Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation

1st Edition - June 14, 2022
Editor: Junaid Ahmad Malik
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 4 5 2 - 0
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 4 5 3 - 7

Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation provides a comprehensive account of sustainable microbial treatment technologies. The research presented highlights th… Read more

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Microbes and Microbial Biotechnology for Green Remediation provides a comprehensive account of sustainable microbial treatment technologies. The research presented highlights the significantly important microbial species involved in remediation, the mechanisms of remediation by various microbes, and suggestions for future improvement of bioremediation technology.

The introduction of contaminants, due to rapid urbanization and anthropogenic activities, into the environment causes unsteadiness and distress to the physicochemical systems, including living organisms. Hence, there is an immediate global demand for the diminution of such contaminants and xenobiotics which can otherwise adversely affect the living organisms.

Over time, microbial remediation processes have been accelerated to produce better, eco-friendlier, and more biodegradable products for complete dissemination of these xenobiotic compounds. The advancements in microbiology and biotechnology lead to the launch of microbial biotechnology as a separate area of research and contributed dramatically to the development of the areas such as agriculture, environment, biopharmaceutics, and fermented foods. Microbes stand as an imperative, efficient, green, and economical alternative to conventional treatment technologies. The proposed book provides cost-effective and sustainable alternatives.

This book serves as a reference for graduate and postgraduate students in environmental biotechnology and microbiology as well as researchers and scientists working in the laboratories and industries involved in research related to microbiology, environmental biotechnology, and allied research.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Part I: Microbial bioremediation: an introduction
Chapter 1. Microbial biotechnology: an introduction
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Role of microbes in environment
1.3 Role in enhancing enzyme activity
1.4 Role in biosurfactants
1.5 Role in enhancing antimicrobial properties
1.6 Role in food production
1.7 Role in biofertilizers and agroecosystems
1.8 Genetically engineered microorganisms
1.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2. Bioremediation of soil: an overview
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concept of bioremediation
2.3 Steps involved in bioremediation
2.4 Bioremediation of different contaminants
2.5 Some successful stories
2.6 Constraints
2.7 Future prospects
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3. Microbial interaction with metals and metalloids
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Effect of metals on microbes
3.3 Mobilization of heavy metals
3.4 The resistance of sequestered heavy metal by microorganisms
3.5 Immobilization
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Emerging issues and challenges for microbes-assisted remediation
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Major environmental pollutants and their impact
4.3 Microbe-assisted remediation of pollutants
4.4 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Part II: Microbes for sustainable agriculture and green remediation
Chapter 5. Microbe-mediated biotic and abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Physiological and molecular response of plants against various agricultural stresses
5.3 Plant–microbe interaction: plant growth-promoting microbes-assisted stress tolerance
5.4 Designing crop for stress tolerance: a transgenic approach
5.5 Plant growth promoting bacteria and arbuscular mycorhizal fungi: biological and eco-friendly tools in stress mitigation
5.6 Practical implementation stress-tolerant microbes
5.7 Conclusion and way forward
References
Further reading
Chapter 6. Promoting crop growth with symbiotic microbes in agro-ecosystems—I
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Different classes of symbiotic microbes
6.3 Effect of symbiotic microbes in nutrient availability and their mechanism of action
6.4 Effect of symbionts in controlling phytopathogens
6.5 Application of symbiotic microflora on different crop groups
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Promoting crop growth with symbiotic microbes in agro-ecosystems—II
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plant–microbe symbiotic associations
7.3 Symbiotic N2-fixing microbes in ecosystem
7.4 Microbes and environment
7.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: an alternative for NPK fertilizers
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Common NPK fertilizers
8.3 Role of NPK fertilizers in plant growth
8.4 Effects of use of NPK fertilizers on the environment
8.5 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria—phylogeny and examples
8.6 Effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on plant growth
8.7 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in restoring and stabilizing soil fertility
8.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Biochar and its potential use for bioremediation of contaminated soils
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Processes entailing biochar concoction
9.3 Performance attributes of biochar
9.4 Heavy metal sources and their toxic effects
9.5 Utilization of biochar for soil HM decontamination
9.6 Heavy metal remediation mechanism
9.7 Obstacles in biochar exertion in soil for HM remediation
9.8 Risks linked with biochar utilization in soil
9.9 Recommendations
9.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 10. Microbial interaction of biochar and its application in soil, water and air
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Characteristics of biochar
10.3 Production of biochar
10.4 Biochar–microbial interaction
10.5 Application of biochar
10.6 Limitations
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 11. Role of biofilms in bioremediation
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Concept of biofilm
11.3 Types of contaminants remediated through biofilms
11.4 Role of extracellular polysaccharide in biofilm
11.5 Microorganisms used for the formation of biofilm
11.6 Factors affecting the formation of biofilm
11.7 Adverse effect of microbial biofilm
11.8 Applications of biofilms in bioremediation
11.9 Limitations of bioremediation with the use of biofilm
11.10 Future perspectives
11.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12. Microalgal adsorption of carbon dioxide: a green approach
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Environmental effects of CO2 emissions
12.3 Sources of CO2 emission
12.4 CO2 capturing technologies
12.5 Biological methods of CO2 capture
12.6 Cultivation methods
12.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13. Photosynthesis in bioremediation
Abstract
13.1 Photosynthesis fundamentals
13.2 Pollutant-induced perturbations
13.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14. Lipase and lactic acid bacteria for biodegradation and bioremediation
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Microbial degradation
14.3 Lactic acid bacteria
14.4 Hydrolytic enzymes in degradation
14.5 Lipase
14.6 Sources of microbial lipases
14.7 Production and characterization of lipases
14.8 Purification of lipase from LAB
14.9 Hydrolysis mechanism
14.10 Kinetic model of lipase
14.11 Lipase in bioremediation
14.12 Degradation mechanism
14.13 Sustainable development
14.14 Lipases in biodegradation of emerging contaminants
14.15 Product in market and research
14.16 Conclusion
References
Further readings
Chapter 15. Unique extremophilic Bacillus: their application in plant growth promotion and sustainable agriculture
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Phylogeny and distribution of extremophilic Bacillus sp
15.3 Plant growth-promoting activity of extremophilic Bacilli under various abiotic stresses
15.4 Biocontrol activity of the extremophilic Bacillus sp
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16. The role of white rot fungi in bioremediation
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The role of enzymes in biodegradation by the white rot fungus
16.3 Meaning of bioremediation
16.4 Different methods of decontamination by white rot fungus
16.5 Different types of bioremediation techniques
16.6 Differences between in situ and ex situ bioremediation techniques
16.7 Factors that determine the effectiveness of bioremediation
16.8 Merits of bioremediation technique
16.9 Limitations of bioremediation
16.10 Advantages of white rot fungus application in bioremediation over bacteria
16.11 The mechanism of bioremediation with lignin modifying enzyme-producing white rot fungi
16.12 Other potential application of white rot fungi
16.13 Benefits of bioremediation
16.14 Basic steps to grow white rot fungi species on suitable carrier/substrate
16.15 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Biodiversity and application of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species with rhizobacteria on growth and yield enhancements in cowpea and aromatic black rice from North Eastern India
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Materials and methods
17.3 Results
17.4 Discussion
17.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interests
References
Chapter 18. Bacterial retting agents: sustainable bioremediation of bast fibers farming strains
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Bast fiber composition and retting
18.3 Existing retting practice and their constraints
18.4 Bast fiber bioretting agents from bacteria
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 19. Streptomyces sp.: a feasible biocontrol agent for sustainable management of crop diseases
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Isolation of Streptomyces sp
19.3 Morphological characterization of Streptomyces
19.4 Streptomyces sp. identification and characterization
19.5 Molecular identification
19.6 Antifungal properties of Streptomyces sp. against pathogens
19.7 Secondary metabolites production
19.8 Effect of secondary metabolites against other pathogens
19.9 Growth promotion studies of actinomycetes Streptomyces
19.10 Efficacy of actinomycetes Streptomyces under in vitro studies
19.11 Conclusion
References
Part III: Emerging contaminants and their remediation
Chapter 20. Microbial-assisted remediation of food processing industry waste
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Type of waste generated by food processing industries
20.3 Fruit and vegetable processing industry
20.4 Sugar industry
20.5 Dairy industry
20.6 Meat industry
20.7 Beverage industry
20.8 Conclusion and future trends
References
Chapter 21. Role of biosorption technology in removing cadmium from water and soil
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Environmental pollution by heavy metals
21.3 Effects on human health and the environment
21.4 Importance of cadmium removal
21.5 Biosorption
21.6 Biosorbents
21.7 Desorption
21.8 Cadmium biosorption in liquid matrices
21.9 Cadmium biosorption in soils
21.10 Biosorption models that explain the biosorbate–biosorbent equilibrium
21.11 General conclusions
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 22. Role of biosurfactants on microbial degradation of oil-contaminated soils
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Microbial surfactant
22.3 Crude oil as a soil contaminant
22.4 Bioremediation to eliminate contaminants from the soil
22.5 Impact of surfactants on the distribution of soil pollutants
22.6 Biosurfactants for remediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil
22.7 Inhibition of physical contact between petroleum hydrocarbons and bacteria
22.8 Impact of biosurfactants in the bioavailability of organic hydrophobic compounds
22.9 Impact of biosurfactants on soil desorption and solubilization of aged hydrocarbons
22.10 Washing of the soil
22.11 Microbial remediation of oil
22.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23. Bioclogging and microbial enhanced oil recovery
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Background on microbial enhanced oil recovery
23.3 Challenges and opportunities of microbial enhanced oil recovery
23.4 Bioclogging for microbial enhanced oil recovery mechanisms
23.5 Applications of bioclogging components in microbial enhanced oil recovery
23.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interests
References
Chapter 24. Microbial degradation of phenolic compounds
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Phenolic compounds degradation: methods and mechanisms
24.3 Phenolic compounds biodegradation
24.4 Kinetic studies and models of phenols biodegradation
24.5 Other methods for phenols biodegradation
24.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25. Microbial biofilm-mediated bioremediation of heavy metals: a sustainable approach
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Microbial biofilm and heavy metal bioremediation
25.3 Chemotaxis: role in biofilm formation and heavy metal bioremediation
25.4 Factors affecting microbial heavy metal remediation
25.5 Microbial bioremediation mechanism
25.6 Bioremediation by genetically engineered microorganisms
25.7 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 26. Arsenic accumulating and transforming bacteria: isolation, potential use, effect, and transformation in agricultural soil
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Arsenic and its characteristics
26.3 Area contaminated with arsenic
26.4 Causes of arsenic contamination
26.5 Arsenic-accumulating and transforming organisms
26.6 Arsenic-resistant gene with mode of action
26.7 Arsenic-resistant bacteria: isolation and identification
26.8 Arsenic accumulating and transforming bacteria: potential use in bioremediation
26.9 Effect of arsenic accumulation in agriculture
26.10 Effect of arsenic accumulation in plants
26.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27. Microbial remediation of hexavalent chromium from the contaminated soils
Abstract
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Chromium chemistry and sources
27.3 Chromium toxicity and its mechanisms
27.4 Modes of remediation
27.5 Microbial remediation of chromium contaminated soil
27.6 Mechanisms of microbial remediation of chromium
27.7 Biochar assisted microbial remediation of chromium
27.8 Challenges
27.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 28. Microbial bioremediation of polythene and plastics: a green sustainable approach
Abstract
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Effects of plastic and polythene pollution on the environment
28.3 Role of microbes in biodegradation
28.4 Green approach for degradation of polythene and plastics
28.5 Factors involved in microbial degradation of plastic and polythene
28.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29. Biodegradation of microplastics and synthetic polymers in agricultural soils
Abstract
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Microplastics
29.3 Synthetic polymers
29.4 Key steps in the biodegradation of polymers in agriculture soil
29.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 30. Microalgae: a promising tool for plastic degradation
Abstract
30.1 Introduction: plastics and the environment
30.2 Plastic and its types
30.3 Types of plastics based on degradability
30.4 Categorizing plastics based on size
30.5 Plastic and its degradation
30.6 Microalgae and environmental sustainability
30.7 Microlgae for plastic degradation
30.8 Analytical techniques used for monitoring and studying biodegradation
30.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 31. Emerging issues and challenges for plastic bioremediation
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 The plastics we know and use
31.3 Bioremediation and influencing factors
31.4 Recent advances in microbial bioremediation
31.5 Challenges in microbial degradation of plastic
31.6 Conclusions and scope for future work
References
Chapter 32. Usage of microbes for the degradation of paint contaminated soil and water
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 History
32.3 Pollution by paints
32.4 Bacterial bioremediation of paint contaminated air and soil
32.5 Bacterial degradation of paint contaminated water
32.6 Fungal bioremediation of paint contamination
32.7 Algal bioremediation of paint contamination
32.8 Genetically modified species in bioremediation
32.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33. Microbial degradation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Pharmaceuticals—pharmaceuticals and personal care products’ effects and their repercussions on human health and the environment
33.3 The need for degradation
33.4 Microbes as the potential degrading agents of pharmaceuticals and pharmaceuticals and personal care products
33.5 Conclusion
33.6 Future research and perspectives
References
Chapter 34. Microbial remediation of mercury-contaminated soils
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 The global mercury cycle
34.3 Microbial-mediated reactions of mercury compounds in soil
34.4 Microbial treatment of mercury in soil
34.5 Impact of mercury toxicity on microorganism
34.6 Benefits and limitations of microbial remediation and future implications
34.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 35. Mercury pollution and its bioremediation by microbes
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Sources of mercury in the environment
35.3 Microbial bioremediation
35.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 36. Role of bacterial nanocellulose polymer composites on the adsorption of organic dyes from wastewater
Abstract
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Cellulose
36.3 Nanocellulose as an adsorbent
36.4 Polymer grafting of nanocellulose
36.5 Synthesis and design of bacterial nanocellulose
36.6 Surface functionalization of bacterial nanocellulose
36.7 Life cycle assessment of nanocellulose/bacterial nanocellulose
36.8 Applications of bacterial nanocellulose
36.9 Features of nanocellulose for wastewater treatment
36.10 Grafting of nanocellulose for wastewater treatment
36.11 Bacterial nanocellulose in organic dye adsorption
36.12 Physical methods to eliminate organic dyes from wastewater
36.13 Chemical methods used to remove dyes from wastewater
36.14 Biological methods
36.15 Bacterial nanocellulose and its composites in wastewater treatment
36.16 Future directions
36.17 Conclusion
References
Chapter 37. Environmental risk assessment of fluoride (F) contaminated soil on Prosopis juliflora seedlings using biochemical and molecular parameters
Abstract
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Methodology
37.3 Results
37.4 Discussion
37.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 38. Arsenic toxicity and its clinical manifestations in Murshidabad district with some potential remedial measures
Abstract
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Extent of arsenic toxicity in Murshidabad district
38.3 Arsenic toxicity among the residents of Murshidabad district
38.4 Clinical manifestations of arsenic toxicity in Asanpara village of Murshidabad district: a case study
38.5 Remedial measures taken by private and government organizations in Murshidabad district to combat arsenic toxicity
38.6 Critical review of the prevalent methods for arsenic removal
38.7 Innovative methods of arsenic removal in Murshidabad district
38.8 Bioremediation—a tool to combat arsenic toxicity
38.9 Bioremediation—in action
38.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Funding
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 39. Application of Deinococcus radiodurans for bioremediation of radioactive wastes
Abstract
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Applications of radioactive isotopes, radiation in medical science and other industrial sectors
39.3 Health hazards imposed by radionuclides
39.4 Conventional methods of radioactive waste treatment
39.5 Bioremediation of radionuclides
39.6 Colonization of microbes in radioactive environment
39.7 Deinococcus radiodurans
39.8 Mechanism of radiation resistance by Deinococcus radiodurans
39.9 Application of D. radiodurans for bioremediation of radionuclides
39.10 Bioremediation of mixed waste containing radionuclides and organic solvents
39.11 Role of D. radiodurans as a biosensor
39.12 Conclusion
References
Chapter 40. Microbial bioremediation and biodegradation of radioactive waste contaminated sites
Abstract
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Types of nuclear wastes
40.3 Sources of radioactive waste
40.4 Impact of radioactive waste on environment and living organisms
40.5 Microbial bioremediation of radionuclides
40.6 Emerging bioremediation technologies of radionuclides
40.7 Genetically modified organisms bioremediation and omics integrated bioremediation
40.8 Challenges and limitations of microbial bioremediation and degradation of radionuclides
40.9 Conclusion
References
Part IV: Recent trends and tools
Chapter 41. New insights of cellulosic ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks
Abstract
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Pretreatment classification
41.3 Physical pretreatment
41.4 Biological pretreatment
41.5 Other delignification treatments
41.6 New pretreatment strategies
41.7 Influencing factors for the development of bioethanol
41.8 Challenges
41.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 42. Mycorrhizal product glomalin: a proficient agent of nutrient sequestration and soil fertility restoration under jeopardized agroecosystem
Abstract
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Origin and source of glomalin
42.3 Chemical nature and characteristics of glomalin
42.4 Glomalin extraction from soil
42.5 Role of glomalin in making good soil aggregates
42.6 Role of AMF product glomalin in improving soil structure and gaining crop yield and productivity
42.7 Factors affecting glomalin concentration in soil
42.8 Influence of conservation agriculture on glomalin
42.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 43. Microbial quorum sensing systems: new and emerging trends of biotechnology in bioremediation
Abstract
43.1 Introduction
43.2 What is quorum sensing
43.3 Role of quorum sensing
43.4 Mechanism of quorum sensing
43.5 Probable autoinducers of quorum sensing
43.6 Quorum quenching
43.7 Quorum sensing system: new strategy of biotechnology in bioremediation
43.8 Controversy
43.9 Conclusion
43.10 Future scope
References
Chapter 44. Metagenomics: a genomic tool for monitoring microbial communities during bioremediation
Abstract
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Microbes—the stupendous organisms
44.3 Environmental systems biology
44.4 Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics
44.5 Metagenomics
44.6 Metagenomic bioremediation
44.7 Metagenomic bioremediation of contaminated environment
44.8 Bioinformatics tools—metagenomic bioremediation
44.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 45. Nanobioremediation: a novel application of green-nanotechnology in environmental cleanup
Abstract
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Nanotechnology: a promising approach in bioremediation
45.3 Green synthesis of nanomaterials for bioremediation
45.4 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 46. Nanotechnology and green nano-synthesis for nano-bioremediation
Abstract
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Bioremediation of environmental pollutants
46.3 Pollutant removal by conventional techniques
46.4 Nanobioremediation: a promising strategy for pollutants removal
46.5 Effects of natural nanoparticles and synthesized nanoparticles (by green methods) on biodegradation of pollutants
46.6 Natural and green-synthesized nanoparticles implemented in nanobioremediation
46.7 Conclusion
References
Index

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Junaid Ahmad Malik