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A key property of neural processing in higher mammals is the ability to focus resources by selectively directing attention to relevant perceptions, thoughts or actions. Research… Read more
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Dedications
Contributors
Foreword: Neurobiology of Attention
Preface
A Brief and Selective History of Attention
A Tour of This Volume
I: FOUNDATIONS
Chapter 1: Computational Foundations for Attentive Processes
I. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
II. THE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF VISION
III. COMPLEXITY CONSTRAINS THE ARCHITECTURE FOR VISUAL PROCESSING
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 2: Capacity Limits for Spatial Discrimination
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FEATURE SEGREGATION
III. FEATURE INTEGRATION
IV. FEATURE DETECTION
APPENDIX
Chapter 3: Directed Visual Attention and the Dynamic Control of Information Flow
I. INTRODUCTION
II. DYNAMIC ROUTING
III. DYNAMIC ROUTING CIRCUIT ARCHITECTURE
IV. AUTONOMOUS CONTROL
V. NEUROBIOLOGICAL SUBSTRATES AND MECHANISMS
VI. DISCUSSION
Chapter 4: Selective Attention as an Optimal Computational Strategy
I. THE ATTENTION–AWARENESS MODEL: AN INTRODUCTION
II. LEARNING MOTION WITH AN ARTICULATED ARM
III. ROLE OF THE ATTENTION–AWARENESS MODEL IN LEARNING
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 5: Surprise: A Shortcut for Attention?
I. INTRODUCTION
II. COMPUTATION OF SURPRISE
III. HABITUATION AND SURPRISE
IV. DISCUSSION: A SHORTCUT FOR ATTENTION
Chapter 6: A Heteromodal Large-Scale Network for Spatial Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HEMISPATIAL NEGLECT
III. THE SPATIAL ATTENTION NETWORK
IV. BRAIN–BEHAVIOR CORRELATIONS
V. INTRANETWORK SPECIALIZATIONS
VI. HEMISPHERIC ASYMMETRY
VII. INTERNETWORK RELATIONSHIPS
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 7: Parietal Mechanisms of Attentional Control: Locations, Features, and Objects
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CUING STUDIES OF ATTENTIONAL CONTROL
III. DYNAMIC ATTENTIONAL CONTROL SIGNALS
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 8: Visual Cortical Circuits and Spatial Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SPATIAL ATTENTION: FACILITATION AND SELECTION
III. CONTRAST-DEPENDENT RESPONSE MODULATION IN VISUAL CORTEX
IV. A LINKING HYPOTHESIS: DIRECTING SPATIAL ATTENTION TO A STIMULUS INCREASES ITS EFFECTIVE CONTRAST
V. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 9: Psychopharmacology of Human Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM
III. THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 10: Neuropharmacology of Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SUSTAINED ATTENTION
III. SELECTIVE SPATIAL ATTENTION/ATTENTIONAL SHIFT
IV. NEUROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ATTENTION
V. DISCUSSION
Chapter 11: Identifying the Neural Systems of Top-Down Attentional Control: A Meta-analytic Approach
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHOD
III. RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSION
V. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Chapter 12: Attention Capture: The Interplay of Expectations, Attention, and Awareness
I. INTRODUCTION
II. IMPLICIT ATTENTION CAPTURE
III. EXPLICIT ATTENTION CAPTURE AND INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS
IV. COMBINING IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT ATTENTION CAPTURE
Chapter 13: Change Blindness
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE NATURE OF VISUAL ATTENTION
III. VISUAL ATTENTION AND SCENE PERCEPTION
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 14: Development of Covert Orienting in Young Infants
I. INFANTS CAN SHIFT ATTENTION COVERTLY TO PERIPHERAL STIMULI
II. INFANT COVERT ORIENTING OCCURS DURING CENTRAL STIMULUS ATTENTION
III. CORTICAL BASES OF SPATIAL ATTENTION DEVELOPMENT?
Chapter 15: Prior Entry
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF THE TASK
III. EARLY PRIOR ENTRY RESEARCH
IV. SPATIAL CONFOUND IN MULTISENSORY PRIOR ENTRY RESEARCH
V. RESPONSE BIAS CONFOUND
VI. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF PRIOR ENTRY
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 16: Inhibition of Return
I. MODEL TASK FOR EXPLORING IOR
II. BEHAVIORAL PROPERTIES OF IOR
III. IOR FUNCTIONS AS A FORAGING FACILITATOR
IV. NEURAL IMPLEMENTATION OF IOR
Chapter 17: Guidance of Visual Search by Preattentive Information
I. INTRODUCTION
II. LOOKING FOR PREATTENTIVE FEATURES
III. HOW GUIDANCE WORKS
IV. WHAT ARE THE PREATTENTIVE FEATURES?
Chapter 18: The Top in Top-Down Attention
I. DEFINITIONS OF TOP-DOWN EFFECTS
II. WHEN IS TOP-DOWN NOT TOP-DOWN?
III. DO WE HAVE TOP-DOWN CONTROL OF SELECTIVE ATTENTION?
IV. TOP-DOWN CONTROL AS THE MAINTENANCE OF TASK PRIORITIES
V. WHAT IS AT THE TOP OF TOP-DOWN CONTROL?
Chapter 19: Allocation of Attention in Three-Dimensional Space
I. THE PROBLEM OF ATTENTION IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL SPACE
II. RESEARCH DEMONSTRATING ATTENTION IN DEPTH
III. THE INTERACTION OF ATTENTION IN DEPTH AND OTHER PROCESSES
IV. UNRESOLVED ISSUES
Chapter 20: Covert Attention and Saccadic Eye Movements
I. INTRODUCTION
II. VISUAL INFORMATION EXTRACTION NORMALLY INVOLVES OVERT ATTENTION (EYE MOVEMENTS)
III. COVERT ATTENTION OPERATES IN CONJUNCTION WITH SACCADIC EYE MOVEMENTS
IV. SACCADIC TARGET SELECTION INVOLVES A SALIENCE MAP
V. PLANNING AHEAD IN THE SACCADIC SYSTEM
VI. WHEN MIGHT COVERT ATTENTION OPERATE WITHOUT THE EYES MOVING?
Chapter 21: Prefrontal Selection and Control of Covert and Overt Orienting
I. INTRODUCTION
II. VISUAL SELECTION INVOLVING CONSPICUOUS STIMULI
III. VISUAL SELECTION BASED ON KNOWLEDGE
IV. CONTROL OF OVERT ORIENTING
V. DISCUSSION
Chapter 22: Dissociation of Selection from Saccade Programming
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE FRONTAL EYE FIELD
III. TARGET SELECTION IN FEF
IV. DISSOCIATION OF TARGET SELECTION FROM SACCADE PRODUCTION
V. DISCUSSION
Chapter 23: Space- and Object-Based Attention
I. TWO MODES OF ATTENTIONAL SELECTION
II. CLARIFYING THE NOTION OF OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION
III. EVIDENCE POINTS TO ONE ACCOUNT OF OBJECT-BASED ATTENTIONAL SELECTION
IV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPACE-BASED AND OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION
V. TOWARD A UNIFIED THEORY OF SPACE- AND OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION
Chapter 24: Attention and Binding
I. WHAT MUST BE BOUND?
II. IS THERE A BINDING PROBLEM?
III. ATTENTION AND BINDING
IV. IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT BINDING
V. SUMMARY
Chapter 25: Top-Down Facilitation of Visual Object Recognition
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ACTIVATING THE TOP FROM THE BOTTOM
III. THE CORTICAL ORIGIN OF TOP-DOWN FACILITATION
IV. OBJECT REPRESENTATIONS IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX?
V. PREDICTIONS AND OPEN QUESTIONS
Chapter 26: Spatial Processing of Environmental Representations
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE HIERARCHICAL MODEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPRESENTATIONS
III. ACCESSING MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL REPRESENTATIONS
IV. SPATIAL UPDATING IN NESTED ENVIRONMENTS
V. NAVIGATION IN NESTED ENVIRONMENTS
VI. PROCESSING OF ENVIRONMENTAL REPRESENTATIONS
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 27: Decision and Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
III. PRECIS OF SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY
IV. CRITERION ATTRACTION AND ITS INTERPRETATION, THE UNIQUE INTERNAL REPRESENTATION
V. DECISION AND ATTENTION
VI. CONCLUSION
Chapter 28: Visual Attention and Emotional Perception
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTION IS NEEDED TO PROCESS VISUAL STIMULI
III. IS ATTENTION NECESSARY FOR THE PROCESSING OF EMOTION-LADEN FACES?
IV. A STRONG TEST OF AUTOMATIC AMYGDALA ACTIVATION
V. EMOTIONAL STIMULI CAN BIAS COMPETITION FOR PROCESSING RESOURCES
VI. WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF THE BIASING SIGNAL FOR EMOTIONAL STIMULI?
VII. ATTENTION AND AWARENESS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 29: The Difference between Visual Attention and Awareness: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective
I. TWO FORMS OF SELECTION: IDENTICAL OR NOT?
II. STARTING POINTS: PROCESSING AND MEMORY
III. ATTENTION = PROCESSING × MEMORY
IV. VISUAL AWARENESS = RECURRENT PROCESSING
V. AWARENESS × ATTENTIONAL SELECTION: THREE STAGES OF PROCESSING
VI. A CASE FOR PHENOMENAL AWARENESS
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 30: Reaching Affects Saccade Trajectories
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SACCADE POPULATION CODE SELECTION
III. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EYE & HAND
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgment
Chapter 31: The Premotor Theory of Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE PREMOTOR THEORY OF ATTENTION
III. EVIDENCE IN FAVOR OF THE PREMOTOR THEORY OF ATTENTION
IV. ACTIVATION OF OCULOMOTOR AREAS DURING ORIENTING OF SPATIAL ATTENTION: BRAIN IMAGING STUDIES
V. NON-OCULOMOTOR ATTENTION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 32: Cross-Modal Consequences of Human Spatial Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR CROSS-MODAL EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
III. ERP EVIDENCE FOR SENSORY EFFECTS OF CROSS-MODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION
IV. NEUROIMAGING EVIDENCE FOR MODULATION OF SENSORY CORTEX BY CROSS-MODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 33: Attention and Scene Understanding
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BASIC COMPONENTS OF SCENE UNDERSTANDING
III. DISCUSSION: SUMMARY OF A PUTATIVE FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE
IV. CONCLUSION
II: FUNCTIONS
Chapter 34: Visual Search and Popout in Infancy
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SEARCH, SEGREGATION, POPOUT, AND SELECTION MECHANISMS IN ADULTS
III. FEATURE SEARCH, SEGREGATION, AND POPOUT IN INFANCY
IV. PARALLEL SEARCH IN INFANTS
V. CONJUNCTION SEARCH IN INFANTS
VI. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF PREATTENTIVE AND ATTENTIVE MECHANISMS
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 35: Attention in Conditioning
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTION IN LEARNING
III. ATTENTION IN PREDICTION
IV. DISCUSSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 36: Electrophysiology of Reflexive Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SHORT ISI EFFECTS
III. LONG ISI EFFECTS
IV. THE EFFECTS OF CROSS-MODAL ATTENTIONAL CAPTURE ON CORTICAL VISUAL PROCESSING
V. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 37: Natural Scene Statistics and Salient Visual Features
I. INTRODUCTION
II. STATISTICS OF FIXATED REGIONS
III. SALIENCY DETECTORS
IV. DISCUSSION
Chapter 38: Salience of Feature Contrast
I. MEASURES OF SALIENCE
II. PHENOMENOLOGY OF SALIENCE
III. POPOUT FROM FEATURE CONTRAST
IV. NEUROBIOLOGY OF SALIENCE
V. CONTEXTUAL MODULATION IN AREA V1
VI. STUDYING PROPERTIES OF CONTEXTUAL MODULATION IN SALIENCE PERCEPTION
VII. THE ROLE OF SALIENCE AND FEATURE CONTRAST IN VISION
Chapter 39: Stimulus-Driven Guidance of Visual Attention in Natural Scenes
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EYE MOVEMENTS IN NATURAL SCENES
III. STIMULUS SALIENCE IN NATURAL SCENES
IV. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 40: Contextual Guidance of Visual Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE CONTEXTUAL CUEING TASK
III. STATISTICAL LEARNING
IV. CLOSING COMMENTS
Chapter 41: Gist of the Scene
I. WHAT IS THE “GIST OF A SCENE”?
II. THE NATURE OF THE GIST
III. A HOLISTIC REPRESENTATION OF GIST
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 42: Temporal Orienting of Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. USING TEMPORAL INFORMATION TO ORIENT ATTENTION
III. COMPARISON OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL ORIENTING
IV. IMPLICATIONS OF TEMPORAL EXPECTANCIES FOR COGNITIVE RESEARCH
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 43: Visual Search: The Role of Memory for Rejected Distractors
I. SAMPLING IN VISUAL SEARCH
II. EMPIRICAL TESTS OF THE STANDARD MODEL
III. MEMORY IN THE OCULOMOTOR DOMAIN
IV. THE COST OF SYSTEMATIC SEARCH?
V. LIMITED-CAPACITY MEMORY?
VI. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 44: The Neuropsychology of Visual Feature Binding
Chapter 45: Visual Saliency and Spike Timing in the Ventral Visual Pathway
I. INTRODUCTION
II. A “BEHAVIORAL” DEFINITION OF VISUAL SALIENCY
III. VISUAL SALIENCY IN THE VENTRAL VISUAL PATHWAY
IV. SPIKE TIMING AND VISUAL SALIENCY
V. DISCUSSION
Chapter 46: Object Recognition in Cortex: Neural Mechanisms, and Possible Roles for Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. OBJECT RECOGNITION IN CORTEX: SOME EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
III. THE “STANDARD MODEL”
IV. EXTENDING THE FEEDFORWARD SYSTEM: ROLES FOR TOP-DOWN ATTENTIONAL AND TASK-DEPENDENT MODULATIONS
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 47: Binding Contour Segments into Spatially Extended Objects
I. INTRODUCTION
II. AN ALGORITHM FOR GROUPING OF CONNECTED IMAGE ELEMENTS
III. THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF CONTOUR GROUPING
IV. THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONTOUR GROUPING
V. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 48: Scanpath Theory, Attention, and Image Processing Algorithms for Predicting Human Eye Fixations
ABSTACT
I. SCANPATH AND ATTENTION
II. SALIENCY PREDICTS INFORMATIVENESS
Chapter 49: The Feature Similarity Gain Model of Attention: Unifying Multiplicative Effects of Spatial and Feature-based Attention
I. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION IN AREA MT
II. MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF FEATURE-BASED ATTENTION IN AREA MT
III. FEATURE SIMILARITY GAIN CAN EXPLAIN ATTENTIONAL EFFECTS
Chapter 50: Biasing Competition in Human Visual Cortex
I. LIMITED PROCESSING CAPACITY AND COMPETITION
II. A NEURAL BASIS FOR COMPETITION AMONG MULTIPLE STIMULI
III. EVIDENCE FOR AN ATTENTIONAL TOP-DOWN BIAS IN VISUAL CORTEX
Chapter 51: Nonsensory Signals in Early Visual Cortex
I. NEURAL CORRELATES OF VISUAL ATTENTION
II. NEURAL CORRELATES OF VISUAL PERCEPTION
III. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 52: Effects of Attention on Auditory Perceptual Organization
I. INTRODUCTION
II. AUDITORY STREAMING
III. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
IV. INDIRECT EFFECTS OF STREAMING ON COMPETING TASKS
V. MANIPULATING ATTENTION DURING THE BUILDUP OF AUDITORY STREAMING
VI. THE HIERARCHICAL DECOMPOSITION MODEL
VII. NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 53: Attention in Language
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTION AND THE STRUCTURE OF DISCOURSE
III. ATTENTION AND SEMANTICS
Chapter 54: Attention and Spatial Language
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTION IS NECESSARY FOR APPREHENDING SPATIAL RELATIONS
III. THE ROLE OF ATTENTION IN APPREHENDING SPATIAL RELATIONS
IV. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 55: The Sustained Attention to Response Test (SART)
I. VALIDITY
II. PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES
III. NEURAL BASIS OF SART PERFORMANCE
Chapter 56: ERP Measures of Multiple Attention Deficits Following Prefrontal Damage
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SELECTIVE ATTENTION
III. NOVELTY AND DEVIANCE DETECTION AND INVOLUNTARY ATTENTION SHIFT
Chapter 57: Nonspatially Lateralized Mechanisms in Hemispatial Neglect
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SPATIALLY LATERALIZED DEFICITS MAY NOT BE ENOUGH
III. NONSPATIALLY LATERALIZED DEFICITS MIGHT BE IMPORTANT
IV. SELECTIVE ATTENTION CAPACITY
V. NONSPATIALLY LATERALIZED SUSTAINED ATTENTION
VI. DETECTING SALIENCE OVER SPACE AND TIME
VII. TRANS-SACCADIC SPATIAL WORKING MEMORY
VIII. COMBINING NONLATERALIZED AND SPATIALLY LATERALIZED IMPAIRMENTS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 58: Visual Extinction and Hemispatial Neglect after Brain Damage: Neurophysiological Basis of Residual Processing
I. BEHAVIORAL AND ANATOMICAL ASPECTS
II. IMPLICIT RESIDUAL PROCESSING
III. FUNCTIONAL NEUROIMAGING
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 59: Attention in Split-Brain Patients
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SPATIAL ORIENTING
III. VISUAL SEARCH
IV. RESOURCES AND DUAL-TASK PERFORMANCE
V. TOP-DOWN VS. BOTTOM-UP CONTROL
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 60: Divided Attention in the Normal and the Split Brain: Chronometry and Imaging
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ACCOUNTS OF REDUNDANCY GAIN
III. PARADOXICAL INTERHEMISPHERIC RG INCREASE IN THE SPLIT BRAIN
IV. THE FUNCTIONAL AND NEURAL LOCUS OF RG IN THE NORMAL BRAIN
III: MECHANISMS
Chapter 61: Neurophysiological Correlates of the Attentional Spotlight
I. VISUAL ATTENTION IS SPATIALLY SELECTIVE
II. NEUROIMAGING THE SPATIAL TOPOGRAPHY OF ATTENTION
III. IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORIES OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
Chapter 62: Spatially-Specific Attentional Modulation Revealed by fMRI
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTIONAL MODULATION IN AREA VI AND OTHER VISUAL CORTICAL AREAS
III. SELECTION MECHANISMS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
IV. FLEXIBLE WINDOWS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
V. SUMMARY
Chapter 63: The Neural Basis of the Attentional Blink
I. THE ATTENTIONAL BLINK
II. THE NEURAL BASIS OF THE AB BOTTLENECK
III. NEURAL FATE OF T2
IV. EFFECTS OF REAL AND VIRTUAL BRAIN LESIONS ON THE ATTENTIONAL BLINK
V. CONCLUSION
Chapter 64: Neurophysiological Correlates of the Reflexive Orienting of Spatial Attention
Chapter 65: Specifying the Components of Attention in a Visual Search Task
I. A THREE-STEP PLAN FOR BEATING ATTENTION ADDICTION
II. SEARCHING FOR ATTENTIONAL COMPONENTS IN A VISUAL SEARCH TASK
III. A NEUROCOMPUTATIONAL MODEL OF EYE MOVEMENTS DURING VISUAL SEARCH
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 66: Neural Evidence for Object-based Attention
I. OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION
II. fMRI OF OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION
III. DISCUSSION AND RELATED STUDIES
Chapter 67: Location- or Feature-based Targeting of Spatial Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODS
III. RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSION
Chapter 68: Dimension-based Attention in Pop-out Search
I. VISUAL SEARCH FOR POP-OUT TARGETS: AUTOMATIC OR ATTENTIONALLY MODULATED?
II. DIMENSION-SPECIFIC EFFECTS IN POP-OUT SEARCH
III. THE FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF DIMENSION-BASED INTER-TRIAL MEMORY AND REDUNDANCY GAINS
Chapter 69: Irrelevant Singletons Capture Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FEATURE SINGLETONS CAPTURE ATTENTION
III. ATTENTION AND EYE MOVEMENTS
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 70: Attentional Modulation of Apparent Stimulus Contrast
I. EFFECTS OF ATTENTION AND STIMULUS CONTRAST ON NEURONAL RESPONSES
II. MEASURING ATTENTIONAL MODULATION AS A FUNCTION OF STIMULUS CONTRAST
III. A COMMON SUBSTRATE FOR ATTENTIONAL AND CONTRAST MODULATION OF RESPONSES
Chapter 71: Attentional Suppression Early in the Macaque Visual System
I. INTRODUCTION
II. A RING OF METABOLIC SUPPRESSION
III. DISCUSSION AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELING
IV. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 72: Attentional Modulation in the Human Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Pulvinar
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTIONAL MODULATION IN THE HUMAN LGN
III. ATTENTIONAL MODULATION IN THE HUMAN PULVINAR
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 73: Transient Covert Attention Increases Contrast Sensitivity and Spatial Resolution: Support for Signal Enhancement
I. TRANSIENT ATTENTION INCREASES SENSITIVITY ACROSS THE CONTRAST SENSITIVITY FUNCTION
II. TRANSIENT ATTENTION INCREASES SENSITIVITY ACROSS THE CONTRAST PSYCHOMETRIC FUNCTION
III. TRANSIENT ATTENTION INCREASES APPARENT CONTRAST
IV. TRANSIENT ATTENTION IMPROVES ACUITY
V. CONCLUSION
Chapter 74: External Noise Distinguishes Mechanisms of Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE PERCEPTUAL TEMPLATE MODEL (PTM) APPROACH
III. EMPIRICAL RESULTS AND TAXONOMY OF MECHANISMS OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
IV. OTHER APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS
Acknowledgment
Chapter 75: Attentional Modulation and Changes in Effective Connectivity
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY ANALYSES
III. DISCUSSION
IV. EFFECTIVE CONNECTIVITY VERSUS CATEGORICAL COMPARISONS
SUMMARY
Chapter 76: Attentional Modulation of Surround Inhibition
I. INTRODUCTION
II. METHODS
III. RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSION
NOTES
Chapter 77: Attentional Processes in Texture Perception
I. TEXTURE JUDGMENTS IN DAILY LIFE
II. CASE STUDY: THE ISOLATION AND ANALYSIS OF BLACKSHOT
III. ATTENTIONAL CONTROL OF TEXTURE JUDGMENTS
IV. CHALLENGES
Chapter 78: Mechanisms of Perceptual Learning
I. PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
II. MECHANISMS OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
III. RETUNING VERSUS REWEIGHTING
IV. PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LEARNING
V. IMPACT OF PERCEPTUAL LEARNING
Chapter 79: Lateral Interactions between Targets and Flankers Require Attention
I. STIMULUS AND TASK-RELATED CONTEXT EFFECTS IN EARLY VISION
II. BASIC DUAL-TASK DUAL-AXIS PROCEDURE
III. STRENGTH AND SPECIFICITY OF ATTENTIONAL MODULATION
IV. MECHANISM OF ATTENTIONAL MODULATION
V. FUNCTIONAL ROLE OF LATERAL INTERACTIONS AND ATTENTIONAL MODULATION THEREOF
VI. PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF LATERAL INTERACTIONS AND ATTENTIONAL MODULATION
VII. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 80: Attention and Changes in Neural Selectivity
I. INTRODUCTION
II. EXPERIMENTAL FINDINGS
III. IMPLICATIONS
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 81: Attentional Effects on Motion Processing
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PSYCHOPHYSICAL STUDIES
III. NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES
IV. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NEURAL AND PSYCHOPHYSICAL EFFECTS OF ATTENTION
V. CONCLUSION
Chapter 82: ERP Studies of Selective Attention to Nonspatial Features
I. NONSPATIAL SELECTIVE ATTENTION
II. DORSAL AND VENTRAL STREAMS
III. CONCLUSION
Chapter 83: Effects of Attention on Figure-Ground Responses in the Primary Visual Cortex during Working Memory
I. ATTENTION AND WORKING MEMORY
II. FIGURE-GROUND SEGREGATION
III. WORKING MEMORY IN THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX
IV. ATTENTION CONTROLS WORKING MEMORY
V. EFFECTS OF ATTENTION ON THE NEURAL RESPONSES DURING DELAY PERIOD
VI. CONCLUSION
Chapter 84: Electrophysiological and Neuroimaging Approaches to the Study of Visual Attention
I. INTRODUCTION—ERPS
II. ANALYZING THE NEURAL SOURCE(S) OF ERP COMPONENTS
III. ERP MEASURES OF SPATIAL ATTENTION
IV. SOURCE MODELING OF ATTENTION-RELATED ERP COMPONENTS
V. ERP STUDIES OF ATTENTION TO NONSPATIAL FEATURES
VI. CONCLUSION
Chapter 85: The Timing of Attentional Modulation of Visual Processing as Indexed by ERPs
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ERPS AND THE TIMING OF SPACE- AND FEATURE-DIRECTED VISUAL ATTENTION
III. CONCLUSION
Chapter 86: Selective Visual Attention Modulates Oscillatory Neuronal Synchronization
I. ATTENTIONAL MECHANISMS MODULATE NEURONAL IMPACT
II. SELECTIVE ATTENTION MODULATES OSCILLATORY NEURONAL SYNCHRONIZATION
III. CHANGES IN NEURONAL SYNCHRONIZATION MAY BE A GENERAL MECHANISM TO MODULATE NEURONAL IMPACT
Chapter 87: Putative Role of Oscillations and Synchrony in Cortical Signal Processing and Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. TAGGING RESPONSES AS RELATED
III. RATE CODES VERSUS TEMPORAL CODES
IV. SYNCHRONY AS A CODE FOR THE DEFINITION OF RELATIONS
V. SYNCHRONIZATION AND FEATURE BINDING
VI. THE ROLE OF RESPONSE SYNCHRONIZATION IN RESPONSE SELECTION AND ATTENTION
Chapter 88: Attention to Tactile Stimuli Increases Neural Synchrony in Somatosensory Cortex
I. THE NEED FOR SOMATOSENSORY SELECTION
II. CANDIDATE NEURAL MECHANISMS OF SOMATOSENSORY SELECTION
III. POPULATION ACTIVITY
IV. SUMMARY
Chapter 89: Crossmodal Attention in Event Perception
I. CONVENTIONAL CROSSMODAL PHENOMENA AND CROSSMODAL SPATIAL ATTENTION
II. ATTENTIONAL EFFECTS ON EVENT PERCEPTION
III. DEVELOPMENTAL ASSAY UTILIZING THE CROSSMODAL DISPLAY
IV. CROSSMODAL EVENT PERCEPTION BY DYNAMIC ATTENTIONAL ALLOCATION
IV: SYSTEMS
Chapter 90: The FeatureGate Model of Visual Selection
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SELECTING LOCATIONS IN FEATUREGATE
III. HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE
IV. INHIBITION OF RETURN AND SERIAL SEARCH
V. ACCOUNTING FOR FEATURE-DRIVEN SELECTION AND DISTRACTOR INHIBITION
Chapter 91: Probabilistic Models of Attention Based on Iconic Representations and Predictive Coding
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PROBABILISTIC CONTROL OF ATTENTION USING ICONIC REPRESENTATIONS
III. PREDICTIVE CODING MODEL OF ATTENTION
IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Chapter 92: The Selective Tuning Model for Visual Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE SELECTIVE TUNING MODEL
III. COMPUTATIONAL AND BIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 93: The Primary Visual Cortex Creates a Bottom-up Saliency Map
I. THE BOTTOM-UP SALIENCY MAP REGARDLESS OF VISUAL FEATURES SIGNALLED BY FEATURE-SELECTIVE CELLS IN V1
II. DEMONSTRATING THE SALIENCY MAP BY A V1 MODEL
III. BASIC FEATURES AND CONJUNCTION SEARCHES EXPLAINED BY V1 SALIENCY MECHANISM
IV. SALIENCY AND INTERACTIONS AMONG FEATURE DIMENSIONS
V. DISCUSSION
Chapter 94: Models of Bottom-up Attention and Saliency
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PREATTENTIVE FEATURES AND SALIENCY MAP
III. IMPLEMENTED ARCHITECTURES
IV. ATTENTION AND RECOGNITION
V. APPLICATIONS
VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Chapter 95: Saliency in Computer Vision
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE TENSOR VOTING FRAMEWORK
Chapter 96: Contextual Influences on Saliency
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE SCENE CONTEXT
III. THE REPRESENTATION OF SCENES
IV. MODEL FOR SCENE PRIORS AND THE MODULATION OF SALIENCY
V. RESULTS
VI. CONCLUSION
Chapter 97: A Neurodynamical Model of Visual Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. VISUAL ATTENTIONAL MECHANISMS
III. A UNIFYING NEURODYNAMICAL COMPUTATIONAL MODEL
IV. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
V. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 98: How the Detection of Objects in Natural Scenes Constrains Attention in Time
I. INTRODUCTION
II. THE MODEL
III. RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSION
Chapter 99: Memory-Driven Visual Attention: An Emergent Behavior of Map-Seeking Circuits
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MAP-SEEKING CIRCUITS
III. ATTENTION SHIFTS
IV. CROSS-MODAL ATTENTION: FINDING 2D TARGETS USING 3D MEMORIES
V. BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
VI. RELATIONSHIP TO BOTTOM-UP ATTENTIONAL MECHANISMS
VII. CONCLUSION
Chapter 100: The Role of Short-Term Memory in Visual Attention
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTION AND WORKING MEMORY
III. CONCLUSION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 101: Scene Segmentation through Synchronization
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MODELING
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
IV. CONCLUSIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 102: Attentive Wide-Field Sensing for Visual Telepresence and Surveillance
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PHYSICAL DESIGN
III. FUSION
IV. SACCADIC CONTROL
V. TRACKING AND SMOOTH PURSUIT
VI. MEMORY
VII. FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Acknowledgements
Chapter 103: Neuromorphic Selective Attention Systems
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MULTICHIP SELECTIVE ATTENTION MODELS
III. THE SELECTIVE ATTENTION CHIP
IV. A TWO-CHIP ACTIVE VISION SYSTEM
V. CONCLUSION
Chapter 104: The Role of Visual Attention in the Control of Locomotion
I. INTRODUCTION
II. MODEL
III. CONCLUSION
Chapter 105: Attention Architectures for Machine Vision and Mobile Robots
I. INTRODUCTION
II. ATTENTIVE COMPUTER VISION SYSTEMS
III. ATTENTION IN ROBOTIC SYSTEMS
IV. CONCLUSION
Chapter 106: Attention for Computer Graphics Rendering
I. EFFICIENT REALISTIC RENDERING OF SYNTHETIC IMAGES
II. VISUAL ATTENTION–BASED RENDERING ALGORITHM
III. RELATED WORK IN THE FIELD
Chapter 107: Linking Attention to Learning, Expectation, Competition, and Consciousness
I. INTRODUCTION
II. LINKING ATTENTION TO LEARNING, EXPECTATION, COMPETITION, SYNCHRONIZATION, AND CONSCIOUSNESS
III. ATTENTION IS MODULATORY
IV. LAMINAR ORGANIZATION OF BOTTOM-UP, HORIZONTAL, AND TOP-DOWN CONNECTIONS
V. ATTENTION, COMPETITION, AND MATCHING
VI. OBJECT-BASED ATTENTION VIA THE PRE-ATTENTIVE-ATTENTIVE INTERFACE
VII. THE LINK BETWEEN ATTENTION AND LEARNING
VIII. DIVIDED, OBJECT VERSUS SPATIAL, AND HIERARCHICAL ATTENTION
Acknowledgment
Chapter 108: Attention-Guided Recognition Based on “What” and “Where”: Representations: A Behavioral Model
I. INTRODUCTION
II. A MODEL OF ATTENTION-GUIDED RECOGNITION BASED ON “WHAT” AND “WHERE” REPRESENTATIONS
III. DISCUSSION: INVARIANT IMAGE REPRESENTATION AND RECOGNITION
Chapter 109: A Model of Attention and Recognition by Information Maximization
I. INTRODUCTION
II. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR PREPROCESSING
III. SENSORIMOTOR FEATURES AND HIGH-LEVEL SCENE CONCEPTS
IV. THE INFERENCE STRATEGY IBIG
V. SYSTEM BEHAVIOR
VI. DISCUSSION
Index
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