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Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes

The Potential for Translational Nanomedicine

1st Edition - September 2, 2015

Authors: Yaoliang Tang, Buddhadeb Dawn

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 1 6 4 - 6

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 0 0 4 9 7 - 5

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells.… Read more

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Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes provides insight into the biofunction and molecular mechanisms, practical tools for research, and a look toward the clinical applications of this exciting phenomenon which is emerging as an effective diagnostic. Primarily focused on the cardiovascular applications where there have been the greatest advancements toward the clinic, this is the first compendium for clinical and biomedical researchers who are interested in integrating MSC-derived exosomes as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Insights into the Mechanism of Exosome Formation and Secretion
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Signalings in the Regulation of Endocytosis
- 3. Signalings in the Regulation of Early Endosome
- 4. Signalings in the Regulation of Exosome Cargo Loading to Late Endosomes
- 5. Signalings in the Regulation of the Fate of Multivesicular Bodies (MVBs)
- 6. Signalings in the Regulation of Exosome Release
- 7. Other Signalings in the Regulation of Exosome Biogenesis and Release
- 8. Stress and Pathologic Conditions can Stimulate Exosome Release
- 9. Concluding Remarks
- Abbreviations
Chapter 2: An Overview of the Proteomic and miRNA Cargo in MSC-Derived Exosomes
- Abstract
- 1. Background
- 2. Cargo of MSC Exosomes
- 3. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
Chapter 3: Exosome Function in miRNA-Mediated Paracrine Effects
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Physical and Molecular Compositions
- 3. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in Exosomes
- 4. Exosomes and Diseases
- 5. Future Perspective
- 6. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
Chapter 4: Current Methods to Purify and Characterize Exosomes
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction to Exosomes
- 2. Isolation of Exosomes
- 3. Characterization of Exosomes
- 4. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
Chapter 5: Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Cell-Based Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Stem Cell Considerations for Cardiac Repair
- 3. “Paracrine” Effects of Stem Cells
- 4. Paracrine Mechanisms of Stem Cell-mediated Cardiac Repair
- 5. Extracellular Vesicles as Important Mediators of Cell-to-cell Communication
- 6. Extracellular Vesicles in Stem Cell Biology and Cell-based Repair
- 7. Cardiovascular Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes
- 8. Extracellular Vesicle-based Therapy for Cardiovascular Repair: Advantages and Challenges
- 9. Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
Chapter 6: Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Cardioprotection and Myocardium Repair
- Abstract
- 1. General Outline
- 2. Introduction
- 3. Stem Cell Therapy
- 4. Extracellular Vesicles
- 5. Advantages of EV Therapy
- 6. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgment
Chapter 7: Engineered/Hypoxia-Preconditioned MSC-Derived Exosome: Its Potential Therapeutic Applications
- Abstract
- 1. Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- 2. Discovery of Exosomes
- 3. Biogenesis of Exosomes
- 4. Molecular Compositions of Exosomes
- 5. Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes in Myocardial Infarction
- 6. Hypoxia-preconditioning-modified MSC-derived Exosomes
- 7. Engineering-modified MSC-derived Exosomes
- 8. MicroRNAs as Major Compositions of Exosomes for Molecule Targeting
- 9. Open Questions for Producing Engineering-modified Exosomes
- Abbreviations
Chapter 8: Exosome-Based Translational Nanomedicine: The Therapeutic Potential for Drug Delivery
- Abstract
- 1. Overview
- 2. Safety and Toxicity of Exosomes
- 3. Passive Targeting of Exosomes
- 4. The Bioavailability of Exosomes
- 5. Active Targeting of Exosomes
- 6. Exosomes can Cross the Blood–brain Barrier
- 7. Exosomes can Stimulate the Immune System
- 8. The Hydrophobicity Feature of Exosomes
- 9. Storage of Exosomes
- 10. Therapeutic Application of Exosomes
- 11. Challenges of Exosomes as Drug Delivery Carriers
- Abbreviations
Chapter 9: Effect of Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Angiogenesis
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Angiogenic Effect from Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- 3. Role of Exosomes in Regulation of Angiogenesis
- 4. Biomarker Opportunities and Therapeutic Potentials of Exosomes
- 5. Future Perspectives
- Abbreviations
Chapter 10: Exosomes for Bone Diseases
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction: Integrative Physiology of the Skeleton
- 2. Cell–Cell Interactions in the Bone Marrow Microenvironment with Aging and Disease
- 3. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Bone Biology
- 4. Extracellular Vesicles and Cancer Metastasis to Bone
- 5. Clinical and Therapeutic Applications of Bone-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
- 6. Summary and Conclusions
- Abbreviations
Chapter 11: Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications of MicroRNA-Abundant Circulating Exosomes
- Abstract
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Exosomes
- 3. Regulation of Gene Expression by MicroRNAs
- 4. Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications of MicroRNAs in Exosomes
- 5. Conclusions
- Abbreviations
- Acknowledgments
Subject Index