Natural Immunity

1st Edition, Volume 5 - April 11, 2005

Editors: Lorand Bertok, Donna Chow

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 4 - 5 1 7 5 5 - 5

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 0 8 - 0 4 6 0 4 6 - 8

"Natural Immunity" is a broadly-based account of the activities of the evolutionarily conserved molecules, cells and processes of the natural immune system. This encompasses the… Read more

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"Natural Immunity" is a broadly-based account of the activities of the evolutionarily conserved molecules, cells and processes of the natural immune system. This encompasses the early host protection against microbes (bacteria and viruses) and tumours, prior to the generation of the adaptive immune response, diverse major current pathologies including inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and key roles in essential physiological processes such as reproduction and wound healing.

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of contributors
Host defense mechanisms
- Host Defence: An Interaction of Neuroendocrine-, Metabolic- and Immune Mechanisms in the Interest of Survival
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 HISTORY: IMMUNE DEFENSE VERSUS SELF-ORGANIZATION
  - 3 EPITHELIAL, SECRETORY AND ENDOGENOUS HOST DEFENSE
  - 4 THE NATURAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
  - 5 REGULATION OF NATURAL IMMUNITY
  - 6 PHYSIOLOGICAL, PATHOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNIFICANCE
  - 7 ‘MISSING SELF’ AS A KEY TO INNATE IMMUNE ACTIVATION
  - 8 APOPTOTIC CELLS AND THEIR PHAGOCYTOSIS
  - 9 NATURAL IMMUNITY AND THE NATURAL IMMUNE SYSTEM
  - 10 LINKS BETWEEN INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
  - 11 CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES
Epithelial, secretory and endogenous host defense
- Antimicrobial Peptides – The Defence Never Rests
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
  - 2 IN VIVO MODELS OF ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDE FUNCTION
  - 3 BRIEF EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES
  - 4 CONCLUSIONS
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Endogenous Cytoprotective Mechanisms
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 HAEM OXYGENASE
  - 3 ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEMS
  - 4 THE HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE
  - 5 HYPOXIA INDUCIBLE FACTOR
  - 6 NITRIC OXIDE
  - 7 CONCLUSION
- The Role of Bile Acids in Natural Resistance: Physico-Chemical Host Defence
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 EXPERIMENTS ON BILE-DEPRIVED RATS
  - 3 THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DETERGENTS
  - 4 PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BILE ACIDS PREPARATIONS AGAINST ENDOTOXIN SHOCK
  - 5 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL HOST DEFENCE
  - 6 THE ROLE OF BILE ACIDS IN INTESTINAL ISCHAEMIA
  - 7 THE EFFECT OF BILE ACIDS ON VIRUSES
  - 8 BILE ACIDS AND PSORIASIS
  - 9 BILE DEFICIENCY AND PARVOVIRUS INFECTION
  - 10 BILE DEFICIENCY AND RADIATION-INDUCED INTESTINAL-SYNDROME
  - 11 BILE ACID COMPOSITION OF VARIOUS SPECIES
  - 12 ENDOTOXIN INACTIVATION BY LIVER/BILE ACIDS
  - 13 CONCLUSIONS
The natural immune system
- A Historical Introduction of Natural Killer (NK) Cells and Current Status of Their Role in Host Defences
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INITIAL IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NK CELLS
  - 2 CHARACTERISTICS OF NK CELLS
  - 3 REGULATION OF NK ACTIVITY
  - 4 ROLE OF NK CELLS IN HOST DEFENSE AGAINST DISEASE
  - 5 NK CELLS IN THERAPY OF CANCER
- The Role of the Reticuloendothelial System in Natural Immunity
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 GENERAL ASPECTS AND DEVELOPMENT OF CELLS IN THE MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM
  - 3 MEASUREMENTS OF RETICULOENDOTHELIAL ACTIVITY
  - 4 THE PRINCIPAL FUNCTIONS OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES
  - 5 RETICULOENDOTHELIAL BLOCKADE
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Effector Mechanisms of Natural Immunity: an Invertebrate Perspective
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION: INNATE VS ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
  - 2 CELL DIFFERENTIATION (CD) MARKERS AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES
  - 3 CYTOKINE ACTIVITY
  - 4 IMMUNE SYSTEM EVOLUTION
  - 5 COMPLEMENT
  - 6 NATURAL IMMUNITY AND THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  - 7 STRESS-INDUCED IMMUNE CHANGES
  - 8 NORADRENALINE AND ADRENERGIC SIGNALING
  - 9 PERSPECTIVES ON ORIGINS OF NATURAL IMMUNITY AND RELATION TO THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Natural Immune Activation: Stimulators/Receptors
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 ACTIVATION RECEPTORS/ AND THEIR LIGANDS
  - 3 INHIBITION OF ACTIVATION BY SELF RECOGNITION
  - 4 NATURAL IMMUNE CELLULAR ACTIVATION
  - 5 ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE
  - 6 COMMON THEMES AND QUESTIONS
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Signaling in Natural Immunity: Natural Killer Cells
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 NATURAL KILLER CELL FUNCTION
  - 2 MAJOR CLASSES OF NATURAL KILLER CELL RECEPTORS
  - 3 ACTIVATING RECEPTORS IN NK CELLS
  - 4 SIGNALLING PATHWAYS FROM ACTIVATING RECEPTORS
  - 5 SIGNALLING PATHWAYS FOR INHIBITION
  - 6 STAGES OF NATURAL KILLER CELL ACTIVATION
  - 7 SIGNALS FOR DEACTIVATION AND APOPTOSIS
  - 8 CONCLUSIONS
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Pathogen Recognition by Toll-like Receptors
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 RECOGNITION OF PATHOGENS BY PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS
  - 3 RECOGNITION BY TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS (TLRS)
  - 4 TLR SIGNALLING
  - 5 TLRS FORMULATE APPROPRIATE RESPONSES TO SPECIFIC PATHOGENS
  - 6 THE ROLE OF TLRS IN AUTOIMMUNITY
  - 7 THE ASSOCIATION OF TLRS WITH HUMAN DISEASE
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Regulation of natural immunity
- Molecular Control of Leukocyte Trafficking Internal Regulatory Circuits of the Immune System: Leukocyte Circulation and Homing
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 MECHANISMS OF NEUTROPHIL HOMING
  - 3 MONOCYTE MIGRATION TO SITES OF INFLAMMATION
  - 4 CHEMOKINE REGULATION OF HOMING WITHIN NATURAL KILLER CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
  - 5 HEMATOPOIETIC PROGENITOR TRAFFICKING WITHIN THE BONE MARROW
  - 6 THYMOCYTE TRAFFICKING
  - 7 LEUKOCYTE HOMING WITHIN SECONDARY LYMPHOID ORGANS
  - 8 LEUKOCYTE HOMING TO THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
  - 9 LEUKOCYTE HOMING TO THE SKIN
  - 10 LEUKOCYTE TRAFFICKING WITHIN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
  - 11 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Neuroendocrine Regulation of Natural Immunity
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 GROWTH AND LACTOGENIC HORMONES, INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR AND INSULIN
  - 3 THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-ADRENAL AXIS AND OPIOID PEPTIDES
  - 4 THE HYPOTHALAMUS-PITUITARY-THYROID AXIS
  - 5 NERVE GROWTH FACTOR, LEPTIN AND NEUROPEPTIDES
  - 6 STEROID HORMONES
  - 7 IMMUNOCONVERSION IN THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE
- Natural Immunity – Effect of Exercise
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
  - 2 THE IL-6 RESPONSE TO EXERCISE
  - 3 ACUTE EXERCISE AND LEUKOCYTES
  - 4 REPETITIVE BOUTS OF EXERCISE
  - 5 EXERCISE AND HYPOXIA
  - 6 MECHANISMS OF ACTION
  - 7 DIETARY INTERVENTION
  - 8 CHRONIC EXERCISE
  - 9 EXERCISE AND INFECTIONS
  - 10 CONCLUSION
- New Prospect for the Enhancement of Natural Immunity.
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 THE PRODUCTION AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIODETOXIFIED LPS
  - 3 THE INTERACTION OF RD-LPS WITH THE COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
  - 4 THE EFFECT OF RD-LPS ON THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
  - 5 THE EFFECT OF RD-LPS ON ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM IN MACROPHAGES
  - 6 THE PROTECTION OF RES BY RD-LPS AGAINST RADIATION AND ALCOHOL-INDUCED INJURY
  - 7 THE EFFECT OF RD-LPS ON NITRIC OXIDE (NO) PRODUCTION
  - 8 RD-LPS INCREASES NATURAL RESISTANCE, PROTECTS AGAINST VARIOUS FORMS OF SHOCK, AND EXERTS ADJUVANT AND ANTITUMOUR EFFECTS. POSSIBLE MECHANISMS OF ACTION
  - 9 THE EVALUATION OF RD-LPS (TOLERIN®) FOR HUMAN USE ON VOLUNTEERS
Physiological, pathological and behavioral significance
- Physiological Activities of the Natural Immune System
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 HOMEOSTASIS
  - 2 WOUND HEALING
  - 3 REPRODUCTION
  - 4 CONCLUSIONS
- Pathological Relevance of the Natural Immune System
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 ROLE IN HOST DEFENCE AGAINST INFECTION
  - 2 HOST DEFENCE AGAINST CANCER
  - 3 NATURAL IMMUNITY AND AGING
  - 4 AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES
  - 5 INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
  - 6 SEPTIC AND TRAUMATIC SHOCK
- Behavioural Mechanisms for Defence Against Pathogens
  - ABSTRACT
  - 1 INTRODUCTION
  - 2 REFLEXIVE AND LEARNED RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS
  - 3 SICKNESS BEHAVIOUR AS BEHAVIOURAL DEFENCE
  - 4 CONCLUSIONS
  - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Index