Mesoscale Meteorological Modeling

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Basic Set of Equations

2.1 Conservation of Mass

2.2 Conservation of Heat

2.3 Conservation of Motion

2.4 Conservation of Water

2.5 Conservation of Other Gaseous and Aerosol Materials

2.6 Summary

Notes to Chapter 2

Chapter 3: Simplification of the Basic Equations

3.1 Conservation of Mass

3.2 Conservation of Heat

3.3 Conservation of Motion

3.4 Conservation of Water and Other Gaseous and Aerosol Contaminants

Notes to Chapter 3

Chapter 4: Averaging the Conservation Relations

4.1 Definition of Averages

4.2 Vorticity Equation

4.3 Diagnostic Equation for Nonhydrostatic Pressure

4.4 Scaled Pressure Form

4.5 Summary

Notes to Chapter 4

Problems

Chapter 5: Physical and Analytic Modeling

5.1 Physical Models

5.2 Linear Models

5.3 Long’s Analytic Solution to Nonlinear Momentum Flow

Notes to Chapter 5

Problems

Chapter 6: Coordinate Transformations

6.1 Tensor Analysis

6.2 Generalized Vertical Coordinate

6.3 The Sigma-z Coordinate System

6.4 Derivation of Drainage Flow Equations Using Two Different Coordinate Representations

6.5 Summary

6.6 Application of Terrain-Following Coordinate Systems

Notes to Chapter 6

Problems

Chapter 7: Parameterization-Averaged Subgrid-Scale Fluxes

7.1 Basic Terms

7.2 Surface Layer Parameterization

7.3 Planetary Boundary-Layer Parameterization

Problems

Chapter 8: Averaged Radiation Flux Divergence

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Basic Concepts2

8.3 Longwave Radiative Flux

8.4 Shortwave Radiative Flux

8.5 Examples of Parameterizations and Level of Complexity

Notes to Chapter 8

Problems

Chapter 9: Parameterization of Moist Thermodynamic Processes

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Parameterization of the Influences of Phase Changes of Water in a Convectively Stable Atmosphere ()

9.3 Parameterization of the Influences of Phase Changes of Water in a Convectively Unstable Atmosphere

9.4 Examples of Parameterizations and Level of Complexity

Notes to Chapter 9

Problems

Chapter 10: Methods of Solution

10.1 Finite Difference Schemes—An Introduction

10.2 Upstream Interpolation Schemes—An Introduction

10.3 Diagnostic Equations

10.4 Time Splitting

10.5 Nonlinear Effects

10.6 Summary

Notes to Chapter 10

Problems

Chapter 11: Boundary and Initial Conditions

11.1 Grid and Domain Structure

11.2 Initialization

11.3 Spatial Boundary Conditions

Notes to Chapters 11

Problems

Chapter 12: Model Evaluation

12.2 Comparison with Analytic Theory

12.3 Comparison with Other Numerical Models

12.4 Comparison Against Different Model Formulations

12.5 Calculation of Model Budgets

12.6 Comparison with Observations

12.7 Model Sensitivity Analyses

Notes to Chapter 12

Problems

Chapter 13: Examples of Mesoscale Models

13.1 Terrain-Induced Mesoscale Systems

13.2 Synoptically-Induced Mesoscale Systems

Notes to Chapter 13

Appendix A

The Solution of Eqs. (10-28) and (10-47) with Periodic Boundary Conditions

Appendix B

Model Summaries

Model: The Operational Multiscale Environment Model with Grid Adaptivity (OMEGA)

Model: MC2

Model: Boundary-Layer Mesoscale Forecast Model (BLFMESO), Version 3.0

Model: FITNAH

Model: COAMPS

Model: MM5

Model: Eta Model

Model: The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)

Model: The Topographic Vorticity Model (TVM)

Model: ARPS

Model: HOTMAC

Appendix C

Summary of Several Cumulus Cloud Parameterization Schemes

Appendix D

BATS, LAPS, and LEAF Comparison Tables

Appendix E

Summary of Datasets (2000)