Mechanical Measurements

Contributors

Preface

Introduction


1 Measurement of Flow


1.1 Introduction


1.2 Basic Principles of Flow Measurement


1.3 Fluid Flow in Closed Pipes


1.4 Flow in Open Channels


1.5 Point Velocity Measurement


1.6 Flowmeter Calibration Methods


1.7 References


2. Measurement of Viscosity


2.1 Introduction


2.2 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Behavior


2.3 Measurement of the Shear Viscosity


2.4 Shop-Floor Viscometers


2.5 Measurement of the Extensional Viscosity


2.6 Measurement of Viscosity under Extremes of Temperature and Pressure


2.7 On-Line Measurements


2.8 Accuracy and Range


2.9 References


3. Measurement of Length


3.1 Introduction


3.2 The Nature of Length


3.3 Derived Measurements


3.4 Standards and Calibration of Length


3.5 Practice of Length Measurement for Industrial Use


3.6 Automatic Gauging Systems


3.7 References


4 Measurement of Strain


4.1 Strain


4.2 Bonded Resistance Strain Gauges


4.3 Gauge Characteristics


4.4 Installation


4.5 Circuits for Strain Gauges


4.6 Vibrating Wire Strain Gauge


4.7 Capacitive Strain Gauges


4.8 Survey of Whole Surfaces


4.9 Photo-Elasticity


4.10 References


5 Measurement of Level and Volume


5.1 Introduction


5.2 Practice of Level Measurement


5.3 Calibration of Level-Measuring Systems


5.4 Methods Providing Full-Range Level Measurement


5.5 Methods Providing Short-Range Detection


5.6 References


6 Vibration


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Amplitude Calibration


6.3 Sensor Practice


6.4 Literature


6.5 References


7 Measurement of Force


7.1 Basic Concepts


7.2 Force Measurement Methods


7.3 Lever-Balance Methods


7.4 Force-Balance Methods


7.5 Hydraulic Pressure Measurement


7.6 Acceleration Measurement


7.7 Elastic Elements


7.8 Further Developments


7.9 References


8 Measurement of Density


8.1 General


8.2 Measurement of Density Using Weight


8.3 Measurement of Density Using Buoyancy


8.4 Measurement of Density Using Hydrostatic Head


8.5 Measurement of Density Using Radiation


8.6 Measurement of Density Using Resonant Elements


9 Measurement of Pressure


9.1 What is Pressure?


9.2 Pressure Measurement


9.3 Pressure Transmitters


9.4 References


10 Measurement of Vacuum


10.1 Introduction


10.2 Absolute Gauges


10.3 Non-Absolute Gauges


10.4 References


11 Particle Sizing


11.1 Introduction


11.2 Characterization of Particles


11.3 Terminal Velocity


11.4 Optical Effects Caused by Particles


11.5 Particle Shape


11.6 Methods for Characterizing a Group of Particles


11.7 Analysis Methods That Measure Size Directly


11.8 Analysis Methods That Measure Terminal Velocity


11.9 Analysis Methods That Infer Size from Some Other Property


11.10 References

Index