Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions

1. Introduction2. Test Ban Negotiations 2.1 Review of Test-Ban Negotiations 2.2 Disarmament Treaties 2.3 Present Positions on the Test-Ban Issue3. Nuclear Explosions 3.1 A and H Bombs 3.2 Bomb Designs 3.3 Nuclear Explosion Phenomena 3.4 Nuclear Test Activities 3.5 Technical, Military, and Political Significance of Nuclear-Weapon Tests4. Seismological Background 4.1 Earth Structure 4.2 Seismic Waves 4.3 Seismicity5. Explosions and Earthquakes as Seismic Sources 5.1 Explosion-Source Models 5.2 Earthquake-Source Models 5.3 Comparison Between Explosion-Source and Earthquake-Source Models 5.4 Theoretical Calculation of Seismic Waves6. Seismological Stations 6.1 Instrumentation 6.2 Station Networks7. Detection 7.1 Seismic Noise 7.2 Detection Processes 7.3 Station Detection Capabilities 7.4 Network Capabilities8. Event Definition and Location 8.1 Location by an Array Station 8.2 Location by a Network of Stations 8.3 Event Location at Short Distances 8.4 International Data Exchange9. Depth Estimation 9.1 Surface-Reflected Phases 9.2 P-Arrival Times 9.3 Near Distances 9.4 Long-Period Signals 9.5 Short-Period Signals 9.6 Comparison and Combinations10. Identification 10.1 Statistical Aspects 10.2 The mb(Ms) Discriminant 10.3 Short-Period Discriminants 10.4 Other Discriminants 10.5 Multistation Discriminants 10.6 Operative Aspects of Discrimination11. Yield Estimation 11.1 Theoretical Amplitude—Yield Relations 11.2 Observed mb—Yield Relations 11.3 Observed Ms—Yield Relations 11.4 Yield Estimates of Underground Nuclear Explosions 1963—197612. Peaceful Nuclear Explosions 12.1 Possible Applications of PNE 12.2 Nuclear Explosions Conducted for Peaceful Purposes 12.3 Future Prospects for PNE13. Evasion 13.1 Decoupling 13.2 Multiple Explosions 13.3 Hide-in-Earthquake Method 13.4 The Feasibility of Evasion14. Nonseismological Identification 14.1 On-Site Inspection 14.2 Reconnaissance Satellites 14.3 Intelligence Methods15. Monitoring a Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty 15.1 Political Requirements of the Verification of a CTB 15.2 A Monitoring System 15.3 General ConclusionsAppendix 1. Treaties Related to Nuclear ExplosionsAppendix 2. Announced and Presumed Nuclear Explosions in 1963—1976ReferencesAbbreviations and SymbolsIndex