Membrane Separation Systems

Volume I1. Executive Summary References2. Assessment Methodology 2.1 Authors 2.2 Outline and Model Chapter 2.3 First Group Meeting 2.4 Expert Workshops 2.5 Second Group Meeting 2.6 Japan/Rest of the World Survey 2.7 Prioritization of Research Needs 2.8 Peer Review References3. Introduction 3.1 Membrane Processes 3.2 Historical Development 3.3 The Future References4. Government Support of Membrane Research 4.1 Overview 4.2 U.S. Government Supported Membrane Research 4.3 Japanese Government Supported Membrane Research 4.4 European Government Supported Membrane Research 4.5 The Rest of the World5. Analysis of Research Needs 5.1 Priority Research Topics 5.2 Research Topics by Technology Area 5.3 Comparison of Different Technology Areas 5.4 General Conclusions ReferencesAppendix A: Peer Reviewers' Comments A.1 General Comments A.2 Specific Comments on ApplicationsVolume IIIntroduction to Volume II References1. Membrane and Module Preparation 1.1 Symmetrical Membranes 1.2 Asymmetric Membranes 1.3 Ceramic and Metal Membranes 1.4 Liquid Membranes 1.5 Hollow-Fiber Membranes 1.6 Membrane Modules 1.7 Current Areas of Membrane and Module Research References 2. Pervaporation 2.1 Process Overview 2.2 Current Applications, Energy Basics and Economics 2.3 Industrial Suppliers 2.4 Sources of Innovation 2.5 Future Directions 2.6 DOE Research Opportunities References3. Gas Separation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fundamentals 3.3 Membrane System Properties 3.4 Module and System Design Features 3.5 Historical Perspective 3.6 Current Technical Trends in the Gas Separation Field 3.7 Applications 3.8 Energy Basics 3.9 Economics 3.10 Suppliers 3.11 Sources of Innovation 3.12 Future Directions 3.13 Research Opportunities References4. Facilitated Transport 4.1 Process Overview 4.2 Current Applications 4.3 Energy Basics 4.4 Economics 4.5 Supplier Industry 4.6 Research Centers and Groups 4.7 Current Research 4.8 Future Directions 4.9 Research Opportunities: Summary and Conclusions References5. Reverse Osmosis 5.1 Process Overview 5.2 The Reverse Osmosis Industry 5.3 Reverse Osmosis Applications 5.4 Reverse Osmosis Capital and Operating Costs 5.5 Identification of Reverse Osmosis Process Needs 5.6 DOE Research Opportunities References6. Microfiltration 6.1 Overview 6.2 Definitions and Theory 6.3 Design Considerations 6.4 Status of the Microfiltration Industry 6.5 Applications for Microfiltration Technology 6.6 Process Economics 6.7 Energy Considerations 6.8 Opportunities in the Industry References7. Ultrafiltration 7.1 Process Overview 7.2 Applications 7.3 Energy Basics 7.4 Economics 7.5 Supplier Industry 7.6 Sources of Innovation 7.7 Future Directions 7.8 Research Needs 7.9 DOE Research Opportunities References8. Electrodialysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Process Overview 8.3 Current Applications of Electrodialysis 8.4 Electrodialysis Energy Requirement 8.5 Electrodialysis System Design and Economics 8.6 Supplier Industry 8.7 Sources of Innovation-Current Research 8.8 Future Developments References9. Glossary of Symbols and Abbreviations