Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease

1st Edition - November 19, 2020
Editors: Tarun Belwal, Seyed Mohammad Nabavi, Seyed Fazel Nabavi, Ahmad Reza Dehpour, Samira Shirooie
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 1 2 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 9 2 1 3 - 9

Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease offers a detailed discussion on the roles, molecular mechanisms, structural activity relationships, toxicology and clini… Read more

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Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease offers a detailed discussion on the roles, molecular mechanisms, structural activity relationships, toxicology and clinical data on phytochemicals in relation to Alzheimer’s disease. The book examines the available phytochemicals and plants that are potentially effective, also determining the role and molecular targets of these phytochemicals in combating AD. This comprehensive resource will be helpful to researchers who are working on herbal drugs on AD, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, clinical trials, neuroscience and advancement in formulations.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Editors’ biographies
Chapter 1. Introduction
Introduction
Chapter 2. Alzheimer’s disease: ethanobotanical studies
Introduction
Medicinal plants used against AD
Gaps and future challenges
Conclusions
Phytochemicals/plant extract against Alzheimer’s
Section 3.1. Phytochemicals (pure compounds)
Chapter 3.1.1. Resveratrol
Introduction
Sources
Natural sources
Pharmacokinetics
Chemistry
Resveratrol in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicology and adverse drug reactions
Clinical trials
Chapter 3.1.2. Curcumin
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease, symptoms, and pathophysiology
Phytomedicinal properties of curcumin in relation to Alzheimer’s disease
Role of curcumin in clinical studies/trials
Impact of curcumin on Alzheimer disease
Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.3. Omega 3 PUFA
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Why omega 3?
Importance of omega 3
Clinical trials
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.4. Galantamine
Introduction
Biological and geographical distribution
In vitro production of galantamine
Chemistry
Pharmacology
Galantamine in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicology and adverse drug reactions
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.5. Rivastigmine
Introduction
Rivastigmine
Available dosage forms of rivastigmine
Tolerability
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.6. Quercetin
Introduction
Quercetin and its pharmacological properties
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.7. Valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acid
Introduction
Occurrence
Chemical structure
Pharmacological potential of valerenic acid and acetoxyvalerenic acid
Clinical studies
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.8. Huperzine A
Introduction
Chemistry of huperzine A
Conclusions
Chapter 3.1.9. Caprylic/capric triglyceride
Caprylic/capric triglyceride
Synthesis and chemistry of caprylic triglyceride
Properties of capric triglyceride
Uses of capric triglyceride
Alzheimer’s disease and capric triglyceride-based medical food
Mechanism of action and biochemistry
Case studies related to caprylic triglyceride-based treatment in Alzheimer’s disease
Precautionary advice
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.10. Berberine
Introduction
Berberine and its pharmacological properties
Side effects and toxicological profile of BBR
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.11. Hypericin and pseudohypericin
Introduction
Description of Hypericum perforatum L.
Bioactive constituents
Pharmacological activities of HP
Safety
Conclusion
Chapter 3.1.12. Protopine
Introduction
Synthesis of protopine
Crystal structure of protopine hydrochloride (salt of protopine)
Biological activities of protopine
Other pharmacological activity
Antioxidant and anticancer activity
Concluding remarks
Chapter 3.1.13. Spinosin
Introduction
Causes and mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease
Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease
Current therapies for Alzheimer’s disease
Spinosin
Potential of spinosin against Alzheimer’s disease
Future directions and conclusion
Chapter 3.1.14. Nobiletin
Introduction
Chemistry and sources of nobiletin
Metabolism and distribution in the human body
Pharmacological effects of nobiletin in the prevention and treatment of AD
Studies in humans
Conclusions
Section 3.2. Plants and their extracts
Chapter 3.2.1. Ginkgo biloba
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease
Major constituents of Ginkgo biloba and their modes of action
Antioxidant activity
Protective effects on mitochondrial function
Antiapoptotic effect
Antiinflammatory effect
Preventive effects on amyloidogenesis and Aβ aggregation
Some other mechanisms
Possible mechanism of actions
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.2. Panax ginseng c.a. Meyer
Introduction
Taxonomy and distribution
Bioactive constituents
Mechanism of action
Pharmacological studies
Dosage
Side effects
Conclusion and recommendations
Chapter 3.2.3. Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)
Introduction
Taxonomy
Cultivation
Phytochemical profile
Traditional uses and pharmacology
Treatment
Mechanism of action
Safety
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.4. Bacopa monnieri (Brahmi)
Introduction
Taxonomical classification of B. monnieri
Mechanism of action of B. monnieri in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Experiments on B. monnieri related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) using in vitro and in vivo methods
Clinical studies on B. monnieri with respect to Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Adverse effects associated with B. monnieri
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.5. Centella asiatica
Introduction
Alzheimer’s disease
In vitro and in vivo studies
Clinical studies
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.6. Rosmarinus officinalis L.
Introduction, botanical description, and distribution
Bioactive compounds
Rosemary–drug interactions
Impact of rosemary on diseases of central nervous system
Side effects
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.7. Valeriana officinalis (valerian)
Valeriana officinalis
V. officinalis and Alzheimer disease
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.8. Matricaria recutita
Introduction
M. recutita L
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.9. Galanthus nivalis L. (snowdrop)
Background
Distribution and habitat associated with Galanthus nivalis
Botany of Galanthus nivalis
Phytochemistry and structure–activity relationship
Importance of snowdrops in neurodegenerative disorders
Clinical studies on Galanthus nivalis with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.10. Guggulu [Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari.]
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Antioxidants and Alzheimer’s disease
Guggulu (Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari)
Chemistry
Antioxidant and antiinflammatory activity (preclinical and clinical studies)
Mechanism of action
Safety issues
Drug interactions
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.11. Lepidium meyenii
Introduction
Chemical composition of maca
Mechanism of action and pharmacological actions of Lepidium meyenii
Clinical studies of Lepidium meyenii
Toxicity profile of Lepidium meyenii
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.12. Acorus calamus
Introduction
Phytochemical investigation of Acorus calamus L.
Pharmacology of Acorus calamus L.
Cognitive impairment
Cholinergic system and cognitive impairment: mechanism of action
Clinical trials and safety issues related to A. calamus in AD
Role of Acorus calamus in AD
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.13. Tinospora cordifolia
Plants and their extracts
Chapter 3.2.14. Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
Alzheimer disease and treatment approaches
Magnolia officinalis Rehder & E.H.Wilson (Magnoliaceae)
Neuroprotective effects of M. officinalis and its secondary metabolites
Safety of M. officinalis extract and its principle components
Conclusion and future prospects
Chapter 3.2.15. Collinsonia canadensis L.
Introduction
Chapter 3.2.16. Bertholletia excelsa
Introduction
Distribution
Chemical constituents
Mode of action of Brazilian nuts (B. excelsa) against Alzheimer disease
Clinical studies
Adverse effect
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.17. Urtica diocia
Introduction
Plant description
Chemical constituents and mechanism of action of U. dioica
Oxidative stress and Alzheimer disease
Inflammatory cascades and AD
Toxicologic studies
Conclusion
Summary
Chapter 3.2.18. Withania somnifera
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics
Ashwagandha in Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicological studies
Chapter 3.2.19. Convolvulus prostratus
Introduction
Pharmacological activities of C. prostratus
Toxicity studies
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.20. Celastrus paniculatus
Introduction
Botanical description (Bhanumathy et al., 2010a; John et al., 2017)
Plant taxonomy(Celastrus paniculatus Wild, 1875; Premila, 2006)
Medicinal parts
Physical properties (Deodhar and Shinde, 2014)
Chemical constituents
Therapeutic effects
Pharmacological activities
Benefits and uses
Dosage and administration
Safety issue
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.21. Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks
Introduction
Phytochemistry
Overview of the pharmacological activity of U. rhynchophylla
Uncaria rhynchophylla and central nervous system (CNS)-related activity
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.22. Alpinia officinarum
Introduction
A. officinarum used for medicinal purpose
Clinical studies and safety issues
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.23. Himatanthus lancifolius (Müll.Arg.) Woodson
Introduction
Phytochemistry
Overview of pharmacological properties
Conclusion
Chapter 3.2.24. Nelumbo nucifera
Nutrition and cognitive function
Glycative and oxidative stress and Alzheimer’s disease
Constituents of Nelumbo nucifera
Role of Nelumbo nucifera as a potent antiglycation treatment and antioxidant
Preventive effect of Nelumbo nucifera in amyloid accumulation and cognitive impairment
Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vitro evidence
Nelumbo nucifera and cognitive impairment: in vivo evidence
Nelumbo nucifera, behavioral studies, and neuropathology
Future direction
Chapter 3.2.25. Zingiber officinale
Introduction
Distribution and cultivation
Chemical composition
Role of Zingiber officinale in Alzheimer’s disease
In vitro and in vivo studies of Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Clinical studies on Zingiber officinale with respect to Alzheimer’s disease
Toxicological studies
Conclusion
Index

Tarun Belwal

Tarun Belwal, MTech., PhD in plant biotechnology has over 10 years of experience in nutraceuticals, food science, bioprocessing, and phytopharmacology. After completing his PhD degree in biotechnology from Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India, in collaboration with G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment (NIHE), Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India, he worked at the College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China, and in the Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Italy. He has extensively worked in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) mainly on wild berries and fruits, biodiversity conservation, and its sustainable use. He was awarded by the “Governor’s Award for Best Research” 2016 and 2017 by the Government of Uttarakhand, India, for his work on wild berries. He has been served as guest editor in various leading food journals, namely few as Food Chemistry, Food and Chemical toxicology, Phytomedicine, Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, Foods, and Frontiers in Nutrition. He has published over 100 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and edited 1 book. He is currently engaged in the development and promotion of safer and greener postharvest food bioprocess techniques, food waste utilization, and food functionality.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, China

Seyed Mohammad Nabavi

Seyed Mohammad Nabavi is a Biotechnologist and senior scientist in the Applied Biotechnology Research Centre, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. His research interests are focused on natural products. Till now, he has authored/co-authored over 250 publications in international journals indexed in ISI and has more than 7000 citations to published articles and also more than 10 books.

Affiliations and expertise

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Seyed Fazel Nabavi

Seyed Fazel Nabavi is a biotechnologist and Senior Scientist of Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science and a member of Iran’s National Elites Foundation. His research focused on the health-promotion effects of natural products. He is author/co-author of 170 publications in international journals, 45 communications at national and international congress and 4 chapters in book series. He is a referee of several international journals. He is also in the top 1% top scientists in the world in the fields of Agricultural Sciences and Pharmacology & Toxicology according to Essential Science Indicator from Thompson Reuters ISI.

Affiliations and expertise

Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Ahmad Reza Dehpour

Ahmad Reza Dehpour is a pharmacologist and biomedical scientist. He studied pharmacy at Tehran University and received a PhD degree in Pharmacology from Tehran Medical School. He was editor in chief of the journal "Acta Medica Iranica", published by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences and general secretary of the Iranian society of physiology and pharmacology. He is also a member of Editorial Board in "Liver International" the Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver. He is currently full professor at Tehran Medical School. Dehpour published more than 250 original research papers in international journals

Affiliations and expertise

Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Samira Shirooie

Samira Shirooie researches in Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Medicine Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Immunology and Microbiology. She is an early career researcher who has only published since 2016.

Affiliations and expertise

Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

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Naturally Occurring Chemicals against Alzheimer’s Disease

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Tarun Belwal

Seyed Mohammad Nabavi

Seyed Fazel Nabavi

Ahmad Reza Dehpour

Samira Shirooie