Marine Molecules from Algae and Cyanobacteria

Extraction, Purification, Toxicology and Applications

1st Edition - October 17, 2024
Editors: Paz Otero Fuertes, Dakeshwar Kumar Verma
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 7 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 4 4 3 - 2 1 6 7 5 - 6

The marine environment is a rich but underexploited source of commercially interesting natural products with different applications. Several marine organisms, such as seaweeds, mi… Read more

Marine Molecules from Algae and Cyanobacteria

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The marine environment is a rich but underexploited source of commercially interesting natural products with different applications. Several marine organisms, such as seaweeds, microalgae, sponges, cyanobacteria, ascidians, and fungi, are sources of natural valuable molecules. These chemical compounds range from small molecules and enzymes to highly complex secondary metabolites that show bioactivities in physiological systems. It is thus of great importance to collect information concerning the discovery of these molecules and their characterization and relation to human diseases.

Gathering data about novel technologies and sources to obtain and isolate such as precious molecules as well as new applications for them is extremely appreciated in the chemical field. It is very useful for chemists to obtain these molecules with high purity to be used as analytical standards to calibrate the chromatography equipment. Many of these compounds are not commercially available, so the isolation methods of these molecules from microalgae, seaweeds, and cyanobacteria is a challenging task. The availability of some marine molecules has been a long-term problem due to the difficulty of their synthesis. Because of the complexity of their structure, the total synthesis has been shown to be difficult. Developing protocols to obtain reference standards from natural sources has shown satisfactory results in the chemical industry.

Marine Molecules From Algae and Cyanobacteria addresses these topics, highlighting fundamentals of biomolecules, their roll in living organism, structure elucidation, sources, important characteristics, and the industrial applications of these biomaterials for educational (academic) as well as industrial purposes. This book covers all methodologies used in the search of marine natural products: screening of marine molecules by chemical methods like HPLC, LC-MS/MS, the isolation of high-value compounds with biotechnological potential, discovery of new molecules, and the optimization of green extraction procedures of these molecules, such as supercritical fluid extraction and pressurized solvent extraction, and other alternative chemical techniques applied in the exploration for marine compound.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part I: Marine molecules from Algae
Chapter 1. Diversity of marine algae, cultivation techniques, and sources of natural products for biotechnological applications
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Microalgae as a potential source for chemical compounds of interest
1.3 Macroalgae as a potential source for chemical compounds of interest
1.4 Factors that influence the production of algae biocompounds
1.5 Challenges in production and use of algae compounds and conclusions
Conflict of interests
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2. Extraction and purification of protein from algae (microalgae and seaweeds)
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Protein types in algae
2.3 Various applications of algal proteins
2.4 Algae protein extraction methods
2.5 Protein purification
2.6 Hydrolysis and peptide production
2.7 Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 3. Extraction and enrichment of fatty acids from marine microalgae
Abstract
3.1 Introduction to marine microalgae fatty acids
3.2 Marine microalgal diversity and fatty acid profiles
3.3 Extraction techniques
3.4 Enrichment strategies
3.5 Applications of marine microalgal fatty acids (Table 3.2)
3.6 Challenges
3.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4. Extraction and fractioning of polysaccharides from seaweeds
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Seaweed polysaccharides
4.3 Conventional extraction techniques
4.4 Extraction of seaweed polysaccharides
4.5 Purification
4.6 Conclusions and future trends
References
Chapter 5. Phenolic compounds from algae: extraction methods, characterization, and applications
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phenolic compounds in algae
5.3 Extraction methods of phenolic compounds from algae
5.4 Characterization
5.5 Applications and new perspectives
5.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6. Phlorotannins from macroalgae: extraction, characterization and applications
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Extraction of phlorotannin from macroalgae—methods, factors affecting
6.3 Characterization process
6.4 Applications
6.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Alkaloids from marine algae: isolation, bioactivities, food, and medical applications
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 General methods for the extraction of alkaloids
7.3 Methods for the isolation and purification of alkaloids from marine algae
7.4 Isolation and biological activities of alkaloids from marine algae
7.5 Food and medicinal applications of marine algae
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8. Terpenes from marine algae: isolation, identification, and applications
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Isolation and identification
8.3 Application
8.4 Agents of flavor and perfume
8.5 Biofuels
8.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Polysaccharides from seaweeds: extraction and application
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Extraction
9.3 Applications of seaweed extracted polysaccharides
9.4 Alginate
9.5 Carrageenan
9.6 Fucoidan
9.7 Ulvan
9.8 Future prospects
9.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10. Pigments from seaweeds: green extraction technologies, characterization, and industrial applications
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Seaweed pigments
10.3 Extraction technologies of seaweed pigments
10.4 Characterization of seaweed pigments
10.5 Stability studies of seaweed pigments
10.6 Applications of seaweed pigments
10.7 Future trends in seaweed pigment research
10.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11. Risk and benefits of consuming edible seaweeds: main toxigenic compounds of macroalgae and their impact on human health
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nutritional and health benefits
11.3 Risks
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12. Toxicity of marine secondary metabolites from microalgae: impact of main biotoxins on human health and analytical detection methods for their detection and quantification
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Lipophilic toxins
12.3 Hydrophilic toxins
12.4 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 13. Carotenoids as added-value products from microalgae biorefinery: therapeutic potential of common carotenoids—current overview
Abstract
13.1 Carotenoids and their characteristics
13.2 Microalgae as promising natural source of carotenoids
13.3 Microalgae as a key point in biorefinery processes
13.4 Carotenoids from microalgae
13.5 Biological value of microalgal carotenoids
13.6 Current therapeutic applications of carotenoids
13.7 Genetic modification of microalgae to enhance carotenoid production
13.8 Conclusions and future prospects
Author contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of interest
References
Further reading
Part II: Cyanobacteria-producing compounds
Chapter 14. Diversity of cyanobacteria, cultivation techniques, and source for natural products for biotechnological applications
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Diversity of cyanobacteria
14.3 Cultivation techniques of cyanobacteria
14.4 Natural products from cyanobacteria
14.5 Biotechnological importance of cyanobacteria products
14.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15. Natural products from marine cyanobacteria for drug discovery
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Potential application of cyanobacteria
15.3 Natural products from marine cyanobacteria
15.4 Clinically tested and approved drugs from marine cyanobacteria
15.5 Concluding remarks
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 16. Cyanobacterial pigments: exploration of sources, recovery techniques, characterization, and diverse applications
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Cyanobacteria: nature’s pigment factories
16.3 Sources of cyanobacterial pigments
16.4 Recovery techniques
16.5 Characterization of cyanobacterial pigments
16.6 Applications of cyanobacterial pigments
16.7 Challenges and future perspectives
16.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Extraction, purification, toxicology, and applications of marine molecules from cyanobacteria
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Extraction methods of cyanobacteria
17.3 Cyanobacterial bioactive compounds
17.4 Applications of cyanobacteria in biotechnology
17.5 Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins
17.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 18. Toxicology of marine cyanobacteria
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Toxins produced by marine cyanobacteria
18.3 Chemical properties and structures of cyanobacterial toxins
18.4 Cyclic peptides
18.5 Alkaloids
18.6 Lipopolysaccharide
18.7 Effects of cyanobacterial toxins
18.8 Conclusion
References
Index

Life Sciences

Physical Sciences & Engineering

Social Sciences & Humanities

Health

Marine Molecules from Algae and Cyanobacteria

Extraction, Purification, Toxicology and Applications

Purchase options

Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect

Paz Otero Fuertes

Dakeshwar Kumar Verma