Natural Gas Measurement Handbook
- 1st Edition - December 1, 2006
- Latest edition
- Author: James E. Gallagher
- Language: English
Measurement is the basis of commerce between producers, royalty owners, transporters, process plants, marketers, state and federal government authorities, and the general pu… Read more
Measurement is the basis of commerce between producers, royalty owners, transporters, process plants, marketers, state and federal government authorities, and the general public. In fact, accurate measurement of hydrocarbon fluids and materials has a significant impact on the Gross National Product of exporting and importing countries, the financial performance and asset base of global companies, and the perceived efficiency of operating facilities. The need for accurate fiscal measurement is obvious.
This information-packed volume covers all aspects of natural gas measurement and provides a clear presentation of the measurement principles, state-of-the-art technology, and its applications in the real world.
List of Tables
List of Figures
Preface
Symbols
Unit Conversions
1 Introduction
1.1 Transportation System
1.2 Measurement
1.3 Fluid Classification, Commercial
1.4 Material Quality
1.5 Risk Management
2 Composition and Quality
2.1 Assay
2.2 Quality Parameters and Tolerances
2.3 Potential Impacts of Gas Quality
2.4 Typical Streams
3 Physical Properties and Process Conditions
3.1 Natural Gas
3.2 Fluid Classification: Technical
3.3 Phase Envelope
3.4 Fluid Properties
3.5 Process (or Operating) Conditions
3.6 Typical Natural Gas Physical Properties
4 Measurement Concepts
4.1 Applicable Fluids
4.2 Base Conditions
4.3 Flowmeters (or Primary Devices)
4.4 Flowmeter Calibration Concepts
4.5 Law of Similarity
4.6 Single-Phase Fluid Flow in Pipes
4.7 Multiphase Fluid Flow in Pipes
4.8 Secondary Devices
4.9 Tertiary Device
4.10 Uncertainty
4.11 Total Cost of Measurement
5 Orifice Flowmeter
5.1 General Principles
5.2 Mass Flow Equation
5.3 Artifact Calibration
5.4 Uncertainty Roadmap
5.5 Sources of Error
5.6 Risk Management
6 Ultrasonic Flowmeter
6.1 General Principles
6.2 Mass Flow Equation
6.3 Central Facility Calibration
6.4 In Situ Calibration
6.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
6.6 Sources of Error
6.7 Risk Management
7 Turbine Flowmeter
7.1 General Principles
7.2 Mass Flow Equation
7.3 Central Facility Calibration
7.4 In Situ Calibration
7.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
7.6 Sources of Error
7.7 Risk Management
8 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter
8.1 General Principles
8.2 Mass Flow Equation
8.3 Central Facility Calibration
8.4 In Situ Calibration
8.5 Uncertainty Roadmap
8.6 Sources of Error
8.7 Risk Management
9 Calculations
9.1 Base Conditions
9.2 Physical Properties
9.3 Natural Gas Density
9.4 GPA 2172 versus A.G.A.8
9.5 Mass Flow Rate in Pipes
9.6 Mass Flow Rate for Orifice Flowmeter
9.7 Mass Flow Rate for Ultrasonic Flowmeter
9.8 Mass Flow Rate for Turbine Flowmeter
9.9 Mass Flow Rate for Rotary Displacement Flowmeter
9.10 Volumetric Flow Rate at Base Conditions
9.11 Energy Flow Rate at Base Conditions
9.12 Quantities
10 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
10.1 General
10.2 Differential Pressure (dP)
10.3 Static Pressure
10.4 Temperature
10.5 Multivariable Transmitter
10.6 Online Densitometer
10.7 Moisture Analyzer
10.8 Online Gas Chromatograph
10.9 Other Analyzers
10.10 Flow Computers
10.11 Gas Sampling Systems
11 Electronic Gas Measurement
11.1 Description of an Electronic Gas Measurement System
11.2 System Accuracy
11.3 Definitions
11.4 Sampling Flow Variables
11.5 Low Flow Detection
11.6 Averaging Techniques
11.7 Compressibility, Density, and Heating Values
11.8 Hourly and Daily Quantity Calculations
11.9 Data Availability
11.10 Audit and Reporting Requirements
11.11 Equipment Verification, Calibration, and Certification
11.12 Security
12 Uncertainty
12.1 Uncertainty Terms
12.2 Measurement Uncertainty
12.3 Examples of Flowmeter Uncertainties
12.4 Statistical Weighting
13 Measurement System Design
13.1 Targeted Uncertainty
13.2 Fluid Physical Properties
13.3 Operating Design Data
13.4 Other Process Conditions
13.5 General Equipment Redundancy
13.6 Site Requirements
13.7 Structures
13.8 Piping Requirements
13.9 Pressure Regulation and Control
13.10 Flare and Vent Facilities
13.11 Overpressure Protection
13.12 Thermal Relief Valves
13.13 Headers
13.14 Strainers
13.15 DB&B Valves
13.16 Check Valves
13.17 Pulsation Control
13.18 Primary Device
13.19 Secondary Devices
13.20 Tertiary Device (Flow Computer)
13.21 Control Valves
13.22 Wiring and Grounding
13.23 Measurement Control Panel
13.24 Power Supplies
13.25 Satellite Panels
13.26 Supervisory Control and Leak Detection
13.27 Security
13.28 Factory Acceptance Testing
13.29 Dewatering, Cleaning, and Drying
13.30 Commissioning
14 Orifice Flowmeter Design
14.1 General
14.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
14.3 Strainers
14.4 Flowmeter Assembly
14.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
14.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
14.7 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
15 Ultrasonic Flowmeter Design
15.1 General
15.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
15.3 Acoustic Filter
15.4 Flowmeter Assembly
15.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
15.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
15.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
15.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
16 Turbine Flowmeter Design
16.1 General
16.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
16.3 Strainer and Lubrication
16.4 Flowmeter Assembly
16.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
16.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
16.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
16.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
17 Rotary Displacement Flowmeter Design
17.1 General
17.2 Velocity and Piping Insulation
17.3 Filtration and Lubrication
17.4 Flowmeter Assembly
17.5 Flowmeter, Mechanical
17.6 Piping Spools, Mechanical
17.7 Flowmeter: SPU, Electrical, and Software
17.8 Secondary and Tertiary Devices
18 Inspection, Testing, Verification, Calibration, and Certification
18.1 Inspection
18.2 Testing
18.3 Verification
18.4 Calibration
18.5 Certification
18.6 Equipment
18.7 Equipment Information
18.8 Records
Appendix: Standards, Publications, and Regulations
A.1 Mechanical Standards and Publications
A.2 Electrical Standards and Publications
A.3 Measurement Standards and Publications
A.4 U.S. Government Regulations
Glossary
Index
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: December 1, 2006
- Language: English
JG
James E. Gallagher
Affiliations and expertise
Houston, TX, USARead Natural Gas Measurement Handbook on ScienceDirect