National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases

8th Edition - January 25, 2022
Imprint: Elsevier
Editors: Scott F. Gilbert, Daniel E. Weiner, National Kidney Foundation
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 1 2 2 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 9 1 2 3 - 6

Well organized and highly readable, the National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases has offered clear, comprehensive coverage of adult and pediatric kidney diseases for mo… Read more

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Well organized and highly readable, the National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases has offered clear, comprehensive coverage of adult and pediatric kidney diseases for more than 25 years. The thoroughly revised 8th Edition of this authoritative, practical reference covers every relevant topic in the field, making it an excellent resource for residency, fellowship, clinical practice, and board review. It brings you completely up to date with key topics in this fast-changing field, including ongoing clinical research and changing treatment protocols.

This powerful learning tool and clinical reference is a joint publication of Elsevier and the National Kidney Foundation.

Cover Image
Title Page
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Table of Contents
Part 1 Structure and Function of the Kidney
Chapter 1 Overview of Kidney Structure and Function
Abstract
Keywords
Renal Circulation
Glomerulus
Tubular Function
Nephron Segments
Salt and Volume Regulation
Water and Osmoregulation
Regulation of Body Fluid Acidity and Potassium
Renal Handling of Glucose, Amino Acids, Organic Anions, and Cations
Bibliography
Chapter 2 Kidney Development
Abstract
Keywords
Development of the Mammalian Kidney
Kidney Malformations
Clinical Management of Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract
Key Bibliography
Chapter 3 Assessment of Kidney Function in Acute and Chronic Settings
Abstract
Keywords
Glomerular Filtration Rate
Measurement of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Estimation of the Glomerular Filtration Rate
Clinical Application of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate
Key Bibliography
Chapter 4 Urinalysis and Urine Microscopy
Abstract
Keywords
Specimen Collection and Handling
Physical and Chemical Properties of the Urine
Microscopic Examination of the Spun Urinary Sediment
Bibliography
Chapter 5 Hematuria and Proteinuria
Abstract
Keywords
Hematuria
PROTEINURIA
Key Bibliography
Chapter 6 Imaging of the Kidneys
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Imaging Modalities
Kidney Cysts and Masses
Other Kidney Imaging Findings
Radionuclide Kidney Evaluation and Obstruction
Diffuse Kidney Parenchymal Disease
Renal Artery Stenosis
Imaging in Kidney Transplant
Contrast Agents for Imaging
Key Bibliography
Part 2 Acid-Base and Electrolytes
Chapter 7 Hyponatremia and Hypoosmolar Disorders
Abstract
Key Words
Definitions
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Manifestations of Hyponatremia
Treatment
Key Bibliography
Chapter 8 Hypernatremia and Hyperosmolar Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Definitions
Background
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Pathophysiology
Pathogenesis and Diagnostic Approach
Treatment
Complications of Hypernatremia
Key Bibliography
Chapter 9 Volume, Edema, and the Clinical Use of Diuretics
Abstract
Keywords
Diuretic Classes
Adaptation to Diuretic Therapy
Diuretic Treatment of Edema
Diuretic Resistance: Causes and Treatment
Special Considerations in Edema Management
Diuretic-Related Adverse Events
Bibliography
Chapter 10 Disorders of Potassium Metabolism
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Potassium Homeostasis
Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Potassium Disorders
Hypokalemia
Hyperkalemia
Key Bibliography
Chapter 11 Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Magnesium Homeostasis
Abstract
Keywords
Normal Physiology
Disorders of Mineral Metabolism
Bibliography
Chapter 12 Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Acidemia, Alkalemia, Acidosis, and Alkalosis
Simple (Single) Acid-Base Disturbances and Compensation
Anion Gap
Mixed Acid-Base Disturbances
Bibliography
Chapter 13 Metabolic Acidosis
Abstract
Keywords
Overview of Acid-Base Balance
Evaluation of Urinary Acidification
Complications of Acidosis
Approach to Metabolic Acidosis
Anion Gap Acidosis
Hyperchloremic Metabolic Acidosis
Key Bibliography
Chapter 14 Metabolic Alkalosis
Abstract
Keywords
Pathogenesis
Differential Diagnosis
Metabolic Alkalosis Due to Exogenous Bicarbonate Loads
Metabolic Alkalosis Associated with Extracellular Fluid Volume Contraction, K+ Depletion, and Secondary Hyperreninemic Hyperaldosteronism
Metabolic Alkalosis Associated with Extracellular Fluid Volume Expansion, Hypertension, and Hyperaldosteronism
Symptoms of Metabolic Alkalosis
Treatment of Metabolic Alkalosis
Bibliography
Chapter 15 Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Abstract
Keywords
Respiratory Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Key Bibliography
Part 3 Glomerular Diseases
Chapter 16 Glomerular Clinicopathologic Syndromes
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Nephrotic Syndrome
Nephritic Syndrome
C3 Glomerulopathy
Thrombotic Microangiopathies
Inherited Glomerular Disorders with Basement Membrane Abnormalities
Kidney Biopsy
Key Bibliography
Chapter 17 ANCA-Associated Kidney Disease and Vasculitis
Abstract
Keywords
Classification of AAV
Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Kidney Pathology
Drug-Induced AAV
Concurrent Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease
Treatment
Bibliography
Chapter 18 Minimal Change Disease
Abstract
Keywords
Terminology and Histopathology
Pathophysiology
Incidence
Clinical Presentation
Initial Treatment
Short-Term Course
Long-Term Treatment
Prognosis
Conclusion
Key Bibliography
Chapter 19 Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
Abstract
Keywords
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
The Six Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Clinical Syndromes
Shared Pathways of Glomerular Injury
Pathology
Clinical Course
Therapy
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
Chapter 20 Membranous Nephropathy
Abstract
Keywords
Clinical Features
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Genetic Associations
Diagnosis
Prognosis of Primary Membranous Nephropathy
Treatment
Newer Therapies
Complications of Therapy
Management Plan for Primary Membranous Nephropathy
Treatment of Secondary Membranous Nephropathy
Key Bibliography
Chapter 21 Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy and Related Disorders
Abstract
Keywords
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Secondary Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Genetics of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Natural History and Prognosis
Treatment of Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy
Follow-Up
Kidney Transplant
Immunoglobulin A Vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
Bibliography
Part 4 Kidney in Systemic Diseases
Chapter 22 Complement-Mediated Glomerulonephritis and Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Abstract
Keywords
Brief Overview of the Complement System
Complement in Immune-Complex Glomerulonephritis
C3 Glomerulopathy
Complement-Mediated Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Comparison of the Underlying Mechanisms of C3 Glomerulopathy and Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Key Bibliography
Chapter 23 Infection-Related Glomerulonephritis
Abstract
Keywords
Clinical Features
Epidemiology
Histopathology
Differential Diagnosis
Pathogenesis
Treatment and Prognosis
Key Bibliography
Chapter 24 Viral Nephropathies: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, and SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
Keywords
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Hepatitis C Virus
Hepatitis B
SARS-CoV-2
Key Bibliography
Chapter 25 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and the Kidney
Abstract
Keywords
Presentation
Evaluation
Treatment
Prognosis
Key Bibliography
Chapter 26 Pathogenesis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Key words
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
STRUCTURAL–FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE
REVERSAL OF DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE LESIONS
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES
CONCLUSION
Key Bibliography
Chapter 27 Onconephrology
Abstract
Keywords
Acute Kidney Injury
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Glomerular Diseases and Paraneoplastic Syndromes
Lymphoma and Leukemia
Radiation-Associated Kidney Injury
Electrolyte Abnormalities
Chronic Kidney Disease and Malignancy
Kidney Cysts and Kidney Cancer
Key Bibliography
Chapter 28 Myeloma, Amyloid, and Other Dysproteinemias
Abstract
Keywords
Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Metabolism and Clinical Detection
Glomerular Lesions of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Fibrillary Glomerulonephritis and Immunotactoid Glomerulopathy
Tubulointerstitial Lesions of Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Other Tubulointerstitial Kidney Lesions Including Proximal Tubulopathy
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia
Key Bibliography
Chapter 29 Cardiorenal Syndrome
Abstract
Key Words
The Challenge in Defining Cardiorenal Syndrome
Prognostic Impact of Changes in Kidney Function in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology of Cardiorenal Syndrome
Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiorenal Syndrome
Summary
Bibliography
Chapter 30 Liver Disease, Acute Kidney Dysfunction, and the Hepatorenal Syndrome
Abstract
Keywords
Pathophysiology of aki in Liver Disease and Hrs
Definitions and Diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment of Hepatorenal Syndrome
Conclusion
Key Bibliography
Part 5 Acute Kidney Injury
Chapter 31 Clinical Approach to the Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury
Abstract
Pathophysiology
Acute Kidney Injury Definition
Tools for Diagnosis, Staging, and Evaluation of Acute Kidney Injury
Differential Diagnosis and Evaluation
Key Bibliography
Chapter 32 Acute Tubular Injury and Acute Tubular Necrosis
Abstract
Ischemic Acute Tubular Injury
Acute Tubular Injury by Endogenous Nephrotoxins
SARS-CoV-2-Related Acute Tubular Injury
Key Bibliography
Chapter 33 Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Abstract
Clinical Presentation
Laboratory Findings
Imaging
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Causes of Acute Interstitial Nephritis
Treatment
Key Bibliography
Part 6 Drugs and the Kidney
Chapter 34 Kidney Disease Caused by Therapeutic Agents
Abstract
Kidney Susceptibility to Nephrotoxic Agents
Kidney Injury Associated With Medications
Diagnostic Agents
Therapeutic Agents
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
CAR-T Cell Therapy
Antimicrobial Agents
Miscellaneous
Key Bibliography
Chapter 35 Principles of Drug Therapy in Patients With Decreased Kidney Function
Abstract
Drug Absorption
Drug Distribution
Drug Metabolism and Transport
Kidney Excretion of Drugs
Estimation of Kidney Function for Drug-Dosing Purposes
Strategies for Drug Therapy Individualization
Clinical Decision Support Tools
Conclusions
Key Bibliography
Part 7 Hereditary Kidney Disease
Chapter 36 APOL1-Mediated Kidney Disease
Abstract
Ancestry and Chronic Kidney Disease
Clinical Implications of APOL1
Second Hits and Modifying Factors
APOL1 and Kidney Transplantation: Insights into Disease Pathogenesis
Trypanosoma Sub-Species and APOL1 Kidney Risk Variants
Mode of Inheritance
Mechanism of Kidney Injury
Genetic Testing and Involvement of Communities of African Descent
Conclusions
Key Bibliography
Chapter 37 Genetically Based Kidney Transport Disorders
Abstract
Disorders of Proximal Tubular Transport Function
Disorders of Transport in the Medullary Thick Ascending Limb of Henle
Disorders of Transport in the Distal Convoluted Tubule
Disorders of Transport in the Collecting Tubule
Key Bibliography
Chapter 38 Sickle Cell Nephropathy
Abstract
Pathophysiology
Kidney Hemodynamics
Tubulointerstitial Disease
Sickle Cell Glomerulopathy
Management of Chronic Kidney Disease in Sickle Cell Disease
End-Stage Kidney Disease in Sickle Cell Disease
Sickle Cell Trait
Key Bibliography
Chapter 39 Polycystic and Other Cystic Kidney Diseases
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
Von Hippel-Lindau Disease
Acquired Cystic Kidney Disease
Key Bibliography
Chapter 40 Nephronophthisis and Medullary Cystic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Epidemiology
Pathology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features and Diagnosis
Treatment
Key Bibliography
Chapter 41 Alport Syndrome and Related Disorders
Abstract
Phenotypic Variability in X-Linked Alport Syndrome
Biochemistry
Genetics
Immunochemistry
Pathology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Related Disorders
Approach to the Patient with ‘Hereditary Nephritis’
Key Bibliography
Chapter 42 Fabry Disease
Abstract
Kidney Manifestations of Fabry Disease
Pathology of Kidney Disease in Fabry Disease
Treatment Issues in Fabry Disease
Key Bibliography
Part 8 Tubulointerstitial Diseases
Chapter 43 Chronic Tubulointerstitial Disease
Abstract
Histopathology
Mechanisms of Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis
Clinical Features
Clinical Course and Therapy
Distinct Causes of Chronic Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
Key Bibliography
Chapter 44 Obstructive Uropathy
Abstract
Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
Bilateral Ureteral Obstruction
Tubular Dysfunction
Fibrosis
Apoptosis
Postobstructive Diuresis
Specific Causes of Obstructions
Obstruction With Infection
Key Bibliography
Chapter 45 Nephrolithiasis
Abstract
Epidemiology
Nephrolithiasis as a Systemic Disease
Acute Renal Colic
Types of Stones
Pathogenesis
Clinical Evaluation
Metabolic Evaluation
Medical Treatments
Hyperoxaluria-Related Disorders and Systemic Oxalosis
Calcium Phosphate Stones
Noncalcium Stones
Surgical Management of Stones
Long-Term Follow-Up
Acknowledgment
Key Bibliography
Part 9 Special Circumstances
Chapter 46 Kidney Diseases in Infants and Children
Abstract
Kidney Development and Maturation
Acute Kidney Injury
Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypertension
Key Bibliography
Chapter 47 The Kidney in Pregnancy
Abstract
Kidney Anatomy and Physiology During Normal Pregnancy
Assessment of Kidney Function
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Acute Kidney Injury in Pregnancy
Pregnancy in Women With Chronic Kidney Disease
Kidney Biopsy in Pregnancy
Key Bibliography
Chapter 48 Management of Kidney Disease in the Elderly
Abstract
Epidemiology of CKD in the Elderly
Management of Older Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Failure in Older Adults
Patient-Centered Approach to Treatment Decisions
Key Bibliography
Chapter 49 Global Kidney Disease
Abstract
Introduction
Acute Kidney Injury
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Kidney Failure
Conclusions
Key Bibliography
Part 10 Chronic Kidney Disease
Chapter 50 Development and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease Progression
Conclusion
Key Bibliography
Chapter 51 Staging and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Course, Definition, Classification, and Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease
Detection, Evaluation, Predicting Prognosis, and Management
Key Bibliography
Chapter 52 Nutrition and Kidney Disease
Abstract
Nutrient Metabolism in Kidney Disease
Assessment of Nutritional Status in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Prevention and Treatment of Protein Energy Wasting
Nutrition in Acute Kidney Injury
Key Bibliography
Chapter 53 Bone and Mineral Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Pathogenesis of Abnormal Mineral Metabolism and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Kidney Disease
Pathogenesis of Bone Disease Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease
Histologic Classification of Bone Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Epidemiology of Bone Disease
Clinical Manifestations of Bone Diseases Associated With Chronic Kidney Disease
Diagnosis of Bone Diseases Associated with Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment of Mineral and Bone Disorder in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Bibliography
Chapter 54 Cardiac Function and Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Kidney Disease
Types of Cardiovascular Diseases
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Ischemic Heart Disease
Prevention and Treatment
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure
Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death
Stroke and Stroke Prevention
Key Bibliography
Chapter 55 Anemia and Other Hematologic Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
Anemia
Other Hematologic Manifestations of Kidney Disease
Key Bibliography
Part 11 Treatment of Kidney Failure
Chapter 56 Hemodialysis and Hemofiltration
Abstract
Principal Functions of Hemodialysis
Dialyzer
Dialysate
Preparing Patients for Maintenance Hemodialysis
Initiation and Prescription of Hemodialysis
Key Bibliography
Chapter 57 Peritoneal Dialysis
Abstract
Introduction
Current State
Anatomy of the Peritoneal Membrane
Physiology of PD
Assessment of Peritoneal Solute and Water Transport
PD Access
PD Modalities
PD Solutions
Prescribing PD
PD Adequacy and Goal-Directed Dialysis
Nutrition
Complications of PD
PD in Special Populations
Key Bibliography
Chapter 58 Conservative Kidney Management
Abstract
Introduction
Elective Ckm Versus Choice-Restricted Care
Why Patients Choose CKM
Discussing Ckm with Patients and Families
PROVIDING CKM
Global Trends and Care Models for Ckm
Challenges and Opportunities in Ckm
Key Bibliography
Chapter 59 Selection of Prospective Kidney Transplant Recipients and Donors
Abstract
Who Should Be Considered for Kidney Transplantation?
Timing of Referral
Medical Evaluation for Transplantation
Deceased Donor Organs
Living Kidney Donation
Conclusion
Key Bibliography
Chapter 60 Posttransplantation Monitoring and Outcomes
Abstract
Introduction
Routine Follow-Up
Monitoring Allograft Function
Immunosuppression
Infectious Complications
Malignancy
Diabetes Mellitus
Cardiovascular Disease
Hematologic Complications
Mineral Bone Metabolism and Disease
Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
Hyperuricemia and Gout
Sexual Function and Fertility
Mental Health
Key Bibliography
Chapter 61 Immunosuppression in Transplantation
Abstract
Physiology of Immunorecognition
Strategies for Immunosuppression
Immune Monitoring
Key Bibliography
Chapter 62 Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation
Abstract
Timing of Infectious Complications in Kidney Transplantation
Donor-Derived Infections and Risk Mitigation Strategies
Infectious Disease Prevention Strategies
Common Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation
Key Bibliography
Part 12 Hypertension
Chapter 63 Pathogenesis of Hypertension
Abstract
Pathophysiology of Hypertension
Implicated Mediators of Hypertension
Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Chronic Kidney Disease
Key Bibliography
Chapter 64 Evaluation and Management of Hypertension
Abstract
Evaluation of Hypertension
Management of Hypertension
Goal Blood Pressure Levels
Conclusion
Key Bibliography
Chapter 65 Secondary Hypertension
Definition and Prevalence of Secondary Hypertension
Clinical Opportunites To Diagnose Secondary Hypertension
Clinical Syndromes Suggestive of Secondary Hypertension
Specific Causes of Secondary Hypertension
Key Bibliography
Index

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National Kidney Foundation Primer on Kidney Diseases

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Scott F. Gilbert

Daniel E. Weiner

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