Introduction to the Properties of Crystal Surfaces

List of Tables

Preface


1 Thermodynamics of Surfaces


1.1 Introduction


1.2 One-Component Systems


1.3 Surface Tension and Surface Stress


1.4 Variation of Surface Tension with Orientation


1.5 Intersection of Interfaces


1.6 Curved Interfaces and the Gibbs-Thompson Relation


2 Multicomponent Systems


2.1 Definitions


2.2 Adsorption Isotherms


2.3 Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces in Binary Systems


2.3.1 Free Surface of a Binary Solid Solution


2.4 Continuum Approach to the Description of Interfaces


3 Experimental Measurements of Surface Tension in Solids


3.1 Introduction


3.2 Surface Tension from Cleavage Experiments


3.3 Method of Zero Creep


3.4 Mass Transport Measurements


3.5 Calorimetric Measurements


3.6 Measurement of Surface Stress in Solids


3.7 Determination of the Variation of γ with Orientation


3.7.1. Twin and Grain Boundary-Surface Intersections


3.7.2 Equilibrium Shapes and Faceting


4 Atomic Structure of Crystal Surfaces


4.1 Introduction


4.2 Ideal Surfaces


4.3 Real Surfaces


4.3.1 Surface Relaxation


4.3.2 Surface Point Defects


4.4 Defects near Ionic Crystal Surfaces


4.5 Cooperative Effects among Surface Defects


4.6 Interactions between Surface Steps


5 Some Theoretical Aspects of Surface Studies


5.1 Introduction


5.2 Surface Structure and Surface Tension of Ionic Crystals and Inert Gas Crystals


5.3 Semi-Empirical Estimates of Surface Tension in Crystals


5.4 Metal Surfaces


5.4.1 The Free Electron Model


5.4.2 The Infinite Square Surface Barrier


5.4.3 Realistic Surface Barrier and the Electronic Work Function of a Metal


5.4.4 Surface Tension of Metals


5.5 Electronic Surface States


5.6 Surface Atom Vibrations


6 Experimental Methods in Surface Studies


6.1 Introduction


6.2 Microscopy of Surfaces


6.2.1 Optical Microscopy


6.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscopy


6.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy


6.2.4 Field Emission Microscopy


6.2.5 Field Ion Microscopy


6.3 Electron Diffraction from Surfaces


6.4 Surface Composition


6.4.1 Methods Based on Electronic Energy Levels


6.4.2 Methods Based on Identification by Mass


6.5 Work Function Measurements


6.5.1 Absolute Measurements


6.5.2 Contact Potential Difference Measurements


6.6 Other Techniques in Surface Studies


7 Atomic Processes at Surfaces


7.1 Introduction


7.2 Surface Atomic Diffusion


7.3 Mass Transport Due to Capillarity


7.4 Adsorption on Surfaces


7.4.1 Origin of the Binding Energy in Adsorption


7.4.2 Thermodynamics of Adsorption


7.4.3 Structure of Adsorbed Layers on Single Crystals


7.4.4 Work Function Changes during Adsorption


7.4.5 Kinetics of Adsorption and Desorption

Some General References

Index