Marine Mammals
Evolutionary Biology
- 2nd Edition - December 1, 2005
- Authors: Annalisa Berta, James L. Sumich, Kit M. Kovacs
- Language: English
Berta and Sumich have succeeded yet again in creating superior marine reading! This book is a succinct yet comprehensive text devoted to the systematics, evolution, morphology,… Read more
Berta and Sumich have succeeded yet again in creating superior marine reading! This book is a succinct yet comprehensive text devoted to the systematics, evolution, morphology, ecology, physiology, and behavior of marine mammals. The first edition, considered the leading text in the field, is required reading for all marine biologists concerned with marine mammals. Revisions include updates of citations, expansion of nearly every chapter and full color photographs. This title continues the tradition by fully expanding and updating nearly all chapters.
- Comprehensive, up-to-date coverage of the biology of all marine mammals
- Provides a phylogenetic framework that integrates phylogeny with behavior and ecology
- Features chapter summaries, further readings, an appendix, glossary and an extensive bibliography
- Exciting new color photographs and additional distribution maps
Vertebrate zoologists, mammalogists, marine biologists, and researchers, faculty, and students as well as anyone interested in the natural history, evolution, systematics, and behavior of marine mammals and related disciplines.
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
1.1. Marine Mammals-""What Are They?""
1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life
1.3. Scope and Use of This Book
1.4. Time Scale
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals
1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science
1.7. Further Reading and Resources
References
PART I: EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
2. Systematics and Classification
2.1. Introduction: Systematics-What Is It and Why Do It?
2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts
2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics?
2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses
2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework
2.6. Taxonomy and Classification
2.7. Summary and Conclusions
2.8. Further Reading
References
3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics
3.1. Introduction
3.2 Origin and Evolution
3.3. Summary and Conclusions
3.4. Further Reading
References
4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Origin and Evolution
4.3. Summary and Conclusions
4.4. Further Reading
References
5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals:
Evolution and Systematics
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians
5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives-Desmostylia
5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos
5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans
5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris
5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus
5.8. Summary and Conclusions
5.9. Further Reading
References
6. Evolutionary Biogeography
6.1. Introduction-What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important?
6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals
6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution
6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns
6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution
6.6. Summary and Conclusions
6.7. Further Reading
References
PART II: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY,
AND BEHAVIOR
7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Integumentary System
7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs
7.4. Summary and Conclusions
7.5. Further Reading
References
8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Pinnipeds
8.3. Cetaceans
8.4. Sirenians
8.5. Sea Otter
8.6. Polar Bear
8.7. Summary and Conclusions
8.8. Further Reading
References
9. Energetics
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Metabolic Rates
9.3. Thermoregulation
9.4. Energetics of Locomotion
9.5. Osmoregulation
9.6. Summary and Conclusions
9.7. Further Reading
References
10. Respiration and Diving Physiology
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders
10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving
10.4. Diving Response
10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns
10.6 Summary and Conclusions
10.7. Further Reading
References
11. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water
11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception
11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds
11.5. ATOC and Low Frequency Military Sonars
11.6. Summary and Conclusions
11.7. Further Reading
References
12. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance
12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds
12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans
12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians
12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals
12.7. Summary and Conclusions
12.8. Further Reading
References
13. Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
13.3. Mating Systems
13.4. Lactation Strategies
13.5. Reproductive Patterns
13.6. Summary and Conclusions
13.7. Further Reading
References
14. Population Structure and Population Dynamics
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals
14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations
14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics
14.6. Further Reading
References
15. Exploitation and Conservation
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals
15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection
15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals
15.5. Environmental Contaminants
15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings
15.7. Ecotourism
15.8. Progress and the Future
15.9. Summary and Conclusions
15.10. Further Reading
References
Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals
Glossary
Index
Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
1.1. Marine Mammals-""What Are They?""
1.2. Adaptations for Aquatic Life
1.3. Scope and Use of This Book
1.4. Time Scale
1.5. Early Observations of Marine Mammals
1.6. Emergence of Marine Mammal Science
1.7. Further Reading and Resources
References
PART I: EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY
2. Systematics and Classification
2.1. Introduction: Systematics-What Is It and Why Do It?
2.2. Some Basic Terminology and Concepts
2.3. How Do You Do Cladistics?
2.4. Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses
2.5. Going Beyond the Phylogenetic Framework
2.6. Taxonomy and Classification
2.7. Summary and Conclusions
2.8. Further Reading
References
3. Pinniped Evolution and Systematics
3.1. Introduction
3.2 Origin and Evolution
3.3. Summary and Conclusions
3.4. Further Reading
References
4. Cetacean Evolution and Systematics
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Origin and Evolution
4.3. Summary and Conclusions
4.4. Further Reading
References
5. Sirenians and Other Marine Mammals:
Evolution and Systematics
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Origin and Evolution of Sirenians
5.3. The Extinct Sirenian Relatives-Desmostylia
5.4. The Extinct Marine Bear-Like Carnivoran, Kolponomos
5.5. The Extinct Aquatic Sloth, Thalassocnus natans
5.6. The Sea Otter, Enhydra lutris
5.7. The Polar Bear, Ursus maritimus
5.8. Summary and Conclusions
5.9. Further Reading
References
6. Evolutionary Biogeography
6.1. Introduction-What Is Biogeography and Why Is It Important?
6.2. Ecological Factors Affecting Distributions of Marine Mammals
6.3. Present Patterns of Distribution
6.4. Reconstructing Biogeographic Patterns
6.5. Past Patterns of Distribution
6.6. Summary and Conclusions
6.7. Further Reading
References
PART II: EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY,
AND BEHAVIOR
7. Integumentary and Sensory Systems
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Integumentary System
7.3. Nerves and Sense Organs
7.4. Summary and Conclusions
7.5. Further Reading
References
8. Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Pinnipeds
8.3. Cetaceans
8.4. Sirenians
8.5. Sea Otter
8.6. Polar Bear
8.7. Summary and Conclusions
8.8. Further Reading
References
9. Energetics
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Metabolic Rates
9.3. Thermoregulation
9.4. Energetics of Locomotion
9.5. Osmoregulation
9.6. Summary and Conclusions
9.7. Further Reading
References
10. Respiration and Diving Physiology
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Problems of Deep and Prolonged Dives for Breath-Holders
10.3. Pulmonary and Circulatory Adaptations to Diving
10.4. Diving Response
10.5. Diving Behavior and Phylogenetic Patterns
10.6 Summary and Conclusions
10.7. Further Reading
References
11. Sound Production for Communication, Echolocation, and Prey Capture
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Sound Propagation in Air and Water
11.3. Anatomy and Physiology of Sound Production and Reception
11.4. Functions of Intentionally Produced Sounds
11.5. ATOC and Low Frequency Military Sonars
11.6. Summary and Conclusions
11.7. Further Reading
References
12. Diet, Foraging Structures, and Strategies
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Seasonal and Geographical Patterns of Prey Abundance
12.3. Adaptations for Foraging in Pinnipeds
12.4. Feeding Specializations of Cetaceans
12.5. Feeding Specializations of Sirenians
12.6. Feeding Specializations of Other Marine Mammals
12.7. Summary and Conclusions
12.8. Further Reading
References
13. Reproductive Structures, Strategies, and Patterns
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Anatomy and Physiology of the Reproductive System
13.3. Mating Systems
13.4. Lactation Strategies
13.5. Reproductive Patterns
13.6. Summary and Conclusions
13.7. Further Reading
References
14. Population Structure and Population Dynamics
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Abundance and Its Determination in Marine Mammals
14.3. Techniques for Monitoring Populations
14.4. Population Structure and Dynamics
14.6. Further Reading
References
15. Exploitation and Conservation
15.1. Introduction
15.2. Commercial Exploitation of Marine Mammals
15.3. Legal Framework for Marine Mammal Conservation and Protection
15.4. Incidental Taking of Marine Mammals
15.5. Environmental Contaminants
15.6. Single Beachings vs Mass Strandings
15.7. Ecotourism
15.8. Progress and the Future
15.9. Summary and Conclusions
15.10. Further Reading
References
Appendix: Classification of Marine Mammals
Glossary
Index
"...successfully highlights the current state of knowledge on the diverse assemblage of mammals that utilise the marine environment. These
authors have combined their expertise to produce a comprehensive treatise....an excellent textbook for advanced courses in marine mammalogy. Indeed, all scientists and students who study marine mammals should read it...the book’s major strength lies in the sections on the anatomy and physiology of marine mammals. The early chapters on evolution and systematics of the three primary groups of marine mammals (pinnipeds, cetaceans and sirenians) are highly detailed with respect to anatomical features...This book is an important resource and it should not be merely viewed as a classroom textbook. It contains a wealth of information. In addition to the biological aspects of marine mammals, the book also provides the history of exploitation and political attempts to manage and regulate hunting. Even though this review is presented in an unbiased manner, the conclusions are that current practices of overfishing may lead in the end to the demise of a number of species. Berta, Sumich and Kovacs present a hopeful plea that we can make future political decisions based on a sense of stewardship of the oceans and its inhabitants."—Frank E. Fish, Department of Biology, West Chester University in ANIMAL BIOLOGY
"...Berta et al have provided us with a crucial resource spanning many disparate research venues...Each chapter provides extensive references for further research. In the appendix are listed the living species (as discussed in the book) with information such as diagnosis, definition, distribution, fossil history and content. A glossary, a substantial index and several pages of color photos completes the rest of the book...certainly, this book is appropriate for any academic library supporting marine science, marine ecology, environmental science, evolutionary biology and similar programs."—Peggy Dominy in E-STREAMS
"This update to the original version of this basic book originally published in 1999 is highly welcome...the authors succeed again in presenting a book that is simultaneously challenging and easily readable for students. The strength of the book is its integrative presentation of adaptiveness to the marine environment (e.g. in terms of anatomy, physiology, behaviour and ecology, all in an explicit phylogenetic context) as opposed to isolated tales of evolutionary adaptations. As such, the reader can always follow functional aspects of convergent evolution in the various non-related marine-mammal groups. Consequentially, the book starts with a (classical) introduction to phylogenetic systematics in general followed by specific chapters on pinniped, cetacean and sirenian evolution and systematics. Different and even highly contradicting views of the relationships of each group are clearly presented, and the authors do an excellent job (especially for students) of not trying to conceal these disagreements, but instead in leaving the discussion open. Part I finishes with an especially nice chapter on 'evolutionary biogeography'.
We should thank the authors for the great effort they have made to gather all the diverse information available and to present it in a highly
comprehensive book, and one that can only be recommended to all readers interested in this challenging field." —M. S. Fischer, Jena, in JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGICAL SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTIONARY RESEARCH
- Edition: 2
- Published: December 1, 2005
- Language: English
AB
Annalisa Berta
Annalisa Berta is Professor of Biology in the Department of Biology at San Diego State University, San Diego, California and a Research Associate at the San Diego Natural History Museum in San Diego, California and the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C. She is an evolutionary biologist who for the last 30 years has been studying the anatomy, evolution and systematics of fossil and living marine mammals, especially pinnipeds and whales. She is a past President of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology and former Senior Editor of the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology and Associate Editor of Marine Mammal Science. She has written 100 scientific papers and several books for the specialist as well as non-scientist including Return to the Sea: The Life and Evolutionary Times of Marine Mammals, 2012, (University of California Press) and the forthcoming book (summer, 2015) Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises: a natural history and species guide (University of Chicago Press).
Affiliations and expertise
San Diego State University, California, U.S.A.JS
James L. Sumich
James Sumich is Professor Emeritus of Biology at Grossmont College and is the author of a popular book on gray whales. He has conducted research on gray whales from British Columbia to Baja California for four decades and has taught marine mammal course for nearly that long. His research has focused on the ecological physiology of baleen whales, especially the energetics of their seasonal fasting migrations.
Affiliations and expertise
Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USAKK
Kit M. Kovacs
Kit M. Kovacs is the Biodiversity Research Program Leader for the Norwegian Polar Institute in Tromsø Norway and a Professor of Biology at University Studies on Svalbard (UNIS). She has worked with marine mammals in Polar Regions for the past 30 years, focusing primarily on studies in the fields of behavioral ecology and population biology. The impact of climate change on ice-associated species has been a topic of principal concern in recent years in her research projects. She is author/co-author of more than 200 primary publications and the author/editor of ten books and numerous popular articles.
Affiliations and expertise
Biodiversity Research Section Leader, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway, Professor of Biology, The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), Svalbard, NorwayRead Marine Mammals on ScienceDirect