Multi-scale Mechanics of 2D Triaxially Braided Composites
Characterization, Mechanics and Machine-Learning Based Modelling
- 1st Edition - February 1, 2026
- Authors: Chao Zhang, Yulong li
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 0 1 0 8 - 7
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 3 0 1 0 9 - 4
Multi-scale Mechanics of 2D Triaxially Braided Composites: Characterization, Mechanics and Machine-learning Based Modelling presents the latest advances in this important resear… Read more
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Multi-scale Mechanics of 2D Triaxially Braided Composites: Characterization, Mechanics and Machine-learning Based Modelling presents the latest advances in this important research field. The book begins with a brief introduction to these materials including their mechanical features, damage and failure mechanisms and typical applications. The contents are then divided into three main sections on experimental characterization; mechanics-based modeling and machine-learning based modeling approaches. By taking a multi-scale modeling approach, that includes progressive damage and impact simulation, as well as theoretical modelling, machine-learning and multi-scale mechanics aspects, the author presents key findings in this important field. A systematic introduction is given to the multi-scale and machine-learning based modeling approach, along with their corresponding source codes for the progressive damage model. Then an up-to-date theoretical model is also presented, as well as, high-efficient finite element mesh of the unit cell, for conducting multi-scale analysis and design of these materials and structures. Numerical examples are also presented to illustrate the application of presented methods for quasi-static and impact problems. To enhance the reader’s understanding numerous engineering case studies are also included, together with examples of material/structure optimization. The book provides the latest knowledge and methodology for the design and analysis of aerospace structures and other materials technologies, guiding the researcher to understand this cutting-edge research framework.
- Presents experimental, analytical, and numerical studies of two-dimensional triaxially braided composites
- Provides cutting-edge knowledge on progressive failure simulation
- Includes clarification of failure mechanisms under various loading conditions
- Presents the latest advances on multi-scale modeling methods
- Discusses challenges and future prospectives on multi-scale mechanics of textile composites
Academic and industrial researchers, and materials scientists and engineers working in the research and development of composites materials, failure mechanics, and textiles engineering
SECTION 1. Experimental Characterization
1. Two-dimensional Triaxially Braided Composite (2DTBC) and its manufacturing
1.1 Background of textile composites.
1.2 Definition of 2DTBC
1.3 Fabrication and Manufacturing of 2DTBC
1.4 Typical structures of 2DTBC
1.5 Geometry and Mechanical Features of 2DTBC
1.6 Conclusions
2. Quasi-static failure behavior and free-edge effect
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Specimens
2.3 Digit image correlation assisted deformation and damage monitoring method
2.4 Tension test methods and size-dependent tensile properties
2.5 Compression test methods and typical failure modes
2.6 Shear test methods and results interpretation
2.7 Conclusions
3. Dynamic compressive failure behavior
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory and methods for high-strain rate tests, including the introduction of Electromaganetic-driven Hopkinson-bar test facility
3.3 Materials and Specimens
3.4 Results and discussions: with a focus on the strain-rate dependency and orientation dependency
3.5 Conclusions
4. Low-velocity impact failure behavior
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Specimens
4.3 Test methods: standard test method integrated with IR and DIC monitoring
4.4 Delamination damage detection using C-scan technology
4.5 Results and discussions: with a focus on the impact induced heating and orientation dependency
4.6 Conclusions
5. High-velocity impact behavior
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Specimens
5.3 Test methods: impact tests for different constraint conditions and considerations (e.g., gelation and metallic projectiles)
5.4 CT assisted damage evolution
5.5 Results and discussions: with a focus on the impact failure behavior under various different impact test conditions, impact induced heating behavior
5.6 Conclusions
6. Effect of hydrothermal aging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrothermal aging test
6.3 Damage monitoring using Acoustic Emission
6.4 Damage examination using X-ray CT
6.5 Evolution of physical properties for the matrix
6.6 Evolution of mechanical properties
6.7 Evolution of impact properties
6.8 Conclusions
SECTION 2. Mechanics-based Modeling
7. Volume-average based analytical methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory fundamentals
7.3 Model verification and validation
7.4 Results and discussions
7.5 Conclusions
8. Three-dimensional generalized analytical model
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theory fundamentals
8.3 Model verification and validation
8.4 Results and discussions
8.5 Conclusions
9. Meso-FE model
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Framework of Meso-FE model
9.3 Modeling methods: including: Finite element mesh of 2DTBC unit cell, Progressive damage models and Translational symmetrical boundary conditions
9.4 Results and discussions: including model validation, effect of boundary conditions, numerical investigation of failure mechanism, size-dependent failure
9.5 High-efficient meso-FE model for impact simulation
9.6 Conclusions
10. Modelling the temperature-rise behavior
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Thermal-mechanical coupled constitutive model
10.3 Thermal-mechanical coupled meso-FE model: including set-up for thermal simulation
10.4 Model validation
10.5 Results and discussion on the temperature-rise behavior under quasi-static, low-velocity impact, dynamical and high-velocity impact.
10.6 Conclusions
11. Multi-scale models
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sequential multi-scale model: Framework and methodology, Results and discussions: include validations for quasi-static tests, impact tests and the analysis of aging effect.
11.3 Concurrent multi-scale model: Framework and methodology, Results and discussions: include validations for quasi-static tests of coupon and tube specimens, high-speed impact tests of different conditions.
11.4 Comparison of different impact modelling methods
11.5 Conclusions
SECTION 3. Machine-learning based modeling
12. Introduction of Machine-learning based modelling approaches
12.1 Introduction and definition of machine learning
12.2 Machine learning methods and models
12.3 Machine-learning based mechanics modeling
12.4 Conclusions
13. Machine-learning based modelling approaches for isotropic elastoplastic materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Data-driven constitutive modelling of elastoplastic material
13.3 Enhanced data-driven model for FE implementation
13.4 Numerical examples: standard test specimens, coupled loading cases, impact modeling
13.5 Conclusions
14. Machine-learning based modelling approaches for anisotropic composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Data-driven constitutive modelling for anisotropic composites
14.3 Data generation
14.4 FE implementation
14.5 Numerical examples
14.6 Conclusions
15. Machine-learning based modelling for textile composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Data-driven framework for textile composites
15.3 Experimental-numerical coupled data generation
15.4 Numerical examples
15.5 Conclusions
16. Conclusion and Prospects
1. Two-dimensional Triaxially Braided Composite (2DTBC) and its manufacturing
1.1 Background of textile composites.
1.2 Definition of 2DTBC
1.3 Fabrication and Manufacturing of 2DTBC
1.4 Typical structures of 2DTBC
1.5 Geometry and Mechanical Features of 2DTBC
1.6 Conclusions
2. Quasi-static failure behavior and free-edge effect
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and Specimens
2.3 Digit image correlation assisted deformation and damage monitoring method
2.4 Tension test methods and size-dependent tensile properties
2.5 Compression test methods and typical failure modes
2.6 Shear test methods and results interpretation
2.7 Conclusions
3. Dynamic compressive failure behavior
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory and methods for high-strain rate tests, including the introduction of Electromaganetic-driven Hopkinson-bar test facility
3.3 Materials and Specimens
3.4 Results and discussions: with a focus on the strain-rate dependency and orientation dependency
3.5 Conclusions
4. Low-velocity impact failure behavior
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and Specimens
4.3 Test methods: standard test method integrated with IR and DIC monitoring
4.4 Delamination damage detection using C-scan technology
4.5 Results and discussions: with a focus on the impact induced heating and orientation dependency
4.6 Conclusions
5. High-velocity impact behavior
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Materials and Specimens
5.3 Test methods: impact tests for different constraint conditions and considerations (e.g., gelation and metallic projectiles)
5.4 CT assisted damage evolution
5.5 Results and discussions: with a focus on the impact failure behavior under various different impact test conditions, impact induced heating behavior
5.6 Conclusions
6. Effect of hydrothermal aging
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Hydrothermal aging test
6.3 Damage monitoring using Acoustic Emission
6.4 Damage examination using X-ray CT
6.5 Evolution of physical properties for the matrix
6.6 Evolution of mechanical properties
6.7 Evolution of impact properties
6.8 Conclusions
SECTION 2. Mechanics-based Modeling
7. Volume-average based analytical methods
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory fundamentals
7.3 Model verification and validation
7.4 Results and discussions
7.5 Conclusions
8. Three-dimensional generalized analytical model
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Theory fundamentals
8.3 Model verification and validation
8.4 Results and discussions
8.5 Conclusions
9. Meso-FE model
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Framework of Meso-FE model
9.3 Modeling methods: including: Finite element mesh of 2DTBC unit cell, Progressive damage models and Translational symmetrical boundary conditions
9.4 Results and discussions: including model validation, effect of boundary conditions, numerical investigation of failure mechanism, size-dependent failure
9.5 High-efficient meso-FE model for impact simulation
9.6 Conclusions
10. Modelling the temperature-rise behavior
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Thermal-mechanical coupled constitutive model
10.3 Thermal-mechanical coupled meso-FE model: including set-up for thermal simulation
10.4 Model validation
10.5 Results and discussion on the temperature-rise behavior under quasi-static, low-velocity impact, dynamical and high-velocity impact.
10.6 Conclusions
11. Multi-scale models
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Sequential multi-scale model: Framework and methodology, Results and discussions: include validations for quasi-static tests, impact tests and the analysis of aging effect.
11.3 Concurrent multi-scale model: Framework and methodology, Results and discussions: include validations for quasi-static tests of coupon and tube specimens, high-speed impact tests of different conditions.
11.4 Comparison of different impact modelling methods
11.5 Conclusions
SECTION 3. Machine-learning based modeling
12. Introduction of Machine-learning based modelling approaches
12.1 Introduction and definition of machine learning
12.2 Machine learning methods and models
12.3 Machine-learning based mechanics modeling
12.4 Conclusions
13. Machine-learning based modelling approaches for isotropic elastoplastic materials
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Data-driven constitutive modelling of elastoplastic material
13.3 Enhanced data-driven model for FE implementation
13.4 Numerical examples: standard test specimens, coupled loading cases, impact modeling
13.5 Conclusions
14. Machine-learning based modelling approaches for anisotropic composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Data-driven constitutive modelling for anisotropic composites
14.3 Data generation
14.4 FE implementation
14.5 Numerical examples
14.6 Conclusions
15. Machine-learning based modelling for textile composites
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Data-driven framework for textile composites
15.3 Experimental-numerical coupled data generation
15.4 Numerical examples
15.5 Conclusions
16. Conclusion and Prospects
- Edition: 1
- Published: February 1, 2026
- Language: English
CZ
Chao Zhang
Dr. Chao Zhang is a professor in the School of Civil Aviation, at Northwestern Polytechnical University (Xi’an, China). He obtained his Ph.D. degree from The University of Akron, USA in 2013 and then went on to work as a postdoctoral fellow at The University of North Carolina at Charlotte and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory from 2014 to 2016. He joined NPU in 2016. Dr. Zhang has more than 10 years’ research experience working on the mechanics of composites for aerospace and energy applications, with a specific focus on textile composites and multi-scale modeling methods.
Affiliations and expertise
Professor, School of Civil Aviation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, ChinaYl
Yulong li
Yulong Li is currently a full Professor in the School of Civil Aviation at Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi-an, China. He received his PhD in Engineering Solid Mechanics, from Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), in 1991.
During his career, he has held many visiting positions at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris and John Hopkins University in the United States. His main areas of research include numerical simulation of materials behavior and structural response under impact loading;
dynamic behavior and failure evolution in composite materials and experimental techniques to determine materials behavior at high strain rates and elevated temperature. He has also been awarded many scientific awards throughout the course of his career.Affiliations and expertise
Northwestern Polytechnical University, China