Manufacture and Refining of Raw Cane Sugar

PrefaceAcknowledgmentContributors to the BookPart I / Raw Sugar Factory Chapter 1. Sugar Cane Miscellaneous Notes Sugar in the Diet Sugar Producing Plants Molecules of Sugar Polarization Sugar in the Field Sugar in the Factory Chapter 2. Harvesting and Transportation of Sugar Cane to the Factory Canecutting Cane Harvesters Cane Loaders Systems of Cane Transportation Transfer Stations Weighing and Unloading of Cane Chapter 3. Washing the Sugar Cane and Cleaning the Juices Purpose Loading and Washing Tables Washing on Cane Carrier Wash Water Disposal of Wash Water Cleaning of Raw Juices Chapter 4. Extraction of Juice from Sugar Cane Extraction by Crushing Sugar Cane Diffusion Process Chapter 5. Weighing of Raw Cane Juice Importance of Weighing Cane Juice Various Juice Scales Foxboro System Flow Meters for Cane Juice Chapter 6. Liming of Cane Juice Importance of Liming Method of Liming pH Control Leuconostoc in Cane Juice Liming Systems Heaters Chapter 7. Clarification of Cane Juice Purpose of Clarification Effect of P2O5, Temperature and pH Retention of Juices in Clarifiers Various Clarifiers Rules for Clarification Chapter 8. Filtration of Mud from Clarifiers Filter-Presses Vacuum Filters Bagacillo Admixture Rapi-Floc Process Washing the Filter Cake Nash Vacuum Pump Chapter 9. Evaporation Multiple Effect Steam Economy Boiling Point Elevation Steam Balance Evaporation Rate Types of Evaporators Surface-Active Additive Injection Water Chapter 10. Boiling of Raw Sugar Massecuites Vacuum Pans Footing Magma Low Grade Massecuite Melting Excess Magma Boiling Systems Surface-Active Agents Instrumentation for Vacuum Pans Calculation of Massecuite Volumes Chapter 11. Crystallization by Cooling and Motion of Low Grade Massecuites, and the Exhaustion of Final Molasses Supersaturation Solubility of Sucrose in the Presence of Inorganic Salts and Invert Sugar Rate of Cooling Viscosity of Massecuite Batch and Continuous Crystallizers The Continuous Flow System Green-Smith Stationary Reheater Incrustation Inside of Cooling Elements Chapter 12. Centrifuging and Purging of Massecuites Batch Centrifugals Purging Low Grade Massecuites Feed Mixers Continuous Centrifugals Centrifugal Force Fracture of Crystals and High Grade Massecuite Purged on Continuous Centrifugals Resistance Heater Conveyors for Sugar Chapter 13. Storing and Shipping Bulk Sugar Origin of Bulk Sugar Shipments Advantages and Disadvantages of Handling Raw Sugar in Bulk Bulk Sugar Warehouses Quality of Raw Sugar for Bulk Storage and Shipment Bulk Terminal Conveyors Chapter 14. Final Molasses Definition and Composition of Blackstrap Exhaustion of Molasses Froth Fermentation and Decomposition of Molasses Uses of Blackstrap Molasses Chapter 15. Cleaning Heating Surfaces of Evaporators, Vacuum Pans and Heaters Scaling of Heating Surfaces Cleaning of Evaporators and Heaters Cleaning Vapor Side of Calandria Scaling of Refinery Evaporators and Vacuum Pans Chapter 16. Water in Cane Sugar Mills. Its Uses, Care and Treatment for Boiler Feed Sources and Uses of Water Emergency Boiler Feed Water Storage Contamination, Hardness and Dissolved Solids Chemical Conditioning of Boiler Water Continuous Blowdown Water for Condensers SummaryPart II / Refining Chapter 17. Raw Sugar Quality of Raw Sugar Types of Refineries Theoretical Yield in Refinery Type of Raw Sugar and Refining Quality Methods of Refining and Quality of Water Chapter 18. Affination and Melting Coloring Matter and Impurities Inside Crystal Magma Minglers Green Syrup Washing Instead of Affinition Continuous Centrifugals in Affinition Process Melting Chapter 19. Clarification and Treatment of Refinery Melt Pretreatment of Melt Decolorization by Phosphate-Lime Treatment in Continuous Floatation Clarifiers Carbonatation Carbon Dioxide Compressors Chapter 20, Decolorization of Refinery Liquors Using Granular Adsorbents and Other Decolorizing Agents Decolorization Using Granular Adsorbents Powdered Activated Carbons Sucro-Blanc Process Ion Exchangers Chapter 21. Filtration Mechanical Filters Medium for Retention of Suspended Matter Sluicers Filter Aids Precoating Sweetening Off Check Filtration Chapter 22. Evaporation in Refinery and Crystallization of Refinery Decolorized Liquors Multiple Effects in Refinery Use of Vapors from Raw Sugar House Film Evaporation Rust Prevention Systems of Sugar Boiling in Refinery Steam Requirements in Refinery Chapter 23. Drying, Cooling, Conditioning and Bulk Handling of Refined Sugar Principle of Drying Types of Granulatore Limit of Drying Additional Cooling of Sugar Kathabar System Silos Specification for Refined Sugar Chapter 24. Remelt Recovery from Refinery Returns Available Sugar Losses Massecuites Curing Remelt Sugar Treatment of Refinery Returns Chapter 25. Various Types of Refined Sugar Tablets and Cube Sugar Wrapping Machines Loaf Sugar Pile Sugar Amorphous Sugar Soft Sugar Instamat Liquid Sugar Specification of Liquid SugarAppendix Laboratory Control Temperature Conversion Table Density Equivalents Table Conversion Table of Equivalents Properties of Saturated Steam (Table) Properties of Dry Air (Table) Properties of Air and Water at Atmospheric Pressure (Table) Properties of Saturated Steam (Table) Temperature of Saturated Steam (Table) Vapor Pressure of Water (Table) Boiling Point Elevation for Cane Products (Table) Available Sugar Table Excerpts from 'Conversion Factors and Tables' Useful Formulas Boiling Point of Liquid Sugar Solutions (Graph) Relation of Altitude to Barometric Pressure or Vacuum (Graph)BibliographySubject Index