New Techniques in Nutritional research

ContributorsPrefaceEditor’s ForewordForewordPart I Nutritional Applications of Stable Isotopes 1 Application of Stable Isotope Tracers in Studies of Human Metabolism I. Introduction II. The Utility of Stable Isotope Tracers: Pros and Cons III. Instrument Developments IV. In What Circumstances Should We Use Stable Isotopes as Tracers? V. Recent Findings in the Measurement of Human Tissue Protein Turnover References 2 Protein and Amino Acid Turnover Using the Stable Isotopes 15N, 13C, and 2H as Probes I. Introduction II. Brief Survey of Methods for Measuring Whole-Body Protein and Amino Acid Turnover III. Examples of Selected Applications of 13C, 5N, and 2H Probes in Amino Acid Turnover Studies IV. Summary and Conclusions References 3 Nutritional Applications of 13C: Strategic Considerations I. Introduction II. Analysis III. Preparation of 13C-Labeled Nutrients IV. Availability and Cost of 13C V. Summary References 4 The Use of Stable Isotopes in Vitamin Research I. Introduction II. Current Applications III. Conclusions References 5 Stable Isotopes in the Investigation of Mineral Metabolism I. Historical Background II. Minerals of Interest for Humans III. Objectives IV. Methods of Studying Mineral Absorption V. Limitations and Advantages of Stable Isotopes VI. Experimental Considerations VII. Human Experiments Using Isotopic Labels VIII. Future of Stable Isotopes as Tracers of Mineral Metabolism References 6 Session Discussion TextPart II Modern Methods of Measuring Energy Expenditure Text 7 The Doubly Labeled Water Method for the Measurement of Energy Expenditure in Humans: Risks and Benefits I. The Adequacy of the Model II. The Adequacy of Basic Data III. Conclusions References 8 Doubly Labeled Water Measurements and Calorimetry in Practice I. Introduction II. Principles of Assessing Energy Expenditure III. Distinctions between Doubly Labeled Water and Calorimetry IV. Application of Doubly Labeled Water and Calorimetry in Tandem V. Application of Whole-Body Calorimetry Alone VI. Application of Doubly Labeled Water Alone VII. Summary References 9 Estimation of Short-Term Energy Expenditure by the Labeled Bicarbonate Method I. Incomplete Recovery of Labeled Carbon Dioxide II. Variation in the Recovery of Labeled Carbon Dioxide III. Assessing the Extent of Isotopic Dilution IV. The Possible Use of Urea-Specific Activity or Enrichment V. Site of Sampling VI. Energy Expenditure and the Energy Equivalent of Carbon Dioxide References 10 Measurement of Energy Expenditure—Outstanding Issues Text ReferencesPart III Modern Methods of Measuring Body Composition I. What Question Are We Trying to Answer? II. Quetelet's Index and Fatness III. Validation of Estimates of Body Fat IV. What New Methods for Measuring Body Composition Are Needed? References 11 Anthropometry: Classical and Modern Approaches I. Introduction II. Measurement of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Thickness III. Somatotype IV. Knemometry V. Weight-Stature Indices VI. Whole-Body Impedance VII. Segmental Impedance VIII. Concluding Remarks References 12 Neutron Activation Analysis in Assessment of Body Composition I. Introduction II. Current State of the Art III. Techniques IV. Applications V. New Techniques and Their Validation VI. Future Prospects for Neutron Activation VII. Summary References 13 Measurements of Total Body Electrical Conductivity for the Estimation of Fat and Fat-Free Mass I. Historical Background II. Theory of Measurements III. Interpretation of Measurements IV. Accuracy: Sources of Error V. Applications References 14 Assessment of Body Composition Using Tetrapolar Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis I. Introduction II. Tetrapolar Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis III. Body Composition Assessment IV. Summary and Conclusion References 15 The Companionship of Lean and Fat: Some Lessons from Body Composition Studies I. Effect of Changes in Energy Balance II. Body Composition in Established States of Underweight and Overweight Humans and Animals III. Some Exceptions to the Companionship Rule IV. Body Composition and Energy Requirements V. Concluding Remarks ReferencesPart IV Imaging Techniques and Nutrition and the Assessment of Bone Status Text References 16 Future Prospects for NMR-Imaging Spectroscopy in Studies of Human Nutrition Text References 17 Imaging Techniques in Nutrition and the Assessment of Bone Status: Computed Tomography I. Introduction II. Tissues and Organs References 18 Assessment of Bone Mineral Content and Fracture Risk by Photon Absorptiometry I. Introduction II. Measurement of Bone Mineral Content in Vivo III. A Stochastic Model of Bone Loss, Falls, and Hip Fractures IV. Predictions of the Stochastic Model V. Discussion References 19 Measures of Total Body Calcium I. Introduction II. In Vivo Neutron Activation Analysis III. Total Body Dual-Photon Absorptiometry IV. Comparisons, Predictions, and Choices References 20 Discussion I. Magnetic Resonance Imaging II. X-Ray Computed Tomography III. Neutron Activation Analysis IV. Bone Mineral Measurements V. Measurement of Body Composition by DexaIndex