Multi-Dimensional Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar

1st Edition - January 31, 2024
Authors: Gianfranco Fornaro, Antonio Pauciullo, Vito Pascazio, Gilda Schirinzi, Diego Reale
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 6 5 5 - 2
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 1 6 5 7 - 6

Multi-Dimensional Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar: Theory and Applications provides a complete description of principles, models and data processing methods, giving an introd… Read more

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Multi-Dimensional Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar: Theory and Applications provides a complete description of principles, models and data processing methods, giving an introduction to the theory that underlies recent applications such as topographic mapping and natural risk situational awareness – seismic-tectonics, active volcano, landslides and subsidence monitoring - security, urban, wide area and infrastructure control. Imaging radars, specifically Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), generally mounted onboard satellites or airplanes, are able to provide systematic high-resolution imaging of the Earth's surface. Recent advances in the field has seen applications to natural risk monitoring and security and has driven the development of many operational systems.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Authors' biographies
1: Introduction
Abstract
1.1. Brief history of radar and SAR development
1.2. Radar: detection and ranging
1.3. Radar imaging
1.4. Radar equation
1.5. Interferometry
1.6. Differential SAR interferometry
1.7. Advanced differential SAR interferometry
1.8. Tomographic SAR for 3-dimensional and multi-dimensional analysis
Bibliography
2: Radar principles: ranging and Doppler
Abstract
2.1. Target ranging with a rectangular pulse
2.2. Echoes from multiple targets
2.3. Chirp compression
2.4. Multiple pulses
2.5. Doppler effect
2.6. Radar waveforms
2.7. Stretch processing and sampling
2.8. MATLAB® examples
Bibliography
3: Scene characterization
Abstract
3.1. Electromagnetic wave polarization
3.2. Scattering matrix, scattering coefficient, and radar cross section
3.3. Scattering matrix of canonical objects
3.4. Stokes parameters and Mueller matrix
3.5. Coherent polarimetric decomposition
3.6. Scattering models
3.7. Speckle
Bibliography
4: Imaging radar: SAR data acquisition geometry and modes
Abstract
4.1. Acquisition geometry of imaging radars
4.2. Resolution of a real aperture radar (RAR)
4.3. SAR resolution and Doppler bandwidth
4.4. SAR acquisition impulse response function
4.5. SAR data sampling and ambiguities
4.6. Acquisition modes
Bibliography
5: 2D SAR focusing
Abstract
5.1. Preliminary concepts
5.2. Focusing of a single point scatterer
5.3. System transfer function evaluation
5.4. Focusing of an extended scene
5.5. Squinted geometry
5.6. MATLAB® examples
Bibliography
6: SAR interferometry
Abstract
6.1. InSAR basic principles for topographic applications
6.2. Differential SAR interferometry
6.3. Phase statistic
6.4. Decorrelation effects
6.5. Effect of multilook on SAR interferograms
6.6. Coregistration of SAR acquisitions
6.7. Phase unwrapping
Bibliography
7: Multitemporal SAR interferometry
Abstract
7.1. Signal phase model over multiple interferograms
7.2. Phase component separation
7.3. Multilook in multitemporal SAR interferometry: SqueeSAR and CAESAR methods
7.4. Phase unwrapping with multiple acquisitions
Bibliography
8: SAR tomography
Abstract
8.1. TomoSAR data model
8.2. 3D TomoSAR imaging techniques
8.3. Application of SAR tomography to surface scattering scenarios for PS detection
8.4. TomoSAR applications to volume scattering scenarios
Bibliography
Appendix A: Appendices
A.1. Fourier Transform and properties
A.2. Baseband signal
A.3. Factorization property
A.4. Stationary phase approximation
A.5. Eigenvalue invariance under the Hadamard multiplication by a phase only dyadic product
A.6. Basic electromagnetic principles
A.7. Elementary antennas
A.8. Antenna array
A.9. Generalized likelihood ratio test detection of persistent scatterers
Bibliography
List of symbols
Bibliography
Bibliography
Index

Gianfranco Fornaro

Gianfranco Fornaro received the M.S. degree (summa cum laude) in electronic engineering from the University of Naples “Federico II” in 1992 and the Ph.D. in 1997. Since 1993, he has been with IREA-CNR, where he now holds the position of Research Director, working in the area of airborne and spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) processing, including SAR Interferometry and SAR Tomography. In 2013, he received the “Full Professor” habilitation in Telecommunication, and in this area, he has been Adjunct Professor at several Universities in South Italy. Dr. Fornaro has been a visiting scientist at Politecnico of Milan and DLR in Oberpfaffenhofen (Germany), also during the 1996 SIR-C/X-SAR mission. He was a NATO lecturer in the Lecture Series SET 191 and SET 235, and since 2011, he has been also a lecturer at the International Summer School on Radar/SAR of the Fraunhofer Institute. He has been a convener, tutorial lecturer, chairman, and member of the program and organizing committee at the most important IEEE conferences. He has authored more than two hundred papers on SAR (peer-review journals and proceedings of international conferences). He received the Mountbatten Premium from the IEE Society in 1997, the 2011 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters Best Paper award, and the 2011 best Reviewers mention of the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing journal.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Director, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy

Antonio Pauciullo

Antonio Pauciullo received the Dr. Eng. with honors in 1998 and the Ph.D. in information engineering in 2003, both from the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. Since 2001, he has been with the Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), where he holds a position of Senior Researcher. From 2004 to 2012 he was an Adjunct Professor of digital signal processing at the University of Cassino (Italy). His current research interests are in the field of statistical signal processing with emphasis on synthetic aperture radar processing.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy

Vito Pascazio

Vito Pascazio graduated (cum laude) in 1986 at the University of Bari, Italy, in Electronic Engineering, and received in 1990 Ph.D. in Electronic Engineering and Computer Science from the Department of Electronic Engineering of the University of Napoli “Federico II”, Italy. In 1990, he was first at the Research Institute on Electromagnetics and Electronic Devices (IRECE) of the Italian National Council of Research (CNR), Napoli, Italy, and then he joined the Università di Napoli “Parthenope”, Italy, where he is presently Full Professor. Vito Pascazio was also the Chair of the Department of Engineering at the Università di Napoli Parthenope and Director of the National Laboratory of Multimedia Communication of National Consortium Inter-Universitary of Telecommunication (CNIT). His main research interests are in the field of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Image Processing, including SAR Interferometry, SAR Tomography, SAR Along-Track Interferometry, and Ground Based SAR; Microwave Tomographic Image Reconstruction, including Ground Penetrating Radars, Through the Wall Imaging, and De-mining radars, Body Scanning, and Microwave Biomedical Imaging; Biomedical Image processing, including Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Image Processing, including Image Compression, Speckle Filtering, Classification, Segmentation, Wavelets-based Image Processing, and Compressive Sensing; Linear and Nonlinear Statistical Signal Processing, including Markov Random Field Bayesian Image Processing. He served as a member in the Technical Committees of several international conferences. He was Co-Chair General of the IGARSS 2015 conference in Milan and holds the same role in the next IGARSS 2024 in Athens. Vito Pascazio published about 250 technical papers, and he is Senior Member of IEEE.

Affiliations and expertise

Full Professor and Chair, Department of Engineering, "Parthenope" University of Naples, Naples, Italy

Gilda Schirinzi

Gilda Schirinzi graduated summa cum laude in Electronic Engineering in 1983 at University of Naples “Federico II”. In the same year, she joined the Electronic Engineering Department as a research fellow. From 1985 to 1986 she was at European Space Agency, ESTEC, The Netherlands. In 1988, she joined the Istituto di Ricerca per l’Elettromagnetismo e i Componenti Elettronici (IRECE) of the Italian National Council of Research (CNR), in Naples. In 1992, she was appointed Head of the Electromagnetics Division of IRECE, and in 1997, she became Senior Researcher. In November 1998, she joined the University of Cassino as Associate Professor of Telecommunications. In 2005, she became Full Professor. Since November 2008, she has been at the University of Naples “Parthenope” in the Telecommunication group. She has taught Signal Theory, Electrical Communications, Microwave Remote Sensing Systems, and Image Processing and Coding. Her main scientific interests are in the field of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signal processing and coding, SAR interferometry and tomography, microwave imaging techniques, and image and signal processing for remote sensing applications. Gilda Schirinzi published more than 200 technical papers, and she is Senior Member of IEEE.

Affiliations and expertise

Full Professor, Department of Engineering, "Parthenope" University of Naples, Naples, Italy

Diego Reale

Diego Reale received M.S. in telecommunication engineering from the University of Cassino, Cassino, Italy, in 2007 and Ph.D. in information engineering from the University of Naples “Parthenope,” Naples, Italy, in 2011. He is currently Senior Researcher at the Institute for the Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment of the Italian National Research Council (IREA-CNR). His main research interests are framed in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, with particular reference to SAR tomography, SAR interferometry, and differential SAR interferometry. His main research interests include the development and application of SAR tomography on very high-resolution SAR data for the monitoring of the built environment and critical infrastructures. Dr. Reale has been awarded at the Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event 2011 Student Competition. In 2012, his paper “Tomographic Imaging and Monitoring of Buildings with Very High-Resolution Data” was awarded as the 2011 IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letter Best Paper.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA), Naples, Italy

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Multi-Dimensional Imaging with Synthetic Aperture Radar

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Gianfranco Fornaro

Antonio Pauciullo

Vito Pascazio

Gilda Schirinzi

Diego Reale