Medical Biochemistry

6th Edition - July 16, 2022
Editors: John W Baynes, Marek H. Dominiczak
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 5 0 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 3 4 5 1 - 3

Written by carefully selected global experts, practicing physicians, and educators in the various sub-disciplines of biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry, 6th Edition, offers a un… Read more

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Written by carefully selected global experts, practicing physicians, and educators in the various sub-disciplines of biochemistry, Medical Biochemistry, 6th Edition, offers a unique combination of research and clinical practice tailored to today's integrated courses. Covering clinically relevant topics in greater detail than other texts, this outstanding resource provides a strong overview of traditional areas in medical biochemistry along with state-of-the-art coverage of today’s latest developments. You’ll learn basic science concepts alongside clinical cases that describe patients likely to be encountered in clinical training, as well as how to use laboratory tests to diagnose and monitor the most important conditions. Thorough yet accessible, this clinically focused text is useful from medical school to clinical practice.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
List of Contributors
Acknowledgments
Dedication
Preface
Abbreviations
Section 1: Introduction
Chapter 1. Biochemistry and Clinical Medicine: Introduction and Overview
Abstract
Introduction
What is the Sixth Edition of Medical Biochemistry?
What is Biochemistry: The Short Overview
Further Reading
Relevant websites
Abbreviations
Section 2: Molecules and Cells
Chapter 2. Amino Acids and Proteins
Abstract
Introduction
Amino Acids
Buffers
Peptides and Proteins
Purification and Characterization of Proteins
Analysis of Protein Structure
Summary
Abbreviations
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Chapter 3. Carbohydrates and Lipids
Abstract
Introduction
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structure of Biomembranes
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 4. Membranes and Transport
Abstract
Introduction
Types of Transport Processes
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Section 3: Metabolism
Chapter 5. Oxygen Transport
Abstract
Introduction
Characteristics of Mammalian Globin Proteins
Allosteric Modulation of the Oxygen Affinity of Hemoglobin
Selected Topics
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 6. Catalytic Proteins - Enzymes
Abstract
Introduction
Enzymatic Reactions
Enzyme Kinetics
Mechanism of Enzyme Action
Enzyme Inhibition
Regulation of Enzyme Activity
Enzymatic Measurement of Blood Glucose
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 7. Vitamins and Minerals
Abstract
Introduction
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Dietary Supplementation of Vitamins
Minerals
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
More Clinical Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 8. Bioenergetics and Oxidative Metabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Oxidation As A Source Of Energy
FREE ENERGY
Conservation Of Energy By Coupling Of Reactions To Hydrolysis Of ATP
Mitochondrial Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate From Reduced Coenzymes
The Mitochondrial Electron Transport System
Transfer Of Electrons From NADH Into Mitochondria
Synthesis Of Adenosine Triphosphate: The Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
Inhibitors Of Oxidative Metabolism
Regulation Of Oxidative Phosphorylation
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 9. Glycolysis and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Abstract
Introduction
The Erythrocyte
Glycolysis
Synthesis of 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
The Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 10. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Abstract
Introduction
Functions of the Tca Cycle
Pyruvate Carboxylase
The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
Enzymes and Reactions of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Energy Yield from the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Cataplerosis and Anaplerosis
Regulation of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 11. Fatty Acid and Triglyceride Catabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Activation of Fatty Acids for Transport Into the Mitochondrion
Oxidation of Fatty Acids
Ketogenesis, a Metabolic Pathway Unique to Liver
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 12. Biosynthesis and Storage of Carbohydrate
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of Glycogen
Pathway of Glycogenesis from Blood Glucose in the Liver
Pathway of Glycogenolysis in the Liver
Hormonal Regulation of Hepatic Glycogenolysis
Mechanism of Action of Glucagon
Mobilization of Hepatic Glycogen by Epinephrine
Glycogenolysis in Muscle
Regulation of Glycogenesis
Gluconeogenesis
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 13. Biosynthesis and Storage of Fatty Acids
Abstract
Introduction
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Storage and Transport of Fatty Acids: Synthesis of Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)
Regulation of Total Body Fat Stores
Summary
Further Reading
Abbreviations
Chapter 14. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
Abstract
Introduction
The Cholesterol Molecule
Cholesterol is Esterified Within Cells and in Plasma
Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
Cholesterol Clearance: The Bile Acids
Steroid Hormones
Vitamin D
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
More Clinical Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 15. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Amino Acids
Abstract
Introduction
Metabolism of Dietary and Endogenous Proteins
Amino acid Degradation
Metabolism of the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids
Biosynthesis of Amino Acids
Inherited Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 16. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
Abstract
Introduction
Purine Metabolism
Pyrimidine Metabolism
Formation of Deoxynucleotides
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 17. Complex Carbohydrates: Glycoproteins
Abstract
Introduction
Structures and Linkages
Interconversions of Dietary Sugars
Other Pathways of Sugar Nucleotide Metabolism
Biosynthesis of Oligosaccharides
Functions of the Oligosaccharide Chains of Glycoproteins
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 18. Complex Lipids
Abstract
Introduction
Synthesis and Turnover of Glycerophospholipids
Sphingolipids
Lysosomal Storage Diseases Resulting from Defects in Glycolipid Degradation
ABO Blood Group Antigens
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 19. The Extracellular Matrix
Abstract
Introduction
Noncollagenous Proteins in The Extracellular Matrix
Proteoglycans
Communication of Cells With The Extracellular Matrix
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Section 4: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
Chapter 20. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid
The Cell Cycle in Eukaryotes
Dna Replication
DNA Repair
Recombinant Dna Technology
Principles of Molecular Hybridization
Cloning of DNA
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 21. Ribonucleic Acid
Abstract
Introduction
Molecular Anatomy Of Ribonucleic Acid Molecules
Ribonucleic Acid Polymerases
Messenger Ribonucleic Acid: Transcription
Posttranscriptional Processing of Ribonucleic Acids
Selective Degradation or Inactivation of Mrna
Further Reading
Relevant Websites and Videos
Abbreviations
Chapter 22. Protein Synthesis and Turnover
Abstract
Introduction
The Genetic Code
The Machinery of Protein Synthesis
The Process of Protein Synthesis
Protein Folding and Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Stress
Protein Targeting and Posttranslational Modifications
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 23. Regulation of Gene Expression: Basic Mechanisms
Abstract
Introduction
Basic Mechanisms of Gene Expression
Steroid Receptors
Alternative Approaches to Gene Regulation in Humans
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
CRISPR
Abbreviations
Chapter 24. Genomics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics
Abstract
Introduction
Genomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Section 5: Signalling and Growth
Chapter 25. Membrane Receptors and Signal Transduction
Abstract
Introduction
Types of Hormone and Monoamine Receptors
Receptor Coupling to Intracellular Signal Transduction
Second Messengers
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 26. Neurotransmitters
Abstract
Introduction
Neurotransmission
Classes of Neurotransmitters
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 27. Biochemical Endocrinology
Abstract
Introduction
Hormones
Laboratory Assessment of Hormone Action
Causes of Endocrine Disease
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Function: The HYPOTHALAMO-Pituitary–Thyroid Axis
The HYPOTHALAMO–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis
The Hypothalamo–Pituitary–Gonadal Axis
The Growth Hormone Axis
The Prolactin Axis
Endocrine Systems not Considered in this Chapter
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
More Clinical Cases
Abbreviations
Chapter 28. Cellular Homeostasis: Cell Growth and Cancer
Abstract
Introduction
Cell Cycle
Regulation of Cell Proliferation and Growth: Growth Factors
Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Cell Death
Cancer
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 29. Aging
Abstract
Introduction
Theories of Aging
Genetic Models of Increased Life span
Antiaging Interventions: What Works and What Doesn’t
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Section 6: Fuels Nutrients and Minerals
Chapter 30. Digestion and Absorption of Nutrients: The Gastrointestinal Tract
Abstract
Introduction
Water and Electrolyte Handling in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Components of Digestion
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates
Digestion and Absorption of Lipids
Digestion and Absorption of Proteins
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 31. Glucose Homeostasis and Fuel Metabolism: Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
Introduction
Glucose Homeostasis
Glucagon and other Antiinsulin Hormones
Incretin Hormones
The Feed–Fast Cycle
Diabetes Mellitus
Hypoglycemia
Laboratory Assessment of Fuel Metabolism
Treating Diabetes
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 32. Nutrients and Diets
Abstract
Introduction
Main Classes of Nutrients
Essential Nutrients
Role of the Adipose Tissue in Controlling Energy Balance
Regulation of Food Intake
Nutrigenomics
Nutrition, Life Cycle, and Metabolic Adaptation
Energy Expenditure and Physical Activity
Malnutrition
Obesity
Undernutrition
Healthy Eating
Assessing Nutrition
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 33. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
Abstract
Introduction
Nature Of Lipoproteins
Lipoprotein Receptors
Enzymes and Lipid Transfer Proteins
Pathways of Lipoprotein Metabolism
The Concept Of Cardiovascular Risk
Atherosclerosis
Dyslipidemias
Principles of Treatment of Dyslipidemias
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
More Clinical Cases
Abbreviations
Section 7: Specialized Tissues and Their Function
Chapter 34. Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Abstract
Introduction
Structure of the Liver
Liver and Carbohydrate Metabolism
Liver and Protein Metabolism
Heme Synthesis
Bilirubin Metabolism
Drug Metabolism
Pharmacogenomics
Biochemical Tests of Liver Function
Classification of Liver Disorders
Genomics of Liver Disease
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 35. Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
Abstract
Outlines
Introduction
Body Water Compartments
Role of the Kidneys in Water and Electrolyte Balance
Regulation of Water And Electrolyte Balance
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 36. The Lung and the Regulation of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (Acid–Base Balance)
Abstract
Introduction
Body Buffer Systems: Respiratory And Metabolic Components Of The Acid–Base Balance
Lungs: The Gas Exchange
Bicarbonate Handling by the Kidneys
Disorders of the Acid–Base Balance
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 37. Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
Abstract
Introduction
Muscle Structure
The Contractile Process
Muscle Energy Metabolism
Tissue Engineering and Replacement of Muscle
Effect of Exercise
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Muscular Dystrophy
Abbreviations
Chapter 38. Bone Metabolism and Calcium Homeostasis
Abstract
Introduction
Cellular Role of Calcium
Bone Structure And Bone Remodeling
Bone Markers
Calcium Homeostasis
Disorders of Calcium Metabolism
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 39. Neurochemistry
Abstract
Introduction
Brain and Peripheral Nerve
Cells of the Nervous System
Synaptic Transmission
Ion Channels
Neurotransmitter receptors
Mechanism of Vision
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Section 8: Blood and Immunity. Clinical Biochemistry
Chapter 40. Blood and Plasma Proteins
Abstract
Introduction
Formed Elements of Blood
Plasma Proteins
The Acute-Phase Response
Biomarkers
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 41. Hemostasis and Thrombosis
Abstract
Introduction
Hemostasis
The Vessel Wall
Platelets and Platelet-Related Bleeding Disorders
Coagulation
Fibrinolysis
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 42. Oxidative Stress and Inflammation
Abstract
Introduction
The Inertness of Oxygen
Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) and Nitrosative Stress
The Nature of Oxygen Radical Damage
Antioxidant Defenses
The Beneficial Effects of Reactive Oxygen Species
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Chapter 43. The Immune Response: Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Abstract
Introduction
Three Layers of Immune Protection
The Innate Immune Response
Dendritic Cells Link the Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Adaptive Immune Response
Vaccination
Failure of the Immune Response
Harnessing the Power of Antibodies for Immunotherapy
Summary
Further Reading
Relevant Websites
Abbreviations
Appendix 1. Selected Clinical Laboratory Reference Ranges
Reference ranges
Distribution of values within the reference population
Interpretation of laboratory results in individual persons
Clinical decision limits
Significant change in serial results
Final notes and cautions when using reference intervals
Abbreviations
Further Reading
Appendix 2. More Advanced Clinical Cases
Chapter 7 Vitamins and Minerals
Chapter 14 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol and Steroids
Chapter 27 Biochemical Endocrinology
Chapter 33 Lipoprotein Metabolism and Atherogenesis
Chapter 34 Role of the Liver in Metabolism
Chapter 35 Water and Electrolytes Homeostasis
Chapter 37 Muscle: Energy Metabolism, Contraction, and Exercise
Baynes & Dominiczak: Medical Biochemistry 6E
Question Set 1
Question Set 2
Question Set 3
Question Set 4
Question Set 5
Question Set 6
MCQ Answers
Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 40
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 41
Chapter 4
Chapter 8
Chapter 30
Chapter 7
Chapter 9
Chapter 12
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 33
Chapter 15
Chapter 37
Chapter 31
Chapter 32
Chapter 35
Chapter 36
Chapter 38
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 34
Chapter 16
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 42
Chapter 43
Chapter 27
Chapter 25
Chapter 39
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Chapter 29
Chapter 28
Patient-Oriented Problems (POPs)
Patient-Oriented Problem Answers
Short Answer Questions (SAQs)
Short Answers
Index

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Medical Biochemistry

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John W Baynes

Marek H. Dominiczak