Micro-Drops and Digital Microfluidics

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Introduction: Digital Microfluidics in Today’s Microfluidics

1.1 The development of microfluidics

1.2 The advantages of digital and droplet microfluidics compared to conventional microflows

1.3 The respective place of digital and droplet microfluidics in today’s microfluidics

1.4 Summary

References

Chapter 2. Theory of Wetting

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Interfaces and surface tension

2.3 Laplace’s law and applications

2.4 Wetting—partial or total wetting

2.5 Contact angle—Young’s law

2.6 Work of adhesion, work of cohesion, and the Young–Dupré’s equation

2.7 Capillary force, force on a triple line

2.8 Measuring surface tension of liquids

2.9 Surface tension of solids

2.10 Minimization of the surface energy and minimal energy surface

2.11 Summary

References

Chapter 3. The Physics of Droplets

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The shape of microdrops

3.3 Drops on inhomogeneous surfaces

3.4 Drops moving by capillarity

3.5 Contact angle hysteresis

3.6 Droplet pinning

3.7 The effect of surfactants

3.8 Marangoni convection

3.9 Evaporation

3.10 Summary

References

Chapter 4. Electrowetting Theory

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Theoretical background

4.3 Lippmann–Young’s law and the electrocapillary equivalence

4.4 Saturation

4.5 Hysteresis

4.6 Working range of EWOD devices

4.7 Materials and substrates

4.8 Discussion: special substrates and new concepts

4.9 Summary

References

Chapter 5. EWOD Microsystems

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Open and covered EWOD microsystems

5.3 Droplet motion

5.4 Division of droplets

5.5 Droplet merging and mixing

5.6 Dilution

5.7 Magnetic beads in EWOD microsystems

5.8 Architecture of EWOD microsystems

5.9 Other EWOD microsystems

5.10 Summary

References

Chapter 6. Introduction to Liquid Dielectrophoresis

6.1 Introduction

6.2 DEP and the manipulation of particles

6.3 Liquid dielectrophoresis

6.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 7. Electrowetting on Curved Surfaces

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Theory of curved electrowetting

7.3 Electrowetting on a wavy surface

7.4 Electrowetting on a rod

7.5 Electrowetting on a sphere

7.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 8. Biological Applications of EWOD

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Biological liquids and physiological samples compatible with EWOD devices

8.3 Sample collection and analysis on an LOC platform

8.4 PCR on DMF systems

8.5 DNA repair microprocessor

8.6 Protein analysis coupled with mass spectrometry

8.7 Cell-on-a-chip microsystems: example of a cell concentrator

8.8 Summary

References

Chapter 9. Cell Manipulations in EWD

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cells in EWOD devices

9.3 DMF for cell-based arrays

9.4 Virtual microwells

9.5 Hydrogel disks for DMF

9.6 Concentration of immune cells in blood

9.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 10. Chemical Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Nonaqueous solvents on EWOD chips

10.3 Chemical synthesis in droplets in EWOD-based systems

10.4 Conclusions and perspectives

References

Chapter 11. DMF for Optofluidic Microdevices

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Electrowetting screen display

11.3 Tunable lens

11.4 Electrowetting-actuated micromirrors

11.5 Polymer dispersed liquid crystals

11.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 12. Droplet on Deformable Surfaces—Elasto-Capillarity and Electro-Elasto-Capillarity

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Neumann’s construction

12.3 Sessile droplet on a deformable substrate

12.4 Example of a cantilever

12.5 Elasto-capillarity and capillary origami

12.6 Electro-elasto-capillarity

12.7 Droplet at a liquid interface

12.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13. Acoustic Methods for Manipulating Droplets

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Digital microfluidics

13.3 Example 1: Acoustic mixing

13.4 Example 2: Acoustic droplet actuation

13.5 Applications

13.6 Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14. Introduction to Droplet Microfluidics and Multiphase Microflows

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Two-phase flows: plugs in microchannels

14.3 Two-phase flows: flowing fluids separated by an interface

14.4 Droplets in two-phase flows

14.5 Summary

References

Chapter 15. Epilog

15.1 Increasing the domain of EWOD applicability

15.2 Interconnecting the different microfluidic toolboxes

15.3 Miniaturization: nano-EWOD

15.4 Other applications specific to DMF

15.5 Summary

References

Index