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Keratoconus
Diagnosis and Management
- 1st Edition - June 13, 2022
- Editors: Luis Izquierdo, Maria A. Henriquez, Mark J Mannis
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 9 7 8 - 6
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 9 7 9 - 3
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 5 9 8 0 - 9
Offering practical clinical guidance for early diagnosis and effective management, Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management is a concise, easy-to-read guide to help mitig… Read more
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Institutional subscription on ScienceDirect
Request a sales quoteOffering practical clinical guidance for early diagnosis and effective management, Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management is a concise, easy-to-read guide to help mitigate loss of vision in patients in a way that does not interfere with quality of life. From early diagnosis and intervention through the most up-to-date treatment and surgical approaches, this consolidated reference covers the essential information needed by cornea fellows and specialists, general ophthalmologists, residents, and optometrists.
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Provides expert, step-by-step guidance and real-world perspectives from global contributors in the field.
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Covers the latest advances in cornea transplantation, corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) in adult and pediatric patients, intrastromal corneal rings, intraocular lenses, corneal regeneration, and laser surgery.
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Includes quick-reference boxes throughout highlighting essential clinical facts, pitfalls, potential complications, and clinical guidelines.
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Presents real-world case studies of actual patient scenarios from early to advanced disease states.
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Features high-quality imaging for keratoconus at various stages, including OCT, Brillouin scanning microscopy, Scheimpflug and combined Placido and Scheimpflug, combined Placido and AS-OCT, clinical and surgical photos, and more.
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Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.
Cornea Fellows & Specialists
- Cover Image
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contributors
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Table of Contents
- Section 1 Keratoconus Principles
- Chapter 1 Keratoconus: A Brief History
- In the Beginning: 17th and 18th Centuries
- The 19th Century: The Age of Description
- Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries: The Period of Emerging Therapies
- References
- Chapter 2 Keratoconus: Definitions
- Key Concepts
- Keratoconus: Definitions
- Suspicious Topography Criteria
- Unilateral KC
- Consensus Needed in the Future
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 3 Epidemiology of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Incidence and Prevalence
- Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors for Keratoconus
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 4 Genetics of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Evidence for Genetic Predisposition and Familial Inheritance of KC
- Genome-Wide Association Studies
- Transcriptomic and Expression Studies
- Implementation of Genetic Insights in Clinical Practice
- Conclusion
- Abbreviations
- References
- Chapter 5 Pathophysiology of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Causation and Associations
- Clinical Pathology
- Histopathology and In Vivo Confocal Microscopy
- Biochemical Pathology
- Genetics of Keratoconus
- Biomechanics in the Pathophysiology of Keratoconus
- References
- Chapter 6 Biomechanics of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Clinical Applications of Corneal Biomechanics
- Chronic Biomechanical Failure of the Cornea (Keratectasia)
- Ocular Response Analyzer
- The Corvis ST
- Brillouin Optical Microscopy
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 2 Clinical Classification and Course
- Chapter 7 Keratoconus Classification Systems
- Introduction
- Cone Morphology
- Keratoconus Disease Severity Classification Systems
- Classifying Keratoconus Progression
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 8 Clinical Course and Progression of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Clinical Course and Progression of Keratoconus: Current State of the Art
- Keratoconus Progression Monitoring: New Insights
- References
- Section 3 Diagnosis and Associated Disorders
- Chapter 9 Differential Diagnosis of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Ectatic Disorders
- Corneal Tomography
- Corneal Biomechanical Response
- Higher Order Aberrations
- Corneal Densitometry
- Non-ectatic Disorders
- References
- Further Reading
- Chapter 10 Keratoconus: Associated Systemic Diseases
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- References
- Chapter 11 Inflammation in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Status of Inflammatory Factors in Keratoconus
- Association Between Inflammatory Factors and Disease Characteristics
- Inflammatory Factors and Keratoconus Pathogenesis
- Inflammatory Factors Modulation and Keratoconus Management
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 12 Psychology of Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Psychological Roots of Keratoconus
- Keratoconus and Personality
- Physician Interactions
- Two-Hit Hypothesis
- Association With Mental Health Disorders
- Modifications to Patient Counseling
- References
- Chapter 13 Artificial Intelligence in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Models of Artificial Intelligence in Keratoconus
- Artificial Intelligence in Milder Forms of Keratoconus
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Section 4 Imaging
- Chapter 14 Corneal Topography in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Corneal Topography
- Axial Versus Tangential Map
- Corneal Topography in Suspected Keratoconus Cases
- Red Flags
- Indices
- Final Considerations
- References
- Chapter 15 Scheimpflug Imaging for Keratoconus and Ectatic Disease
- Key Concepts
- Background
- Elevation Maps
- Enhanced Reference Surface and BAD Display
- Belin ABCD Progression Display
- Summary
- References
- Chapter 16 Dual Scheimpflug Tomography and Placido Topography
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Tomographic Characteristics of Ectasia
- Tomographic Characteristics of Asymmetry
- Central Thinning and Corneal Volume
- References
- Chapter 17 Ocular Wavefront Analysis
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Understanding Wavefront Aberrations
- Types of Wavefront Systems
- Corneal Wavefront Measurements
- Total Wavefront for Diagnosing Keratoconus
- Ray-Tracing Aberrometry for Ectasia Diagnosis
- Impact of Wavefront Analysis in Refraction of Keratoconus
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 18 Epithelial Thickness Mapping for Keratoconus Screening by VHF Digital Ultrasound or Anterior Segment OCT
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- History of the Measurement of Epithelial Thickness
- Understanding the Predictable Behavior of the Corneal Epithelium
- Case Examples
- Automated Algorithm for Classification by Epithelium
- Factors Influencing the Epithelium
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 19 Confocal Microscopy
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Corneal Epithelium and Subepithelial Nerve Plexus
- Corneal Stroma
- Descemet Membrane
- Corneal Endothelium
- Chapter Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 20 Other Diagnostic Imaging Tools for Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Background
- Biomechanics
- In Vivo Assessment of Corneal Biomechanics
- Corvis ST in Keratoconus
- Corvis ST in Suspected Keratoconus/Forme Fruste Keratoconus
- Corvis ST in Refractive Surgery
- Corvis ST in Cross-Linking
- Corvis ST Limitations
- Normal Corneas
- Keratoconus Corneas
- Cross-Linking
- Limitations of Brillouin Spectroscopy
- Ex Vivo Devices
- Conclusions
- References
- Section 5 Non-Surgical Management
- Chapter 21 Keratoconus: Diagnosis and Management With Spectacles and Contact Lenses
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Scleral Lens Removal
- References
- Section 6 Surgical Management
- Chapter 22 Surgical Planning in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Background
- Surgical Procedures
- Intracorneal Ring Segments (ICRS)
- Phakic Intraocular Lens
- Keratoplasty: Penetrating Keratoplasty and Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty
- Surgical Planning
- Kmax
- Refractive Surgery Post Keratoconus Therapy (RESPKT)
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 23 Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments Mechanism and Techniques
- Key Concepts
- Mechanism
- Techniques
- PocketMaker Ultrakeratome
- The Advantages of Femtosecond Laser Technique
- Complications Encountered During Implantation
- References
- Chapter 24 Anatomy of Intracorneal Ring Segments for the Treatment of Keratoconus and Other Corneal Ectasias
- Key Concepts
- Anatomy of an Intracorneal Segment
- Flat Segments
- Conical
- Thickness
- Asymmetric Segments
- Profiles of ISCRs
- Arcs of the ISCRs
- Using ISCRs in Different Topographic Patterns
- Main Segment and Secondary or Accessory Segment
- Topographic Stages and Their Most Frequent Patterns
- Uncited References
- References
- Chapter 25 Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments: Outcomes and Complications
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Outcomes
- Complications
- References
- Chapter 26 Corneal Cross-Linking: History, Physiology, and Techniques
- Key Concepts
- Basic Parameters
- Experimental Studies
- Clinical Studies
- References
- Chapter 27 Corneal Cross-Linking: Results and Complications
- Key Concepts
- Clinical Results
- Complications
- References
- Chapter 28 Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients with Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Epi-Off CXL (Dresden Protocol)
- Transepithelial CXL
- Acknowledgment
- References
- Chapter 29 Corneal Laser Surgery for Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Procedure Planning
- Treatment Modalities
- Corneal Laser Ablation and Cross-Linking: Sequential Versus Combined
- Postoperative Stromal Haze
- Outsourcing Aberrations Treatments
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 30 Phakic Intraocular Lenses
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Patient Selection
- Combined Corneal Cross-Linking Plus Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
- Combined Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segment Plus Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation
- Phakic Intraocular Lenses After Keratoplasty in Keratoconic Eyes
- Complications of Phakic Intraocular Lens in Keratoconus
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 31 Lamellar Keratoplasty in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Classification
- DALK Techniques
- Cannula Big Bubble
- Pachy-Bubble
- Bubble Size Optimization
- Small Bubble Test
- Bubble Deflation
- Peeling Technique
- Layer-by-Layer Manual Dissection
- Pachymetry-Assisted Manual DALK
- General Surgical Tips
- Intraoperative Complications
- Postoperative Complications
- References
- Chapter 32 Penetrating Keratoplasty in Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 33 Combined Procedures for Keratoconus
- Key Concepts
- CXL-Plus
- Chapter 34 Alternative Surgical Techniques: Bowman’s Layer Transplantation and Stromal Regenerating Techniques
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Bowman’s Layer Transplantation
- Stromal Regeneration Techniques
- Crescent Keratectomy Assisted by Laser
- References
- Chapter 35 Cataract Surgery in the Keratoconus Patient
- Key Concepts
- Introduction
- Preoperative Assessment
- Intraocular Lens Power Calculation
- Intraocular Lens Selection
- Surgical Considerations
- Combined Procedures
- Special Situations
- Posterior Keratoconus
- Patient Expectations
- Conclusions
- Helpful Clinical Tips
- Potential Pitfalls
- References
- Chapter 36 Cellular Therapy of the Corneal Stroma: A New Type of Corneal Surgery for Keratoconus and Corneal Dystrophies—A Translational Research Experience
- Key Concepts
- Background: From the Lab to the Patient
- Translation to a New Type of Advanced Corneal Therapy
- Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Adipose-Derived Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
- Embryonic Stem Cells
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
- Corneal Stromal Stem Cells
- Ocular Surface Implantation of Stem Cells
- Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells Alone
- Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells Together With a Biodegradable Scaffold
- Intrastromal Implantation of Stem Cells With a Decellularized Corneal Stroma Scaffold
- Anterior Chamber Injection of Stem Cells
- Intravenous Injection of Stem Cells
- First Clinical Human Experience in Advanced Keratoconus Cases
- Results
- Discussion and Conclusions
- References
- Chapter 37 Medical and Surgical Management of Corneal Hydrops
- Introduction
- Epidemiology and Risk Factors
- Natural History
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Management
- Conclusion
- References
- Section 7 Case Studies
- Chapter 38 Central Keratoconus: Case Study
- Case Study
- Discussion
- References
- Chapter 39 Very Early Keratoconus: Case Study
- Key Concepts
- Case Study
- Introduction
- Diagnosis
- Curvature-Based Topography
- Elevation-Based Topography
- Optical Coherence Tomography
- Treatment
- References
- Chapter 40 Advanced Keratoconus: Case Study
- Introduction
- Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments
- Bowman’s Layer Transplantation
- Deep Anterior Lamellar Keratoplasty and Penetrating Keratoplasty
- Conclusions
- References
- Index
- No. of pages: 632
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: June 13, 2022
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780323759786
- eBook ISBN: 9780323759793
- eBook ISBN: 9780323759809
LI
Luis Izquierdo
Affiliations and expertise
Professor of Ophthalmology
Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
Chair, Department of Ophthalmology
Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos
Lima, PeruMH
Maria A. Henriquez
Affiliations and expertise
Chief of the Research Department, Oftalmosalud Instituto de Ojos
Professor of Ophthalmology
Universidad San Martin de Porras
Lima, PeruMM
Mark J Mannis
Affiliations and expertise
Professor and Chair, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, UC Davis Health System Eye Center, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USARead Keratoconus on ScienceDirect