Obesity

Former Editors

Contributors

Preface

Chapter One. Hormonal Regulation of Lipogenesis

1 Introduction

2 Defining Lipogenesis

3 Lipogenesis in Metabolic Target Tissues

4 Regulation of Lipogenesis

5 Hormonal Regulation

6 Conclusions

References

Chapter Two. Genetic Determinants of Obesity and Related Vascular Diseases

1 Introduction

2 Genetic Determinants of Obesity

3 Vascular Diseases Related to Overweight and Obesity

4 Conclusions

References

Chapter Three. Brd2 Gene Disruption Causes “Metabolically Healthy” Obesity: Epigenetic and Chromatin-Based Mechanisms that Uncouple Obesity from Type 2 Diabetes

Abbreviations

1 Introduction: The Problem of Obesity and Its Complications

2 Complex Polygenic Interactions with the Environment and Epigenetics in Obesity

3 The “brd2 lo” Mouse Model of “Metabolically Healthy” Obesity

4 Who are “Metabolically Healthy” Obese Humans?

5 Other Animal Models of “Metabolically Healthy” Obesity

6 Derepression of Insulin Transcription in the “brd2 lo” Environment

7 Translational Implications of Epigenetic Reprogramming: Conclusions

References

Chapter Four. The TBC1D1 Gene: Structure, Function, and Association with Obesity and Related Traits

1 Introduction

2 TBC1D1 Gene Structure and Expression

3 TBC1D1 Protein Structure and Function

4 The TBC1D1 Gene in Obesity and Related Traits

5 Conclusions

References

Chapter Five. Replication Initiator 1 in Adipose Tissue Function and Human Obesity

1 Introduction

2 Structure of Repin1

3 Cellular Localization of Repin1

4 Repin1 Function in Adipose Tissue

5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter Six. Adipokines in Childhood Obesity

1 Introduction

2 White Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ: The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adipose Axis

3 Changes in White Adipose Tissue Due to Obesity: Importance of the age at Obesity Onset

4 Energy Homeostasis Control: Leptin as a Key Player

5 Insulin Sensitivity: Role of Adiponectin, Visfatin, and Vaspin

6 Low-Grade Inflammatory Environment: Proinflammatory Adipokines

7 Summary and Conclusions

References

Chapter Seven. Gut Hormones and Obesity: Physiology and Therapies

1 Introduction

2 Central Structures Involved in the Control of Food Intake

3 Gut Hormones

4 Integration of Gut Hormone Signals

5 Influence of Gut Hormone Signals on Other Aspects of Energy Homeostasis

6 Alterations in Gut Hormones and their Function in Obesity

7 Targeting of Gut Hormones in Obesity

8 Conclusion

References

Chapter Eight. Neuroinflammation in Overnutrition-Induced Diseases

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

2 IKKβ/NF-κB and Metabolic Inflammation

3 Mediators of Brain Metabolic Inflammation

4 Metabolic Inflammation and Neural Dysregulation

5 Brain Metabolic Inflammation and Obesity

6 Brain Metabolic Inflammation and Diabetes

7 Brain Metabolic Inflammation in Hypertension and Stroke

8 Metabolic Inflammation and Neurodegeneration

9 Conclusions

References

Chapter Nine. p66ShcA: Linking Mammalian Longevity with Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance

1 Aging: Oxidative Stress Versus Metabolic Unbalance

2 Adipose Tissue and Longevity in Mammals

3 Adipose Tissue, Insulin Resistance, and Longevity

4 p66Shc and Longevity in Mice

5 p66Shc and Insulin Signaling

6 p66Shc in Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance

7 p66 and Aging: The Role of mTOR/S6K

8 p66Shc: TOR and ROS?

References

Chapter Ten. The Emerging Role of Constitutive Androstane Receptor and Its Cross talk with Liver X Receptors and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor A in Lipid Metabolism

1 Introduction

2 Initial Characterization of CAR and Its Emerging Roles in Lipid Metabolism

3 LXRs and PPARα in Lipid Metabolism

4 Functional Crosstalk Between CAR and LXR or CAR and PPAR in the Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

5 Conclusion Remarks

References

Chapter Eleven. Lecithin Cholesterol Acyltransferase Deficiency Protects from Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Obesity—Novel Insights from Mouse Models

1 Introduction

2 Novel Metabolic Phenotypes in Murine Models of LCAT Deficiency

3 Conclusions

References

Chapter Twelve. Sphingolipids in Lipid Microdomains and Obesity

1 Introduction

2 Sphingolipids Function in Lipid Microdomains

3 Sphingolipid and Obesity

4 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Thirteen. Ghrelin At the Interface of Obesity and Reward

1 Introduction

2 Ghrelin in Obesity

3 Ghrelin in the Multicircuit Control of Appetite

4 Stress-Induced Ghrelin-Mediated Food Reward

5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter Fourteen. Endocannabinoids and Obesity

1 Introduction

2 Discovery of the Endocannabinoid System

3 Obesity and Endocannabinoid System

4 Studies of Cannabinoid Receptors and Endocannabinoid Metabolic Enzymes

5 Physiological Roles of CB1 in Different Tissues

6 Novel CB1 Antagonists

7 Future Perspectives

8 Conclusions

References

Chapter Fifteen. Lipocalin 13 Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Obesity

1 Introduction

2 LCN Structure and Function

3 LCN13 Regulation of Glucose Metabolism

4 LCN13 Regulation of Lipid Metabolism

5 Regulation of Nutrient Metabolism by Other LCN Family Members

6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter Sixteen. Sirtuin 1 Deacetylase: A Key Regulator of Hepatic Lipid Metabolism

1 Introduction

2 SIRT1 as a Master Regulator of Metabolism

3 Regulation of Hepatic Fat (TG) Metabolism by SIRT1

4 Regulation of Hepatic Cholesterol and Bile Acid Metabolism by SIRT1

5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

Chapter Seventeen. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and Obesity

1 Introduction

2 PTP1B

3 Biological Roles of PTP1B

4 Genetic Deletion of PTP1B in Mice

5 Inhibitors of PTP1B

References

Chapter Eighteen. Nomilin as an Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent

1 Introduction

2 Bile Acid Biosynthesis

3 Biological Functions of Bile Acids as Farnesoid X Receptor Ligands

4 TGR5, a Bile Acid Receptor

5 TGR5 Agonists

6 A Citrus Limonoid, Nomilin

7 Anti-Obesity and Anti-Hyperglycemic Effects of TGR5 Agonists

8 The Future

References

Index