)
Retinocerebellar Hemangiomatosis (Von Hippel–Lindau Syndrome) (Omim #193300)
Encephalofacial Hemangiomatosis (Sturge–Weber Syndrome) (Omim #185300)
Klippel–Trenaunay–Weber Syndrome (Angioosteohypertrophy Syndrome) (Omim #149000)
Racemose Hemangiomatosis (Wyburn–Mason Syndrome) (Bonnet–Dechaume–Blanc Syndrome) (Omim Not Listed)
Retinal Cavernous Hemangiomatosis (Omim #116860)
Organoid Nevus Syndrome (Schimmelpenning–Feuerstein–Mims Syndrome) (Omim #163200)
Oculo(Dermal) Melanocytosis (Nevus Fuscoceruleus Ophthalmomaxillaris) (Omim Not Listed)
Phakomatosis Pigmentovascularis (Omim Not Listed)
Conclusion
Key References
References
Part 9: Neuro-Ophthalmology
Section 1: Imaging in Neuro-Ophthalmology
9.1. Principles of Imaging in Neuro-ophthalmology
Abstract
Introduction
Computed Tomography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Angiography
Functional Imaging
Imaging Strategies In Neuro-Ophthalmology
Key References
References
9.2. Optical Coherence Tomography in Neuro-ophthalmology
Abstract
Introduction
Oct Interpretation
Optic Disc Abnormalities Detectable Using OCT
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease
Inflammatory Diseases
Hereditary Optic Neuropathies
Dominant Optic Atrophy
Key References
References
Section 2: The Afferent Visual System
9.3. Anatomy and Physiology
Abstract
Historical Review
General Anatomy
Constituent Elements
Four Portions of the Optic Nerve
Circulation of the Optic Nerve
Key References
References
9.4. Differentiation of Optic Nerve From Macular Retinal Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Ocular Features
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Key References
References
9.5. Congenital Optic Disc Anomalies
Abstract
Introduction
Optic Nerve Hypoplasia
Morning Glory Disc Anomaly
Optic Disc Coloboma
Optic Pit
Megalopapilla
Congenital Tilted Disc Syndrome
Congenital Optic Disc Pigmentation
Aicardi Syndrome
Key References
References
9.6. Papilledema and Raised Intracranial Pressure
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Pathology
Symptoms
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
9.7. Inflammatory Optic Neuropathies and Neuroretinitis
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
Diagnosis
Association With Multiple Sclerosis
Pathology
Management
Course and Outcome
References
Key References
9.8. Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Abstract
Introduction
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
Diabetic Papillopathy
Key References
References
9.9. Mitochondrial Optic Neuropathies
Abstract
Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy
Dominant Optic Atrophy
Nutritional And Toxic Optic Neuropathies
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations (Eye Findings Similar To Lhon)
Differential Diagnosis (Same As For Lhon)
Key References
References
9.10. Prechiasmal Pathways—Compression by Optic Nerve and Sheath Tumors
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
Treatment
Optic Nerve Compression By Optic Nerve And Sheath Tumors
Gliomas And Malignant Gliomas
Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course And Outcome
Other Intracanalicular And Intracranial Compressive Lesions
Key References
References
9.11. Traumatic Optic Neuropathies
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Key References
References
9.12. Lesions of the Optic Chiasm, Parasellar Region, and Pituitary Fossa
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment, Course, and Outcome
Optic Gliomas
Key References
References
9.13. Lesions of Retrochiasmal Pathways, Higher Cortical Function, and Nonorganic Visual Loss
Abstract
Retrochiasmal Pathways And Higher Cortical Function
Lateral Geniculate Bodies
Optic Radiations
Higher Cortical Function
Topographical Diagnosis of Retrochiasmal Disease
Cortical Representation of Vision
Object Identification And Memory
Reading And Dyslexia
Color Perception
Integration of Visual–Auditory Space
Motion Detection
Nonorganic Visual Loss
Visual Snow Syndrome
Key References
References
Section 3: The Efferent Visual System
9.14. Disorders of Supranuclear Control of Ocular Motility
Introduction
Anatomy of Eye Movement
Diagnostic Testing
Disorders of Supranuclear Ocular Motility
Ocular Motility Disorders and the Cerebellum
Ocular Motility Disorders and the Vestibular System
Vergence Disorders
Development of the Ocular Motor System
Key References
References
9.15. Nuclear and Fascicular Disorders of Eye Movement
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment, Course, And Outcome
Key References
References
9.16. Paresis of Isolated and Multiple Cranial Nerves and Painful Ophthalmoplegia
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Key References
References
9.17. SECTION 3The Efferent Visual SystemDisorders of the Neuromuscular Junction
Abstract
Myasthenia Gravis
Botulism
Lambert–Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Key References
References
9.18 SECTION 3 The Efferent Visual System. Ocular Myopathies
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Introduction
Mitochondrial Myopathies
Dystrophic Myopathies
Inflammatory And Infiltrative Myopathies
Key References
References
9.19. Nystagmus, Saccadic Intrusions, and Oscillations
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Key References
References
9.20. Pupillary Signs of Neuro-ophthalmic Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Relative Afferent Pupillary Defects
Efferent Pupillary Defects
Light-Near Dissociation
Poor Pupil Dilation
Retinal Origin Of The Pupil Light Reflex: The Melanopsin-Containing Retinal Ganglion Cell
Key References
References
Section 4: The Brain
9.21. Headache and Facial Pain
Abstract
Introduction
Differential Diagnosis Of Headache Syndromes
Facial Pain
Key References
References
9.22. Tumors, Infections, Inflammations, and Neurodegenerations
Abstract
Tumors
Infections
Inflammations
Neurodegenerations
Key References
References
Section 5: Neuro-Ophthalmologic Emergencies
9.23. Urgent Neuro-ophthalmic Disorders
Introduction
Epidemiology And Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis And Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Pathology
Treatment
Course And Outcomes
Key References
References
9.24. Trauma, Drugs, and Toxins
Abstract
Trauma And The Brain
Drugs, Toxins, And The Brain
Key References
References
9.25. Vascular Disorders
Abstract
Introduction
Aneurysms
Carotid–Cavernous Sinus Fistulas
Transient Visual Loss
Type Of Visual Loss
Transient Isolated Bilateral Loss Of Vision
Strokes
Key References
References
9.26. Electrophysiology
Abstract
Introduction
Nonorganic Vision Loss
Optic Nerve Disease
Key References
References
Part 10: Glaucoma
Section 1: Epidemiology and Mechanisms of Glaucoma
10.1. Epidemiology of Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Prevalence and Rates of Associated Blindness
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Secondary Glaucomas
Ocular Hypertension
Glaucoma Suspects
Key References
References
10.2. Screening for Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Purpose of the Test
Utility of the Test and Interpretation of Results
Procedure
Complications
Alternative Tests
Future Direction of Glaucoma Screening
Key References
References
10.3. Mechanisms of Glaucoma
Introduction
Physiology of Aqueous Production
The Aqueous Humor Outflow Pathway
Pathophysiology of Glaucomatous Optic Neuropathy
Central Visual Pathway Degeneration in Glaucoma
Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Key References
References
Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis
10.4. Clinical Examination of Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Obtaining History
Clinical Evaluation
Clinical Examination
Key References
References
10.5. Visual Fields
Abstract
Introduction
Platforms for Accessing Visual Fields
Visual Field and Glaucoma Diagnosis
Visual Field and Glaucoma Severity
Visual Field and Assessing Progression in Glaucoma
Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning
Visual Fields in Community Screening and Telehealth
References
10.6. Diagnostic Technologies
Abstract
Introduction
Normal Anatomy
Clinical Examination: Glaucomatous Features
Imaging
Optic Disc Photographs
Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Optical Coherence Tomography
Conclusion
Key References
References
10.7. Optic Nerve Blood Flow Measurement
Abstract
Statement of Disclosure
Funding
Introduction
Applied Anatomy
Physiology
Experimental Investigations
Clinical Studies
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography
Retinal Oximetry
Pharmacology
Summary
Key References
References
10.8. Ocular Hypertension
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Course and Outcome
References
Section 3: Specific Types of Glaucoma
10.9. Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Abstract
Definition and Classification
Intraocular Pressure, Risk Factors, and Aspects of Molecular Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Nature of Progressive Visual Loss
Treatment and Monitoring
Key References
References
10.10. Normal-Tension Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
10.11. Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Management of Acute Angle Closure
Management of Chronic Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Management of Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Prognosis
Acknowledgments
Key References
References
10.12. Glaucoma Associated With (Pseudo)Exfoliation Syndrome
Introduction
Epidemiology and Genetics
Clinical Presentation and Ocular Manifestations
Glaucoma in Exfoliation Syndrome
Systemic Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Key References
References
10.13. Pigmentary Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
10.14. Neovascular Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Emerging Treatments
Key References
References
10.15. Inflammatory and Corticosteroid-Induced Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Elevated Iop
Principles of Management
Uveitis
Glaucoma
Specific Entities
Key References
References
10.16. Glaucoma Associated With Ocular Trauma
Abstract
Introduction
Immediate or Early-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma
Late-Onset Glaucoma After Ocular Trauma
Key References
References
10.17. Glaucoma With Elevated Episcleral Venous Pressure
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Systemic Associations
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
10.18. Malignant Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Key References
References
10.19. Glaucomas Secondary to Abnormalities of the Cornea, Iris, Retina, and Intraocular Tumors
Abstract
Ghost Cell Hemolytic Glaucoma
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Schwartz–Matsuo Syndrome
Iridocorneal Endothelial Syndrome
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Axenfeld–Rieger Syndrome
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Epithelial Downgrowth and Fibrous Ingrowth (Proliferation)
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Aniridia
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Systemic Associations
Pathology
Treatment
Tumors and Glaucoma
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Penetrating Keratoplasty
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Treatment
Alkali Chemical Trauma
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Pathology
Treatment
Key References
References
10.20. Congenital Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Ocular Manifestations
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing
Differential Diagnosis
Classification Schemes
Pathology
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
Section 4: Therapy
10.21. When to Treat Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Analysis of Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Principles of Initiation of therapy
Initiation of Therapy in the Patient with Glaucoma
Initiation of Therapy in the Glaucoma Suspect
Artificial Intelligence
Conclusions
Key References
References
10.22. Current Medical Management of Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Drugs that Decrease Aqueous Production
Drugs that Increase Aqueous Outflow
Fixed Combination Medications
The Medical Armamentarium for Glaucoma Treatment
Key References
References
10.23. Laser Trabeculoplasty and Laser Peripheral Iridectomy
Abstract
Laser Trabeculoplasty
Laser Peripheral Iridectomy
Laser Iridoplasty
Key References
References
10.24. Cyclodestructive Procedures in Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Mechanism of Action
Alternatives to Cyclodestruction
Anesthesia
Specific Techniques
Endoscopic Laser Cyclophotocoagulation
Complications
Outcomes
Key References
References
10.25. Goniotomy and Trabeculotomy
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
Preoperative Care
Examination Under Anesthesia
Instruments
Procedures
Postoperative Care
Results
Complications
Key References
References
10.26. Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgeries
Abstract
Introduction
Patient Selection
Options
Endoscopic Laser Photocoagulation
Subconjunctival Microshunts
Innfocus/Preserflo Microshunt
Suprachoroidal Drainage Devices
Conclusion
Key References
References
10.27. Trabeculectomy
Abstract
Introduction
Indications
Surgical Planning
Preoperative Factors to Consider
Patient Counseling
Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Care
Conclusions
Key References
References
10.28. Antifibrotic Agents in Glaucoma Surgery
Abstract
Types of Antifibrotic Agent
Indications for Antimetabolite Use
Application Techniques
Position of Drainage Area Under Eyelid
Closure of Scleral Flap and Associated Surgical Techniques
Postoperative Injections
Complications
Future Strategies to Prevent Fibrosis
Key References
References
10.29. Drainage Implants
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Basic Concept
Indications
Preoperative Considerations
Implant Selection
Surgical Technique
Postoperative Management
Complications
Evidence from Randomized Clinical Trials
Conclusion
Key References
References
10.30. Complications of Glaucoma Surgery and Their Management
Abstract
Introduction
Trabeculectomy
Glaucoma Drainage Implants
Key References
References
10.31. Genes Associated With Human Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Congenital Glaucoma
Developmental Glaucoma
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: Juvenile Onset
Pigment Dispersion Syndrome and Glaucoma
Adult-Onset Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma
Normal-Tension Glaucoma
Exfoliation Syndrome and Glaucoma
Angle-Closure Glaucoma
Key References
References
10.32. Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma
Abstract
Introduction
Peer-Reviewed Articles Comprise Evidence-Based Medicine
Evaluation of Diagnostic Testing in Glaucoma
Examples of Evidence-Based Medicine in Glaucoma Therapy
Barriers to the Practice of Evidence-Based Medicine
Future Directions
Conclusion
Key References
References
Part 11: Pediatric and Adult Strabismus
Section 1: Basic Science
11.1. Anatomy and Physiology of the Extraocular Muscles and Surrounding Tissues
Abstract
Embryology
General Structure of Extraocular Muscles
Gross Anatomy of the Extraocular Muscles
The Orbital Infrastructure and Anatomy
Clinical Correlates
Extraocular Muscle Physiology
Key References
References
Section 2: Evaluation and Diagnosis
11.2. Evaluating Vision in Preverbal and Preliterate Infants and Children
Abstract
Introduction
Historical and Observational Techniques
Fixation Targets
Optokinetic Nystagmus
Visual Evoked Potentials
Forced-Choice Preferential Looking
Graded Optotypes
Maturation of Visual Acuity
Key References
References
11.3. Examination of Ocular Alignment and Eye Movements
Abstract
Evaluation of Ocular Alignment
Eye Movement Examinations
Key References
References
11.4. Sensory Status in Strabismus
Abstract
Introduction
Retinal Elements
Sensory Fusion
Motor Fusion
Stereopsis
Clinical Testing of Binocular Vision
Testing for Sensory Fusion
Testing for Motor Fusion
Stereopsis Tests
Retinal Correspondence Testing
Key References
References
11.5. Sensory Adaptations in Strabismus
Abstract
Diplopia and Visual Confusion
Suppression and Anomalous Retinal Correspondence
Monofixation Syndrome
Key References
References
Section 3: Ocular Manifestations
11.6. Esotropia
Abstract
Introduction
Infantile Esotropia
Accommodative Esotropia
Cyclic Esotropia
Möbius’ (Or Moebius) Sequence
Duane’s Syndrome
Strabismus Fixus
Esotropia in the Neurologically Impaired
Esotropia Associated With Visual Deficit (Sensory Esotropia)
“Heavy Eye Syndrome” and “Sagging Eye Syndrome”
Key References
References
11.7. Exotropia
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Intermittent Exotropia
Ocular Manifestations of Intermittent Exotropia
Diagnosis and Ancillary Testing for Exotropia
Differential Diagnosis
Treatment
Course and Outcome
Key References
References
11.8. Torsional Strabismus
Abstract
Introduction
Clinical Observations
Etiology
Management
Summary
Key References
References
11.9. Paralytic Strabismus
NON-PRINT ITEMAbstract
Introduction
Third Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor)
Fourth Nerve Palsy (Trochlear)
Sixth Nerve Palsy
Summary
Key References
References
11.10. Other Vertical Strabismus Forms
Abstract
Introduction
Dissociated Vertical Divergence
Primary Inferior Oblique Muscle Overaction
Monocular Elevation Deficiency (Previously Termed Double Elevator Palsy)
Brown’s Syndrome
Congenital Fibrosis
Fractures of the Orbital Floor
Graves’ Ophthalmopathy (Dysthyroid Orbitopathy)
Heavy Eye Syndrome
Key References
References
11.11. Amblyopia
Abstract
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Amblyopia
Screening and Diagnosis
Traditional Treatments
Adherence
Paradigm Shifts in Amblyopia
Knock-On Effects of Amblyopia
What’s on the Horizon?
Key References
References
Section 4: Treatment
11.12. Forms of Nonsurgical Strabismus Management
Abstract
Orthoptics
Prisms
Botulinum Toxin
New Medications
Occlusion
Key References
References
11.13. Techniques of Strabismus Surgery
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Review
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Anesthesia
Visualization
General Techniques
Specific Techniques
Complications
Muscle Rupture or Pulled-In-Two Syndrome
Outcomes
Key References
References
Part 12: Orbit and Oculoplastics
Section 1: Orbital Anatomy and Imaging
12.1. Clinical Anatomy of the Eyelids
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy of the Eyelids
Key References
References
12.2. Clinical Anatomy of the Orbit
Abstract
Introduction
General Organization
Osteology of the Orbit
Connective Tissue System
Muscles of Ocular Motility
Motor Nerves of the Orbit
Sensory Nerves of the Orbit
Arterial Supply to the Orbit
Venous Drainage from the Orbit
Key References
References
12.3. Orbital Imaging
Abstract
Introduction
Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Axial Plane
Normal Orbital Anatomy in the Coronal Plane
Key References
References
Section 2: Eyelids
12.4. Blepharoptosis
Abstract
Introduction
Foundation: A Simplified Classification of Ptosis
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Evaluation and Preoperative Considerations
Surgical Correction of Ptosis
Outcome
Key References
References
12.5. Entropion
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Differential Diagnosis
Alternatives to Surgery
Quickert Everting Sutures
Anesthesia
General Technique
Specific Techniques
Lateral Tarsal Strip Procedure
Complications
Outcome
Key References
References
12.6. Ectropion
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Differential Diagnosis
Alternatives to Surgery
Anesthesia
General Techniques
Specific Techniques
Complications
Outcome
Key References
References
12.7. Benign Eyelid Lesions
Abstract
Introduction
Epithelial Tumors
Adnexal Tumors
Vascular Tumors
Tumors of Neural Origin
Xanthomatous Lesions
Pigmented Lesions of Melanocytic Origin
Inflammatory Lesions
Infectious Lesions
Conclusion
Outcomes
Key References
References
12.8. Eyelid Malignancies
Abstract
Introduction
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma
Malignant Melanoma
Key References
References
12.9. Evaluation and Management of Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Anesthesia
Treatment
Common Patterns of Eyelid Injury
Conclusions
Key References
References
Section 3: Orbit and Lacrimal Gland
12.10. Orbital Diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Metastatic Tumors
Lacrimal Gland Lesions
Mesenchymal Tumors
Neurogenic Tumors
Lymphoproliferative Diseases
Histiocytic Tumors
Inflammation and Infections
Thyroid Eye Disease
Cystic Lesions
Vascular Neoplastic and Structural Lesions
Secondary Tumors
Key References
References
12.11. Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration
Abstract
Introduction
Preoperative Evaluation and Diagnostic Approach
Anesthesia
Specific Techniques
Complications
Key References
References
12.12. The Lacrimal Drainage System
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomy and Physiology
Evaluation of Epiphora
Obstructions of the Lacrimal Sac and Duct
Treatment of Lacrimal Sac and Duct Obstruction
Tumors of the Lacrimal Sac
Diseases of the Canaliculi
Punctal Stenosis
Useful Lacrimal Tips
Key References
References
12.13. Thyroid Eye Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Associated Conditions
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation: Disease Severity and Activity
Diagnosis
Evaluation of Disease Severity and Activity
Quality of Life
Basic Management
Medical Therapy
Orbital Radiotherapy
Surgical Therapy
Management Plan Using the Visa Classification
Key References
References
12.14. Orbital Infection and Inflammation
Abstract
Introduction
General Assessment
Key References
References
Section 4: Periorbital Aesthetic Procedures
12.15. Cosmetic Blepharoplasty and Browplasty
Abstract
Introduction
Anatomical Considerations
Blepharoplasty
Brow Malposition
Outcome
Key References
References
12.16. Aesthetic Fillers and Botulinum Toxin for Wrinkle Reduction
Abstract
Introduction
Approach to Periorbital Rejuvenation
Anatomical Considerations
The Brow and Temple
The Eye
Adjunctive Therapies
Precautions
Conclusion
Key References
References
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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Myron Yanoff

Jay S. Duker