Natural Gas Measurement Handbook

List of Tables

List of Figures

Preface

Symbols

Unit Conversions


1 Introduction


1.1 Transportation System


1.2 Measurement


1.3 Fluid Classification, Commercial


1.4 Material Quality


1.5 Risk Management


2 Composition and Quality


2.1 Assay


2.2 Quality Parameters and Tolerances


2.3 Potential Impacts of Gas Quality


2.4 Typical Streams


3 Physical Properties and Process Conditions


3.1 Natural Gas


3.2 Fluid Classification: Technical


3.3 Phase Envelope


3.4 Fluid Properties


3.5 Process (or Operating) Conditions


3.6 Typical Natural Gas Physical Properties


4 Measurement Concepts


4.1 Applicable Fluids


4.2 Base Conditions


4.3 Flowmeters (or Primary Devices)


4.4 Flowmeter Calibration Concepts


4.5 Law of Similarity


4.6 Single-Phase Fluid Flow in Pipes


4.7 Multiphase Fluid Flow in Pipes


4.8 Secondary Devices


4.9 Tertiary Device


4.10 Uncertainty


4.11 Total Cost of Measurement


5 Orifice Flowmeter


5.1 General Principles


5.2 Mass Flow Equation


5.3 Artifact Calibration


5.4 Uncertainty Roadmap


5.5 Sources of Error


5.6 Risk Management


6 Ultrasonic Flowmeter


6.1 General Principles


6.2 Mass Flow Equation


6.3 Central Facility Calibration


6.4 In Situ Calibration


6.5 Uncertainty Roadmap


6.6 Sources of Error


6.7 Risk Management


7 Turbine Flowmeter


7.1 General Principles


7.2 Mass Flow Equation


7.3 Central Facility Calibration


7.4 In Situ Calibration


7.5 Uncertainty Roadmap


7.6 Sources of Error


7.7 Risk Management


8 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter


8.1 General Principles


8.2 Mass Flow Equation


8.3 Central Facility Calibration


8.4 In Situ Calibration


8.5 Uncertainty Roadmap


8.6 Sources of Error


8.7 Risk Management


9 Calculations


9.1 Base Conditions


9.2 Physical Properties


9.3 Natural Gas Density


9.4 GPA 2172 versus A.G.A.8


9.5 Mass Flow Rate in Pipes


9.6 Mass Flow Rate for Orifice Flowmeter


9.7 Mass Flow Rate for Ultrasonic Flowmeter


9.8 Mass Flow Rate for Turbine Flowmeter


9.9 Mass Flow Rate for Rotary Displacement Flowmeter


9.10 Volumetric Flow Rate at Base Conditions


9.11 Energy Flow Rate at Base Conditions


9.12 Quantities


10 Secondary and Tertiary Devices


10.1 General


10.2 Differential Pressure (dP)


10.3 Static Pressure


10.4 Temperature


10.5 Multivariable Transmitter


10.6 Online Densitometer


10.7 Moisture Analyzer


10.8 Online Gas Chromatograph


10.9 Other Analyzers


10.10 Flow Computers


10.11 Gas Sampling Systems


11 Electronic Gas Measurement


11.1 Description of an Electronic Gas Measurement System


11.2 System Accuracy


11.3 Definitions


11.4 Sampling Flow Variables


11.5 Low Flow Detection


11.6 Averaging Techniques


11.7 Compressibility, Density, and Heating Values


11.8 Hourly and Daily Quantity Calculations


11.9 Data Availability


11.10 Audit and Reporting Requirements


11.11 Equipment Verification, Calibration, and Certification


11.12 Security


12 Uncertainty


12.1 Uncertainty Terms


12.2 Measurement Uncertainty


12.3 Examples of Flowmeter Uncertainties


12.4 Statistical Weighting


13 Measurement System Design


13.1 Targeted Uncertainty


13.2 Fluid Physical Properties


13.3 Operating Design Data


13.4 Other Process Conditions


13.5 General Equipment Redundancy


13.6 Site Requirements


13.7 Structures


13.8 Piping Requirements


13.9 Pressure Regulation and Control


13.10 Flare and Vent Facilities


13.11 Overpressure Protection


13.12 Thermal Relief Valves


13.13 Headers


13.14 Strainers


13.15 DB&B Valves


13.16 Check Valves


13.17 Pulsation Control


13.18 Primary Device


13.19 Secondary Devices


13.20 Tertiary Device (Flow Computer)


13.21 Control Valves


13.22 Wiring and Grounding


13.23 Measurement Control Panel


13.24 Power Supplies


13.25 Satellite Panels


13.26 Supervisory Control and Leak Detection


13.27 Security


13.28 Factory Acceptance Testing


13.29 Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying


13.30 Commissioning


14 Orifice Flowmeter Design


14.1 General


14.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation


14.3 Strainers


14.4 Flowmeter Assembly


14.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical


14.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical


14.7 Secondary and Tertiary Devices


15 Ultrasonic Flowmeter Design


15.1 General


15.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation


15.3 Acoustic Filter


15.4 Flowmeter Assembly


15.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical


15.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical


15.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software


15.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices


16 Turbine Flowmeter Design


16.1 General


16.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation


16.3 Strainer and Lubrication


16.4 Flowmeter Assembly


16.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical


16.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical


16.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software


16.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices


17 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter Design


17.1 General


17.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation


17.3 Filtration and Lubrication


17.4 Flowmeter Assembly


17.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical


17.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical


17.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software


17.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices


18 Inspection, Testing, Verification, Calibration, and Certification


18.1 Inspection


18.2 Testing


18.3 Verification


18.4 Calibration


18.5 Certification


18.6 Equipment


18.7 Equipment Information


18.8 Records

Appendix: Standards, Publications, and Regulations

A.1 Mechanical Standards and Publications

A.2 Electrical Standards and Publications

A.3 Measurement Standards and Publications

A.4 U.S. Government Regulations

Glossary

Index