Medical Imaging Technology

Epigraph

Preface

Acknowledgment

1. Advances in Imaging from the First X-Ray Images

1.1 X-Rays—Early History

1.2 The Use of X-Rays for Analysis

1.3 Industrial Radiology

1.4 Airport Security

1.5 The Use of X-Rays for Medical Purposes

1.6 Risk Factor

1.7 Medical Exposure Dosimetry

1.8 Therapeutic Medical Physics

References

2. Computed Tomography

2.1 Definition of CT; Important Terms

2.2 A Brief History of CT

2.3 Principles of Operation and the Procedure

2.4 CT Equipment

References

3. Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

3.1 History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Brief

3.2 Introduction to MRI Physics and Basic Concepts

3.3 T1 Relaxation

3.4 T2 Relaxation

3.5 The Spin Echo

3.6 MRI Source

References

4. Positron Emission Tomography

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Historical Sketch

4.3 Positrons

4.4 Detection of Positrons

4.5 PET Principle

4.6 Physical Basis of PET

4.7 Detectors Used in PET

References

5. X-Ray Detectors

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Classical X-Ray Generation and Detection

5.3 Key Parameters

5.4 The Direct and Indirect Mode of Operation

5.5 Principles of the Direct-Conversion Digital X-Ray Image Detector

5.6 The Ideal X-Ray Photoconductor

5.7 Intrinsic Resolution of X-Ray Photoconductors

5.8 Absorption, Photoconductor Thickness, and Carrier Schubwegs

5.9 Medical Applications

5.10 Chest Radiography

5.11 Mammography

5.12 Fluoroscopy

5.13 Future Trends

References

6. Effects of Charge Carrier Trapping on Detector Performance

6.1 Introduction to the Trap Level Spectroscopy

6.2 Technique

6.3 Measurement Technique

6.4 Dark Discharge in a-Se

6.5 Residual Potential

6.6 Photoinduced Changes of Xerographic Characteristics

6.7 Fatigue Effects in Se-Rich Photoreceptors

References

7. Ultrasound Imaging

7.1 Introduction

7.2 History—Milestones

7.3 Basic Physics

7.4 Piezoelectric Materials

7.5 Imaging

References

8. Raman Spectroscopy in Medicine

8.1 Introduction

8.2 From the History of Raman Effect

8.3 The Principle of Raman Scattering

8.4 Technology and Its Development

8.5 Clinical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy

8.6 Atherosclerotic Plaques, Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer, and Skin Cancer

8.7 Blood Vessels

References