Low Vision

Principles and Management

1st Edition - November 4, 2022
Authors: Christine Dickinson, Ana Hernandez Trillo, Michael Crossland
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 7 6 3 4 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 7 6 3 5 - 3

Providing an ideal balance of theory and practice, Low Vision: Principles and Management covers all aspects of providing effective eye care to individuals with visual impairment.… Read more

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Providing an ideal balance of theory and practice, Low Vision: Principles and Management covers all aspects of providing effective eye care to individuals with visual impairment. This concise yet comprehensive resource covers everything from theoretical background to current rehabilitative aids and low vision treatment strategies—all while adopting a practical approach to vision care. It brings practising eye care professionals and students fully up to date with current optical and electronic devices and how they are used in everyday practice, as well as evidence-based vision rehabilitation guidelines.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part 1: Defining Low Vision
1. What Is Low Vision?
Abstract
Outline
Disorder, Impairment, Activity Limitation and Participation Restriction
Low Vision Defined By Visual Acuity
Low Vision Defined by the Need for Rehabilitation
Low Vision Defined in Legislation
Equality and Accessibility
The Icf
Tackling the Disability
References
2. Prevalence and Causes of Low Vision
Abstract
Outline
The World-Wide Situation
Visual Impairment in the UK
Visual Impairment in Children
Projections for the Future
References
3. Clinical Measures of Visual Performance
Abstract
Outline
Why do we test visual performance?
Assessing the performance of vision tests
Distance visual acuity
Assessing Ultra-Low Vision
Contrast sensitivity
Predicting the outcome of cataract surgery
Visual field testing
Assessing potential acuity in the presence of a central scotoma
Colour vision
Reading
Visual performance measurement in children with visual impairment
Visual Perceptual Problems: Investigating Extrastriate Pathways
A Pragmatic View of Visual Performance Testing—the Functional Approach
References
4. Patient-Centred Outcome Measures
Abstract
Outline
Patient-Centred Outcome Measures
Quality of Life
Measuring ‘Vision-Related Quality of Life’ in Adults
Adaptation to Vision Loss
Measuring ‘Vision-Related Quality of Life’ in Children
Selecting a Questionnaire to Use
References
Part 2: Magnification as a Strategy for Improving Visual Performance
5. Magnification
Abstract
Outline
Possible Approaches
Combining Magnification
6. Relative Size Magnification: Increasing the Object Size
Abstract
Outline
Large Print
E-Books
Large Text in Everyday Usage
Large Text on the Computer
References
7. Relative Distance Magnification: Decreasing the Viewing Distance
Abstract
Outline
The Optical Principles of Plus-Lens Magnifiers
Hand-Held Magnifiers
Stand-Mounted Magnifiers
Spectacle-Mounted Or Head-Mounted Plus Lenses
Intraocular Lenses
Optimising the Use of Magnifiers
References
8. Transverse Magnification
Abstract
Outline
Electronic Vision Enhancement Systems
Classification
Consumer Devices
Financing the Purchase of Eves in the UK
Bar and Flat-Field Magnifiers
References
9. Angular Magnification
Abstract
Outline
The Optical Principles of Telescopes
Practical Considerations
Measuring Telescope Magnification
Types Available
Telescopes for Mobility
References
Part 3: Other Methods for Visual Rehabilitation
10. Contrast and Glare
Abstract
Outline
Improving Visibility of the Retinal Image
Glare
Effect of Glare on Vision
Adaptation Glare
A Classification of Glare
Possible Approaches to Glare Reduction
References
11. Illumination and Lighting
Abstract
Outline
Terminology
Types of Domestic Lighting
Visual Performance and Lighting
Nonvisual Effects of Light
Lighting Levels for Older and Visually Impaired People
Using Lighting for Vision Enhancement
Practical Advice to Optimise Lighting for Low-Vision Patients
References
12. Aids for Peripheral Field Loss
Abstract
Outline
Functional Effects of Peripheral Field Loss
Field Expanders
Field Expansion in Hemianopia
Prisms for Expanding Constricted Visual Fields
Help for Near Tasks
Summary and Comparison of Available Methods
References
13. Special Training Techniques for Visual Field Loss
Abstract
Outline
Central Field Loss
Hemianopia
Constricted Visual Fields
References
14. Rehabilitation Techniques for Nystagmus
Abstract
Outline
Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome
Acquired Nystagmus
References
15. Sensory Substitution
Abstract
Outline
NONVISUAL STRATEGIES: AUDITORY AND TACTILE INFORMATION
THE ROLE OF SMARTPHONES, DIGITAL ASSISTANTS AND APPS
Personal Communication
Other Activities of Daily Living
Mobility
Orientation
Sport for Individuals with Visual Impairment
References
16. Inclusive and Universal Design
Abstract
Outline
Definitions
Recommendations for Good Practice in the Built Environment
References
Part 4: Clinical Procedures
17. The Low Vision Assessment
Abstract
Outline
Scheduling the Appointment
Preparing for the Assessment
General Observation of the Patient
Case History
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication
Reaction to the Loss of Sight
Giving Information and Advice
Adapting the Assessment for a Child with Visual Impairment
Adapting the Assessment for Someone with Learning Disability
Follow-Up
Writing Reports
References
18. The Eye Examination
Abstract
Outline
Visual Assessment
Determining Refractive Correction
Binocular Vision
Additional Tests
Spectacle Dispensing
Referral and Signposting
The Next Stage
References
19. Prescribing Magnification
Abstract
Outline
Determine the Strategy Most Likely to Help
Predict the Magnification Required
Binocular or Monocular?
Selecting a Magnifier
Demonstrate the Device on the Required Task, and Modify it if Necessary
Determining the Required Spectacle Correction
Provide Instruction and Training for the Low Vision AID
Issue the AID for Trial in the ‘Real World’
Prescribing in Special Cases
References
20. Instruction and Training in the Use of Magnifiers
Abstract
Outline
Instruction in the Use of Low Vision AIDS
Training in the Use of Low Vision AIDS
References
21. Evaluating Low Vision Services
Abstract
Outline
Prognostic Factors for the Successful Use of Low Vision AIDS
Defining Success
Does Training Work?
What are Service Evaluation and Audit?
Performing a Research Study
References
22. The Place of Low Vision in Optometric Practice
Abstract
Outline
The Organisation of Low Vision Services in the UK
Equipment Required for Low-Vision Work
Selecting a Stock of Magnifiers
Payment for Low Vision Services
References
23. Case Studies
Abstract
Outline
Case 1—14-Year-Old
Case 2—52-year-old
Case 3—75-Year-Old
Case 4—84-Year-Old
References
Part 5: Appendices
Appendix 1. Useful Information
Outline
Events And Organisations
Patient Information Websites
National Charities
Local Charities
Low Vision Aid Manufacturers And Distributors
Podcasts And Radio Programmes
Apps
Appendix 2. Sample Record Sheets
First Visit Assessment Record Card
Follow-Up Visit Record Card
Appendix 3. Patient Literature
Good Lighting
Tints, Sunglasses And Visors
Electronic Magnifiers
Making Your Computer Easier To See
Information About Registering As Sight Impaired Or Severely Sight Impaired
Information Sheet—Hand Magnifier
Information Sheet—(Illuminated) Stand Magnifier
Information Sheet—Telescopic Distance Aid
What To Expect From The Low Vision Assessment
First Visit Questionnaire
Appendix 4. Examples of Clinic Letters
Outline
Referral To Teacher For Visual Impairment
Report For Teacher Of Visual Impairment
Report For Gp
Report For Ophthalmologist
Referral To Rehabilitation Worker For Visual Impairment
Index

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