Microcapsule-based Intelligent Resilience in Concrete
Design, Performance and Evaluation
- 1st Edition - March 1, 2026
- Latest edition
- Authors: Feng Xing, Biqin Dong
- Language: English
Microcapsule-based intelligent resilience concretes are being widely recognized as a remedial technique to improve the durability of concrete. Microcapsule-based Intelligent Re… Read more
Microcapsule-based intelligent resilience concretes are being widely recognized as a remedial technique to improve the durability of concrete. Microcapsule-based Intelligent Resilience in Concrete: Design, Performance and Evaluation provides an overview of the creation and further development of novel microcapsule-based self-resilience systems and their applications in concrete structures. The three comprehensive self-resilience systems - namely physical, chemical and bionic restoration systems - are discussed in detail: together with the major challenges regarding evaluation and future developments in self-resilience in concrete structures.
- Provides a systematic overview of microcapsule-based intelligent resilience systems in concrete
- Discusses the design concept and preparation process for microcapsule-based intelligent resilience systems
- Includes detailed information on the self-healing mechanism and performance recovery of microcapsule-based intelligent resilience systems
Academic researchers (senior undergraduate and above) working in civil and structural engineering
1. Concrete Self-healing Mechanisms and Implementation Methods
1.1 Background Introduction
1.2 Types of Self-Healing Concrete
1.3 Typical Self-Healing Mechanisms of Concrete
1.4 Implementation Methods of Concrete Self-Healing
1.4.1 Cementitious Matrix Self-Healing
1.4.2 Microbial Mineralization Self-Healing
1.4.3 Microcapsule Self-Healing
1.4.4 Hollow Tube Self-Healing
2. Design and Method of Self-Healing Microcapsule Material
2.1 Design and Preparation of Microcapsules
2.1.1 Conceptual Design of Microcapsules
2.1.1.1 Design of Microcapsule Shell
2.1.1.2 Design of Microcapsule Core
2.1.2 Preparation of Microcapsules
2.1.2.1 Interface/In-situ Polymerization Method
2.1.2.2 Water-Oil Phase Separation Method
2.1.2.3 Spray Drying Method
2.1.2.4 Interface Assembly Method
2.1.2.4 Other Preparation Methods (Microbial Self-Healing)
2.2 Healing Mechanism of Microcapsules in Cement-Based Self-Healing Microcapsules
2.2.1 Crack Physical Self-Healing Microcapsule System
2.2.1.1 Urea-formaldehyde (UP) Resin Microcapsules
2.2.1.2 Phenol-formaldehyde (PPF) Resin Microcapsules
2.2.1.3 Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA)/Ethyl Cellulose Microcapsules
2.2.1.4 Microcapsule-Microorganism Self-Healing System
2.2.1.5 Ultraviolet Curing Capsule Self-Healing System
2.2.2 Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsule System for Reinforcement Corrosion Protection
2.2.2.1 Chloride Ion Resistance system
2.2.2.2 OH- Regulation system
3. Physically Self-Healing Microcapsules Based on Crack Healing
3.1 Basic Performance Characterization of Microcapsules
3.1.1 Apparent Morphology and Particle Size Analysis
3.1.2 Chemical Composition
3.1.2.1 Thermal Analysis and Thermal Stability
3.1.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
3.1.2.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.1.3 Elastic Modulus (Nanoindentation)
3.2 Structure-Function Relationship between Microcapsules and Cement
3.2.1 Stability of Microcapsules in Cement
3.2.2 Mutual Influence between Microcapsules and Cement-based Composite Materials
3.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
3.2.2.2 Porous Structure
3.2.2.3 Long-Term Shrinkage
3.3 Triggering Mechanism and Healing Mechanism of Microcapsules
3.3.1 Polyurea Resin Microcapsules
3.3.2 Phenol-formaldehyde (PF)/Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) Microcapsules
3.3.3 Silane Surface Modified Phenol-formaldehyde Microcapsules
3.3.4 Calcium Sulfoaluminate/Ethyl Cellulose Microcapsules
3.3.5 Other Microcapsule Systems
4. Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsules Based on Reinforcement Corrosion
4.1 Basic Performance Characterization of Microcapsules
4.1.1 Apparent Morphology and Particle Size Analysis
4.1.2 Chemical Stability
4.1.3 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Triggering of Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsules and Release of Healing Agents
4.2.1 Cl- Triggering
4.2.1.1 Silver Ion-Alginate-Based Chloride Ion-Sensitive Microcapsules (Scientific Report)
4.2.1.2 Salt Concentration-Sensitive Dual-Loaded Microcapsules
4.2.1.3 Cluster Assembled Microcapsules (CEJ)
4.2.2 OH- Triggering system
4.3.2.1 PMMA (Poly)methyl methacrylate Capsules
4.3.2.1 Ethyl Cellulose Capsules
5. Bioinspired Circulating Healing System for Concrete
5.1 Classification of Concrete Bioinspired Circulating Systems
5.2 Methods for Prefabricating Hollow Tube Routes with Walls
5.2.1 Index Requirements for Hollow Tube Routes with Walls
5.2.2 Brittle Tube Materials
5.2.3 Porous Controlled Release Tube Materials
5.3 Methods for Prefabricating Hollow Tube Routes without Walls
5.4 In-situ Embedded Printing Method for Hollow Tube Routes
5.4.1 Sacrificial Ink for Embedded Printing of Concrete
6. Evaluation of Healing Effect
6.1 Evaluation of Physical Self-Healing Effect Based on Crack Healing
6.1.1 Direct Observation Method
6.1.1.1 Measurement of Crack Width
6.1.1.2 Measurement of Crack Area
6.1.2 Analysis of Healing Product Composition and Elements
6.1.3 Restoration of Mechanical Properties
6.1.4 Permeability Test
6.1.5 Porosity and Water Absorption Test
6.1.6 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry - Pore Structure Analysis
6.1.7 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
6.1.8 X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray μCT, XCT)
6.1.9 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
6.2 Evaluation of Chemical Self-Healing Effect Based on Reinforcement Corrosion
6.2.1 Simulation Pore Solution Test
6.2.1.1 Linear Polarization Resistance and Tafel Polarization Resistance
6.2.1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.2.1.3 Optical Image Analysis
6.2.2 Cement Environment Test
6.2.2.1 Linear Polarization Test
6.2.2.2 X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) Chapter
7. Conclusion
1.1 Background Introduction
1.2 Types of Self-Healing Concrete
1.3 Typical Self-Healing Mechanisms of Concrete
1.4 Implementation Methods of Concrete Self-Healing
1.4.1 Cementitious Matrix Self-Healing
1.4.2 Microbial Mineralization Self-Healing
1.4.3 Microcapsule Self-Healing
1.4.4 Hollow Tube Self-Healing
2. Design and Method of Self-Healing Microcapsule Material
2.1 Design and Preparation of Microcapsules
2.1.1 Conceptual Design of Microcapsules
2.1.1.1 Design of Microcapsule Shell
2.1.1.2 Design of Microcapsule Core
2.1.2 Preparation of Microcapsules
2.1.2.1 Interface/In-situ Polymerization Method
2.1.2.2 Water-Oil Phase Separation Method
2.1.2.3 Spray Drying Method
2.1.2.4 Interface Assembly Method
2.1.2.4 Other Preparation Methods (Microbial Self-Healing)
2.2 Healing Mechanism of Microcapsules in Cement-Based Self-Healing Microcapsules
2.2.1 Crack Physical Self-Healing Microcapsule System
2.2.1.1 Urea-formaldehyde (UP) Resin Microcapsules
2.2.1.2 Phenol-formaldehyde (PPF) Resin Microcapsules
2.2.1.3 Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement (CSA)/Ethyl Cellulose Microcapsules
2.2.1.4 Microcapsule-Microorganism Self-Healing System
2.2.1.5 Ultraviolet Curing Capsule Self-Healing System
2.2.2 Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsule System for Reinforcement Corrosion Protection
2.2.2.1 Chloride Ion Resistance system
2.2.2.2 OH- Regulation system
3. Physically Self-Healing Microcapsules Based on Crack Healing
3.1 Basic Performance Characterization of Microcapsules
3.1.1 Apparent Morphology and Particle Size Analysis
3.1.2 Chemical Composition
3.1.2.1 Thermal Analysis and Thermal Stability
3.1.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR)
3.1.2.3 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.1.3 Elastic Modulus (Nanoindentation)
3.2 Structure-Function Relationship between Microcapsules and Cement
3.2.1 Stability of Microcapsules in Cement
3.2.2 Mutual Influence between Microcapsules and Cement-based Composite Materials
3.2.2.1 Mechanical Properties
3.2.2.2 Porous Structure
3.2.2.3 Long-Term Shrinkage
3.3 Triggering Mechanism and Healing Mechanism of Microcapsules
3.3.1 Polyurea Resin Microcapsules
3.3.2 Phenol-formaldehyde (PF)/Dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) Microcapsules
3.3.3 Silane Surface Modified Phenol-formaldehyde Microcapsules
3.3.4 Calcium Sulfoaluminate/Ethyl Cellulose Microcapsules
3.3.5 Other Microcapsule Systems
4. Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsules Based on Reinforcement Corrosion
4.1 Basic Performance Characterization of Microcapsules
4.1.1 Apparent Morphology and Particle Size Analysis
4.1.2 Chemical Stability
4.1.3 Mechanical Properties
4.2 Triggering of Chemical Self-Healing Microcapsules and Release of Healing Agents
4.2.1 Cl- Triggering
4.2.1.1 Silver Ion-Alginate-Based Chloride Ion-Sensitive Microcapsules (Scientific Report)
4.2.1.2 Salt Concentration-Sensitive Dual-Loaded Microcapsules
4.2.1.3 Cluster Assembled Microcapsules (CEJ)
4.2.2 OH- Triggering system
4.3.2.1 PMMA (Poly)methyl methacrylate Capsules
4.3.2.1 Ethyl Cellulose Capsules
5. Bioinspired Circulating Healing System for Concrete
5.1 Classification of Concrete Bioinspired Circulating Systems
5.2 Methods for Prefabricating Hollow Tube Routes with Walls
5.2.1 Index Requirements for Hollow Tube Routes with Walls
5.2.2 Brittle Tube Materials
5.2.3 Porous Controlled Release Tube Materials
5.3 Methods for Prefabricating Hollow Tube Routes without Walls
5.4 In-situ Embedded Printing Method for Hollow Tube Routes
5.4.1 Sacrificial Ink for Embedded Printing of Concrete
6. Evaluation of Healing Effect
6.1 Evaluation of Physical Self-Healing Effect Based on Crack Healing
6.1.1 Direct Observation Method
6.1.1.1 Measurement of Crack Width
6.1.1.2 Measurement of Crack Area
6.1.2 Analysis of Healing Product Composition and Elements
6.1.3 Restoration of Mechanical Properties
6.1.4 Permeability Test
6.1.5 Porosity and Water Absorption Test
6.1.6 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry - Pore Structure Analysis
6.1.7 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
6.1.8 X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray μCT, XCT)
6.1.9 Molecular Dynamics Simulation
6.2 Evaluation of Chemical Self-Healing Effect Based on Reinforcement Corrosion
6.2.1 Simulation Pore Solution Test
6.2.1.1 Linear Polarization Resistance and Tafel Polarization Resistance
6.2.1.2 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
6.2.1.3 Optical Image Analysis
6.2.2 Cement Environment Test
6.2.2.1 Linear Polarization Test
6.2.2.2 X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) Chapter
7. Conclusion
- Edition: 1
- Latest edition
- Published: March 1, 2026
- Language: English
FX
Feng Xing
Professor Feng Xing is an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE); he is President of Jinan University, based in Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
Affiliations and expertise
Academician, Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE); President, Jinan University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, ChinaBD
Biqin Dong
Professor Biqin Dong is Chief of the Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Low-carbon Construction Materials and Technology at Shenzhen University in Guangdong Province, China
Affiliations and expertise
Chief of the Shenzhen Key Laboratory, Low-carbon Construction Materials and Technology, Shenzhen University, Guangdong Province, China